Straight_wire_appliances_standard_versus.pdf

Straight-wire appliances:
standard versus individual prescription
Giampietro Farronato*, Giulia Periti**, Lucia Giannini**, Davide Farronato***, Cinzia Maspero****
* MD, DDS, Full Professor and Chairman, Director of the Department of Orthodontics ICP.
** DDS, Department of Orthodontics, University of Milan, Orthodontic Department, Italy.
*** DDS, PhD Department of Surgery, University of Milan, Orthodontic Department, Italy.
**** MD, DDS, Department of Orthodontics, University of Milan, Orthodontic Department, Italy.
Correspondence to:
Prof. Giampietro Farronato
University of Milan, Via Commenda 10, 20100 Milano,
Ph. +39 (0)55032520,
E-mail address: giampietro.farronato@unimi.it
84
1 Straight-wire appliances: standard versus individual prescription
PROGRESS in ORTHODONTICS 2009;10(1):00-00
In this article the individual patient (IP) appliance is described. It con-
sists of 250 appliance options with 10 times the bracket and band va-
riations as the straight wire appliances. Increasing the bracket capa-
bilities means using an increasing number of brackets, each with a spe-
cific design created for a treatment situation. The objective of IP ap-
pliance is to eliminate wire bending from orthodontic treatment and
improve the treatment results. To manage this computer software is nee-
ded; the internet offers significant possibilities in managing this on a
patient by patient basis. The clinician is required to make the diagnosis
and treatment plan before ordering the appliance. Two clinical cases
are described with the aim to present the advantages of this technique.
G. Farronato, G. Periti, L. Giannini, D. Farronato, C. Maspero. Straight-wi-
re appliances: standard versus individual prescription. Prog Orthod
2009;10(1):00-00.
Introduction
Orthodontics has strived to control
tooth movements in all planes of
space to obtain the ideal occlu-
sion: the results of this research ha-
ve lead to the evolution of the ed-
gewise appliance1,2.
The Andrews appliance was pro-
grammed with the aim to avoid
wire bending; moreover it was clai-
med to be more precise and give
a reduction in chairside adjust-
ment. This was to allow the clini-
cian to focus on the diagnosis and
treatment objectives. The SW ap-
pliance was available on the mar-
ket in 1970.
The tip, torque, in and out values,
which are inserted in the SW brac-
kets, are defined as the prescrip-

occuring in the first stage of treat-
ment and in finishing and detai-
ling stages to obtain excellent ae-
sthetics and occlusions17,18.
McGann has proposed a new
SW appliance with an individual
prescription (IP): this can indivi-
dualize the orthodontic treatment
with the overall purpose of impro-
ving the quality of care to the pa-
tient and the practice of each or-
thodontist19.
The orthodontist must make a com-
plete diagnosis and biomechanical
plan in order to achieve a detailed
individualized prescription. It is ne-
cessary to decide the derotation
and tip and torque prescriptions to
reach an ideal occlusion20-22. Mo-
reover it is very important to iden-
tify the quantity of the movements of
the teeth in the working phase;
such as the closure of the extrac-
tions spaces, the overjet reduction
and the overbite correction. The
computer is used to create a treat-
ment appliance with expanded ca-
pabilities from the current SW ap-
pliances. For this purpose the IP
System has a diagnosis confirma-
tion and treatment plan system that
every specialist can access through
computer software (PoSoft). The
most up-to date diagnosis and
treatment planning assistance is
available for the individual case
situation, directly in the individual
practice, when the information is
needed19.
In this article the IP appliance is de-
scribed presenting two clinical ca-
ses23,24, in order to underline the
advantages of an individual pre-
scription.
85
Straight-wire appliances: standard versus individual prescription 2
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MANCA TRADUZIONE ITALIANO
Key words: Straight wire, Individual appliance, Roth prescription.
tion of the appliance3-6. With the
standard prescription, it is possible
to reach a precise position only of
the teeth of an average patient. It
is very difficult to find an ideal po-
sition for the teeth which are diffe-
rent from the normal and often
found in everyday practice7- 9.
In the last decades, orthodontists
have tried to define the parameters
of an ideal occlusion and to en-
hance and improve the SW ap-
pliance. This has given a very im-
portant role to the task of the indi-
vidualization of orthodontic the-
rapy10-13.
An accurate clinical and radiolo-
gical exam, which can describe
the particular condition of every
single tooth, will permit to a plan-
ned therapeutic solution which can
be the best to solve the problems of
the single patient.
Several authors have proposed so-
me variation in the SW original
appliance prescription to find new
clinical solutions and improve the
appliance results14-16: in fact the
SW appliance is a standard me-
thod which can adapt to the oc-
clusion of the single patient only
by utilizing some particular strategy
in brackets positioning and com-
pensation bends to the archwire.
Wire bending prevents the known
unwanted tooth movements from

and II to clarify the problems of
every clinical case: every ortho-
dontic problems is transformed by
the IP software in a prescription or-
der (Tab. 1).
The software program asks the or-
thodontist the following questions:
skeletal patters, identification of ro-
tations, overbite, dental class, in-
cisor inclination, facial surface of
the upper incisor relative to the fo-
rehead, curve of Spee, posterior
and anterior crossbite, teeth bloc-
ked out to the labial or lingual, pre-
sence of crowns or bridges, mis-
sing or unerupted teeth, positions of
the molars, shape of the maxilla
and the mandible.
The clinician must indicate all mis-
sing teeth, the need of ceramic
brackets, the arch form and di-
86
Materials and Methods
The aim of this clinical research
was to evaluate quality of an indi-
vidual prescription by IP system,
the biomechanics, the speed and
the precision of the appliances,
the patient comfort and the simpli-
city of use for the clinician.
The patients were evaluated with
an orthodontic check up which
was comprehensive of medical
and dental history, clinical exami-
nation, study models, radiographs
(panoramic film, lateral and frontal
cephalometric films), cephalome-
tric analysis and intraoral and ex-
traoral photographs25-27.
The individual characteristics of
each patient, the diagnosis and
treatment plan, plus the treatment
objectives are all considered when
selecting the appliance that will
create the desired results. The IP
appliance is designed after the dia-
gnosis and treatment plan has
been chosen. In the evaluation of
each patient, the orthodontist is re-
quired to classify the characteri-
stics of the individual malocclusion.
The discrepancies from the ideal
are noted, creating a list of treat-
ment goals to obtain the most ideal
treatment result. In the IP appliance
system the identification of cha-
racteristics has been expanded for
the purpose of creating an ap-
pliance that will address the noted
variations from the ideal. These
characteristics are identified and
charted in computer software. The
software programming registers the
appliance variation that is needed
for each characteristic for the best
treatment result, editing the indivi-
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MANCA TRADUZIONE FRANCESE
Traduit par Maria Giacinta Paolone
dual appliance from the 250 choi-
ces available in the IP appliance
system19.
The system allows to have 250
possible variations of brackets and
bands, 102 variation of ceramic
brackets, and 18 different varia-
tions in form and dimension for all
orthodontic archwires.
The IP software has also a tutor func-
tion to confirm the clinical efficacy of
the decisions to help the orthodontist:
the tutor function has 150 possible
sample therapies to test the single in-
dividual prescription.
The PoSoft has a default prescrip-
tion which is the Roth standard with
second molars included if any dif-
ferent prescription is specified.
Moreover it has also a clinical que-
stion test as described in table I

87
of tip. The program permits the
choose of auxiliary appliances.
In this way a single series of brackets
for every single patient is designed
to solve any individual problems ac-
cording to the treatment plan.
A reparation kit is also available:
it is made of two brackets for every
clinical choice and it is used to
substitute damaged or lost brac-
kets. Similarly an achwire repair
kit is sent with two archwires for
every possible size and shape.
Another kit is available to choose the
right size of bands of molars and
premolars to facilitate the positio-
ning and the fitting of the bands,
while trying to select the right size.
Blank bands with prewelded sea-
ting eyelets are inventoried for this
purpose. Bands are available with
every kind of need (lingual cleats,
single, double, triple tube).
Also the bracket positioning must
be extremely accurate and can be
defined by the program, and even-
tually confirmed by the clinician to
transfer this information at the mo-
ment of bonding the appliance;
the IP appliance comes together
with an holder to correctly orient
the bracket.
This solution also permits to save ti-
me and to have a better precision
in positioning the brackets.
In this clinical research all the study
models were carefully evaluated
for every single tooth utilizing the
POSoft software for the individual
prescription of brackets, arches
and auxiliaries.
The orthodontic plan was sent by
internet to a dental IP center, which
assemble every appliance for
every single case (Tab. 3).
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MANCA TRADUZIONE SPAGNOLO
Traducido por Santiago Isaza Penco
mension. The program has a scan-
ner function in which the ortho-
dontist can scan study models to
choose among an ovoid, tapered
and square arch forms (Fig. 1,2).
The dimension of the arch is com-
pared to the prefabricated arch
forms to determine the need of ex-
pansion, constriction or maintai-
ning of the original arch.
The IP software can also select a
standard wire progression or can
evaluate every wire choice for a
single patient.
The program can control every
bracket prescription to have a the-
rapeutic solution for every case.
The derotation need can be se-
lected between mesial or distal,
comparing the vestibular axis of
the tooth to the frontal dental mid-
line: a mesial rotation correct a me-
sial rotated tooth. When using the
IP appliance, rotations are identi-
fied when the appliance is desi-
gned, the proper bracket with over-
correction incorporated into the
bracket slot must be bonded to the
center of the tooth.
Moreover the rotational IP brackets
have a 4°degree rotation added
making it possible to correct rota-
tions without any bracket reposi-
tion. A correction of tip and torque
is similarly obtained and each brac-
ket has the information for tip and
torque ideal for the tooth to which
it is bonded.
Brackets with added or reduced lin-
gual or labial root torque are avai-
lable for each tooth as to are brac-
kets with added or reduced values

88 PROGRESS in ORTHODONTICS 2009;10(1):00-00
Tab.1. Computer IP software (PoSoft). Steps required to design the IP appliance.
IP appliance’s features
Tooth Description Band Height Instruction Size Number
11 MESIAL 11 M 4 0 1
12 12 Dla 3,5 0 1
13 DISTAL 13 D 4,5 0 1
14 DISTAL 14 D 4 0 1
15 15 R 4 0 1
16 16 R 4 0 1
17 17 R 3 0 1
18 EXTRACTED
21 MESIAL 21 M 4 0 1
22 DISTAL 22 D 3,5 0 1
23 23 R 4,5 0 1
24 24 R 4 0 1
25 25 R 4 0 1
26 26 R 4 0 1
27 27 R 3 0 1
28 EXTRACTED
31 31 R 4 0 1
32 32 R 4 0 1
33 DISTAL 33 D 4,5 0 1
34 34 R 4 0 1
35 MESIAL 35 M 4 0 1
36 36 R 4 0 1
37 37 R 3,5 0 1
38 EXTRACTED
41 MESIAL 41 M 4 0 1
42 MESIAL 42 M 4 0 1
43 DISTAL 43 D 4,5 0 1
44 44 R 4 0 1
45 45 R 4 0 1
46 46 R 4 0 1
47 47 R 3,5 0 1
48 EXTRACTED
Tab.2. Questions the clinician must respond to design the IP appliance.
UPPER ARCH LOWER ARCH
Medium Square Medium Square
STANDARD PROGRESSION
1 016N 014ss 1 016N 1 014ss
018N 016ss 018N 016ss
019X025N 1 018ss 019X025N 1 018ss
1 018X025N heat 020ss 1 018X025N heat 020ss
019X025 keyHole 021X25ss 019X025 keyHole 021X25ss
019X025 T-LOOP 1 019X025ss 019X025 T-LOOP 1 019X025ss
22 UPPER: millimetres length of distance 2-2 for keyhole arch 22 LOWER: millimetres length of 2-2 for keyhole arch
UPPER: millimetres length of distance 2-2 for T-looped LOWER: millimetres length of 2-2 for T-looped

PROGRESS in ORTHODONTICS 2009;10(1):00-00 89
The patients were treated by the sa-
me operator after a careful dia-
gnosis and treatment plan and
every patient was banded with a
strategic and indirect bonding; a
monthly check up was arranged
for every single patient.
Cases report
The clinical documentation of two
cases has been used to present
this methodology.
Tab.3. Orders are realized through internet.
IP appliance’s features IP
Tooth Description Band Height Instruction Size Number
11 11 Li 4 0 1
12 12 MLi 3,5 0 1
13 13 R 4,5 0 1
14 14 R 4 0 1
15 15 R 4 0 1
16 16 R 4 0 1
17 0
18 EXTRACTED
21 21 Li 4 0 1
22 22 MLi 3,5 0 1
23 23 R 4,5 0 1
24 24 M 4 0 1
25 25 M 4 0 1
26 26 M 4 0 1
27 0
28 EXTRACTED
31 31 M 4 0 1
32 32 R 4 0 1
33 33 D 4,5 0 1
34 34 R 4 0 1
35 35 R 4 0 1
36 36 R 4 0 1
37 0
38 EXTRACTED
41 41 R 4 0 1
42 42 R 4 0 1
43 43 R 4,5 0 1
44 44 R 4 0 1
45 45 D 4 0 1
46 46 R 4 0 1
47 0
48 EXTRACTED
Fig. 1,2: IP archwire template.

90
Fig. 3,4: pre-treatment facial frontal
and profile photographs.
Figs. 5-10: pre-treatment intraoral photographs.

Case 1
The patient was a 14 year old girl;
the medical and dental history we-
re unremarkable.
The facial clinical examination sho-
wed a mesomorph subject, without
any asymmetries and a harmonious
profile (Figs. 3,4).
The intraoral examination demon-
strated a dental class I on the right
side and a dental class II on the left
side; the upper dental midline was
deviated on the left side; the tooth
23 was blocked in vestibular posi-
tion; the tooth 12 was palatally po-
sitioned; the upper dental arch had
a V shaped and the lower dental
arch a U shape (Figs. 5-11).
The cephalometric analysis revea-
led a slight skeletal class II with a
skeletal deep-bite (Fig. 12).
It was decide to proceed with an
orthodontic treatment with an IP
appliance.
Fig. 11: pre-treatment panoramic radiograph. Fig. 12: pre-treatment cephalometric
radiograph.
Fig. 13: individualized prescription
form.

92
Fig. 14: individual archwire progres-
sion.
Fig. 15-17: Post-treatment facial photographs.
Fig. 18-23 : Post-treatment intraoral
photographs.

The study case was performed on
the clinical examination, the study
models and cephalometric tracings
which allowed the exact bracket
prescription to be identified for each
tooth, according to the diagnosis
and the expected result (Fig 13).
Archwires form and progress was
also planned (Fig. 14). The PoSoft
software permitted to choose and
confirm the prescription and to di-
rectly order by internet.
After one week the appliance was
received.
After 12 months of treatment the fa-
cial balance (Figs 15-17) and a
correct occlusal relationship were
obtained, with a good overbite
and overjet, a correct midline and
no rotations (Figs 18-25). Maxil-
lary and mandibular archforms we-
re coordinated.
The stability of the clinical result
was maintained during the follow
up period.
Case 2
The patient was a 14 years old fe-
male presenting with a concave
profile (Figs 26,27).
The intraoral examination showed
an anterior cross-bite, the presence
of a deciduous upper left canine,
crowding in both dental arches,
slight midline discrepancies and a
class I molar occlusion on both si-
des (Figs 28-34).
The cephalometric analysis sho-
wed a skeletal class I with a nor-
mal vertical dimension (Fig. 35).
A non extraction therapy was pro-
grammed to avoid the worsening
of the profile.
It was planned a fixed appliance
therapy IP prescription in both ar-
ches to create space to recover
that lost of the impacted upper left
permanent canine and to obtain
a correct intraoral relationship.
Fig. 24: Post-treatment panoramic radiograph. Fig. 25: Post-treatment cephalometric
radiograph.
Fig. 26,27: pre-treatment facial frontal
and profile photographs.

94
The study case was performed on
the study models and clinical exa-
mination which permitted to deci-
de the exact bracket prescription
for every single tooth, according to
the diagnosis and the expected re-
sult. Archwires form and progress
were also planned. The PoSoft soft-
ware permitted to choose and con-
firm the prescription and to directly
order by internet (Figs 36,37).
After one week the appliance was
received perfectly assembled.
The strategic placement of brac-
kets was used to level and align
both arches.
The standard NiTi and SS round
wire progression was utilized fol-
low by finishing the case with rec-
tangular wires to have a complete
expression of torque information.
After 15 months of treatment it was
possible to obtain the aesthetic im-
provement of the profile and a ni-
ce smile (Figs 38-40).
The intraoral examination showed
a class I occlusion, the perfect cor-
rection of the midlines, correct over-
jet and overbite (Figs 41-48).
The patient was then invited to
wear a positioner as a retention:
the long distance controls showed
a good stability of the results.
Figs. 28-33: pre-treatment intraoral photo-
graphs.
Fig. 34: pre-treatment panoramic radiograph. Fig. 35: pre-treatment cephalometric
radiograph.

Figs. 36,37: individualized prescription form, individual archwire progression.
Figs. 38-40: Post-treatment facial pho-
tographs.

96
Results
Molar and canine Class I rela-
tionships were achieved and a
functional occlusion was obtained
in all the treated patients.
The profile was aesthetically impro-
ved with alignment of the incisors.
The gingival margins were appro-
priate.
Also the clinical arch form of IP ap-
pliance prevented any correction
of the arch form as they were cho-
sen individually for the single pa-
tient case and they were sent co-
ordinated.
The treatment was completed bet-
ween 12 and 18 months.
Figs. 41-46: Post-treatment intraoral
photographs.
Tab.4. Cephalometric values.
Non extractive ovoid Non extractive ovoid
STANDARD PROGRESSION
UPPER ARCH
1 016N 1 014ss
1 0.18N 016ss
019X025N 1 018ss
018X025N heat 020ss
019X025 keyHole 021X25ss
019X025 T-LOOP 1 019X025ss
LOWER ARCH
1 016N 1 014ss
1 018N 016ss
019X025N 1 018ss
018X025N heat 020ss
019X025 keyHole 021X25ss
019X025 T-LOOP 1 019X025ss
22 UPPER: millimetres length of distance 2-2 for keyhole arch
22 LOWER: millimetres length of 2-2 for keyhole arch
UPPER: millimetres length of distance 2-2 for T-looped
LOWER: millimetres length of 2-2 for T-looped

The IP appliance brackets were
not changed during treatment as
the IP prescription was already in-
cluding the information to correct
the position of the teeth in a com-
plete way avoiding any jiggling
movements.
Discussiom and conclusions
The aim of this work was to eva-
luate any significant difference in IP
prescription, biomechanics, preci-
sion of dental movements, speed
of treatment and comfort of the pa-
tients.
The IP appliance works in the usual
progression of 4 treatment phases:
1) levelling and aligning;
2) extraction space closure;
3) finishing;
4) appliance removal and reten-
tion.
Similarly to the SW appliance al-
so IP prescription use a biome-
chanics, which is based on light
and continuous forces28.
The IP appliance includes more in-
formation and consequently per-
mits a more precise positioning of
the teeth in the first stages of treat-
ment; this also helps reducing the
treatment time dedicated in finis-
hing the case.
The total treatment period is signi-
ficantly reduced, as well as the
chairside time.
Eliminating the finishing stage is
one objective of the IP appliance
system. The finishing stage is re-
quired with the SW appliance to
compensate for what the applian-
ce does not correct; in addition
adjustments are usually to optimise
aesthetics and occlusion19.
The use of a software programme,
POSoft helps the clinician in the
creation of the correct treatment
plan; the software allows individual
design of the appliance avoiding
the need fopr large stock control. In-
stead of having 24 brackets to treat
the many types of malocclusions
and mechanics, it is possible to se-
lect from hundreds of brackets and
band variations. The only require-
ment to add a bracket variation is
the ability to identify and write the
description of why that variation
would help solve a treatment pro-
blem19. With the help of a compu-
ter technology it was possible to
create a central inventory.
It is possible to conclude that the IP
appliance is a positive development
of the SWA standard prescriptions,
allowing inclusion in the single ap-
pliance of all the individual infor-
mation to treat the single case.
The IP appliance make possible
for the clinician to actually choose
among the best individual pre-
scriptions for the single patient.
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Straight_wire_appliances_standard_versus.pdf