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Roth5_Lecture_PPT_C02_Final_R.pptx
1.
Because learning changes
everything.® Chapter 2 Strategic Leadership: Managing the Strategy Process © 2021 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill.
2.
© McGraw Hill LEARNING
OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the role of strategic leaders and what they do. 2. Outline how you can become a strategic leader. 3. Compare and contrast the roles of corporate, business, and functional managers in strategy formulation and implementation. 4. Describe the roles of vision, mission, and values in a firm’s strategy. 5. Evaluate the strategic implications of product-oriented and customer- oriented vision statements. 6. Justify why anchoring a firm in ethical core values is essential for long-term success. 7. Evaluate top-down strategic planning, scenario planning, and strategy as planned emergence. 8. Describe and evaluate the two distinct modes of decision making. 9. Compare and contrast devil’s advocacy and dialectic inquiry as frameworks to improve strategic decision making.
3.
© McGraw Hill What
Is Strategic Leadership? Successful use of power and influence. Directing the activities of others. Pursuing an organization’s goals. Enabling organizational competitive advantage. Power: • The ability to influence others to do things. • Formal authority ( position), informal authority (persuasion).
4.
© McGraw Hill Leaders
Can Positively Impact Performance Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook Elon Musk of Tesla and SpaceX Jeff Bezos of Amazon Oprah Winfrey of HARPO Sheryl Sandberg of Facebook Angela Ahrendts of Apple Mary Barra of General Motors Howard Schultz of Starbucks
5.
© McGraw Hill Leaders
Can Destroy Shareholder Value Ken Lay of Enron John Sculley of Apple Bernard Ebbers of WorldCom Richard Fuld of Lehman Brothers Richard Wagoner of General Motors Robert Nardelli of The Home Depot and Chrysler Ron Johnson of JC Penney
6.
© McGraw Hill What
Strategic Leaders Do Exhibit 2.1 Source: Data from O. Bandiera, A. Prat, and R. Sadun (2012), “Management capital at the top: Evidence from the time use of CEOs,” London School of Economics and Harvard Business School Working Paper. Access the text alternative for slide image.
7.
© McGraw Hill How
Do You Become a Strategic Leader? It is a function of innate abilities and learning. Leadership actions reflect: • Age, education, and career experiences. • Personal interpretations of situations. Upper Echelons Theory: • Organizational outcomes reflect values of top management team. • Their unique perspectives and values. Outcomes include: • Strategic choices and performance levels.
8.
© McGraw Hill Strategic
Leaders: The Level-5 Pyramid Exhibit 2.2 Source: Adapted from Collins, J. (2001), Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap . . . And Others Don’t (New York: HarperCollins), 20. Access the text alternative for slide image.
9.
© McGraw Hill Great
Companies Great companies share: • Transition from average performance to sustained competitive advantage • Stock returns 7x the general market. • Consistent patterns of leadership. • Summarized in the Level- 5 Leadership Pyramid. Best-selling book Good to Great: • Written by Jim Collins. • Over 1,000 companies were analyzed.
10.
© McGraw Hill Progression
of Leaders Through the Pyramid Each level builds upon the previous one. Prior levels must be mastered before moving on. Each level helps individuals develop the capacity for greater success. A Level-5 executive: • Works to help the organization succeed. • Helps others reach their full potential.
11.
© McGraw Hill The
Strategy Process Strategy Formulation: • The choice of strategy. • Where and how to compete. Strategy Implementation: • Organization, coordination, integration. • How work gets done. • The execution of strategy. Three distinct areas: corporate, business, and functional.
12.
© McGraw Hill The
Strategy Process Across Levels Corporate Strategy • Where to compete? • Industry, markets, and geography. Business Strategy • How to compete? • Cost leadership, differentiation, or value innovation. Functional Strategy • How to implement a chosen business strategy? • Different strategies require different activities.
13.
© McGraw Hill Strategic
Formulation and Implementation across Levels: Corporate, Business, and Functional Strategy Exhibit 2.3 Access the text alternative for slide image.
14.
© McGraw Hill Vision,
Mission, Values Vision: What do we want to accomplish ultimately? Mission: How do we accomplish our goals? Values: • What commitments do we make? • What safeguards do we put in place? • How do we act both legally and ethically as we pursue our vision and mission?
15.
© McGraw Hill Vision Captures
an organization’s aspiration. Spells out what the organization wants to accomplish. Identifies the long-term objective. Should be forward-looking and inspiring. An effective vision: • Is expressed as a statement. • Should be forward-looking and inspiring. • Should provide meaning for employees in pursuit of the organization’s ultimate goals.
16.
© McGraw Hill Vision
Is Strategic Intent Outlines a firm’s stretch goal. Is based on a firm’s vision. Actions based on vision will: • Build necessary resources. • Build capabilities. • Ensure continuous organizational learning. • Ensure learning from failure.
17.
© McGraw Hill Vision
and Competitive Advantage Research shows that vision statements and firm performance are related. This relationship is strongest when: • The vision is customer-oriented. • Internal stakeholders help define the vision. • Organizational structures align to the vision, for example, compensation.
18.
© McGraw Hill Customer-
vs. Product-Oriented Vision Statements Customer-oriented vision statements: • Allow companies to adapt to changing environments. • Focus on problem solving for the customer. Product-oriented vision statements: • Focus on improving existing products and services
19.
© McGraw Hill Product-Oriented
Vision Statements Define a business in terms of a good or service provided. • Force managers to take a more myopic view. • Can hinder understanding of the competitive landscape. Example: U.S. Railroad companies. • They were focused on the railroad business. • They should have been focused on transportation and logistics.
20.
© McGraw Hill Customer-Oriented
Vision Statements Define a business in terms providing solutions to customer needs. • Customer needs may change. • The means of meeting those needs may change also. Example: Ford Motor Company. • Entered the market in the early 1900s. • Ford didn’t build a better horse and buggy. • Ford’s focus: “to provide personal mobility for people around the world.”
21.
© McGraw Hill Mission What
an organization actually does. • The products and services it will provide. • The markets in which it will compete. Defines how the vision is accomplished.
22.
© McGraw Hill Mission:
Strategic Commitments Credible actions that back up the vision and mission statements. These commitments are often: • Costly. • Long-term oriented. • Difficult to reverse.
23.
© McGraw Hill Customer-Oriented
Vision Statements Company Vision Statement Alibaba To make it easy to do business anywhere. Amazon To be Earth’s most customer-centric company, where customers can find and discover anything they might want to buy online. Better World Books To harness the power of capitalism to bring literacy and opportunity to people around the world. Facebook To make the world more open and connected. GE To move, cure, build and power the world. Google To organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. Nike To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. SpaceX To accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy. Tesla To be the best retailer in the hearts and minds of consumers and employees.
24.
© McGraw Hill Values Organizational
core values: • Ethical standards and norms. • Govern the behavior of individuals. • Provide stability to the strategy. • Serve as guardrails to keep the company on track. Help employees: • Understand the company culture. • Deal with complexity. • Resolve conflict.
25.
© McGraw Hill Three
Approaches to Organizational Strategy Strategic planning: • A formal, top-down approach. Scenario planning: • A formal, top-down approach. Strategy as planned emergence: • Begins with a strategic plan, but it is less formal.
26.
© McGraw Hill Top
Down Strategic Planning: Overview Data-driven strategy process. Top management attempts to program future success through analysis of: • Prices. • Costs. • Margins. • Market demand. • Head count. • Production runs. • Five-year plans and budgets. • Performance monitoring.
27.
© McGraw Hill Top-Down
Strategic Planning in the AFI Strategy Framework Exhibit 2.5 Access the text alternative for slide image.
28.
© McGraw Hill Shortcomings
of the Top-Down Approach 1.May not adapt well to change. 2.Formulation is separate from implementation. 3.Information flows one-way. 4.Leaders’ future vision can be wrong. Example: Apple. • Steve Jobs predicted customers needs. • Apple didn’t engage in market research. • Since Cook took over, their planning process has evolved.
29.
© McGraw Hill Scenario
Planning: Overview Asks “what if” questions: • Top management envisions different scenarios. • Then they derive strategic responses. Optimistic and pessimistic futures are planned. Considerations can include: • New laws. • Demographic shifts. • Changing economic conditions. • Technological advances.
30.
© McGraw Hill Scenario
Planning within the AFI Strategy Framework Exhibit 2.6 Access the text alternative for slide image.
31.
© McGraw Hill Approaches
to Scenario Planning Obtain input from different levels and functions: • R&D, manufacturing, and marketing and sales. Determine how to compete situationally. Attach probabilities into different future states: • Highly likely vs. unlikely.
32.
© McGraw Hill Black
Swan Event The high impact of a highly improbable event. It can affect strategic planning People once assumed all swans were white. • When they first encountered swans that were black, they were surprised. Examples: • Security breach of an IT system. • Accounting scandals: Enron. • Real estate bubble: 2008 financial crisis.
33.
© McGraw Hill Questions
to Ask in Scenario Planning 1.What resources and capabilities do we need to compete successfully in each future scenario? 2.What strategic initiatives should we put in place to respond to each respective scenario? 3.How can we shape our expected future environment?
34.
© McGraw Hill Strategy
as Planned Emergence Top-Down & Bottom-Up: • Bottom-up strategic initiatives emerge. • Evaluated and coordinated by management. • Less formal and less stylized. Relies on data, plus: • Personal experience. • Deep domain expertise. • Front line employee insights.
35.
© McGraw Hill Realized
Strategy Is a Combination of Top- Down Intended Strategy and Bottom-Up Emergent Strategy Exhibit 2.7 Access the text alternative for slide image.
36.
© McGraw Hill Key
Points About Strategy Intended strategy: • Outcome of a rational and structured top-down strategic plan. Emergent strategy: • Any unplanned strategic initiative. • Bubbles up from the bottom of the organization. • Can influence and shape a firm’s overall strategy. Realized strategy: • Combination of intended and emergent strategy.
37.
© McGraw Hill Strategic
Initiatives An activity a firm pursues to explore and develop: • New products and processes. • New markets. • New ventures. Can bubble up from deep within a firm through: • Autonomous actions. • Serendipity. • Resource-allocation process (RAP).
38.
© McGraw Hill Autonomous
Actions, Serendipity, Resource Allocation Autonomous Actions: • Strategic initiatives undertaken by employees. • A response to unexpected situations. Serendipity: • Random events, surprises, coincidences. • Has an effect on strategic initiatives. Resource Allocation Process (RAP): • How a firm allocates resources based on policy. • Helps shape realized strategy.
39.
© McGraw Hill Strategic
Decision Making Can be limited due to our cognitive limitations: • Choosing “good enough” options vs. optimal solutions. • Human decision making has cognitive limitations, biases. • Artificial intelligence can augment the information at our fingertips. Managers can become better at decision making. • Theories and frameworks help make sense of uncertain information.
40.
© McGraw Hill Two
Decision Making Modes System 1: • Brain’s default mode. • Gut reaction. • Familiar, efficient, automatic. • Requires little energy. System 2: • Logical, analytical, deliberate. • Requires more energy. • Slower.
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© McGraw Hill Two
Distinct Modes of Decision Making System 1 System 2 Fast Slow Unconscious Conscious Automatic Effortful Everyday, Snap Decisions Complex, Analytical Decisions Error Prone, Higher Likelihood of Biases Reliable, Lower Likelihood of Biases Exhibit 2.9 Source: Author’s creation based on D. Kahneman (2011), Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux).
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© McGraw Hill Cognitive
Biases Bias: Description: Illusion of Control Our tendency to overestimate our ability to control events. Escalating Commitment Continuing to support a project when it is showing signs that it may not succeed. Confirmation Bias Searching for information to support existing beliefs. Reason by Analogy The tendency to use simple analogies to make sense out of complex problems. Representativeness Drawing conclusions based on small samples or anecdotes. Groupthink When opinions coalesce around a leader without individuals critically evaluating and challenging that leader’s opinions and assumptions.
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© McGraw Hill How
to Improve Decision Making Devil’s Advocacy: • The path forward is challenged with alternative viewpoints. • Highlights what can go wrong. • Criticisms are offered. Dialectic Inquiry: • Alternatives are explored. • Compromises are discussed.
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© McGraw Hill How
to Use a Devil’s Advocate to Improve Strategic Decision Making Exhibit 2.10 Source: Frank T. Rothaermel Access the text alternative for slide image.
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© McGraw Hill How
to Use Dialectic Inquiry to Improve Strategic Decision Making Exhibit 2.11 Source: Frank T. Rothaermel Access the text alternative for slide image.
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Because learning changes
everything.® www.mheducation.com © 2019 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill.
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