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❍  ✁ ✂
❞✄☎☎ ✆✆ ✝✞✟ ✠✡☛ ☞☎✌✍✎☞✏✑✒❞
✈ ✁✂✄ 
❄☎✆✝✞✟✠ ✡☎☛☞✠✌✠☎✍ ✎✟ âœâœĄâ„âœ‘âœ’â˜Žâ˜Ž ✓✔✕✕✖✗ ✘✙✚☎✛✟ ✜✱ ✣✎ ✀✄✌☎✑✊ ✧✑★ ✩✧âœȘ★✫✟ ✬✟✧✭ ✎☎✑ ✀☎✜❄ ✧✑★ ✬✟✧✭ ✘✑ ✬☎✑✼✯☎ ✬☎✭☎
✌☎✣✜♣✰ ✠✜ âœŁâœ˜âœ±â˜ŽâœŠâœ› âœŁâœŽâœ›â˜Žâœ€âœŸ âœČ☎✭ ✎✟ ✳✘ âœŁâœ§â„â˜Žâœ˜âœ› ✧✑★ âœŁâœ§âœĄâ„âœŸâœ› ✜✱✮ ✣✬✘✧✑★ âœĄâœ”âœ¶â˜Žâ˜Žâœ§âœ§âœ·â˜Ž ✜✞☎❄✟ âœč✠✧✩âœș☎☎ âœ»â˜ŽâœŹ ✛✎ ✩✧âœȘ★✫
âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✌☎❄ ✧✑★ ✀✟✌ ✻✊✛❄☎✫ âœ€âœ­â˜Žâ™Ł ✜✙♣ ✜✱✰ ✭r✍ ❄☎✆✝✞✟✠ ✡☎☛☞✠✌✠☎✍ âœĄâ„ âœ»â˜Žâœœâ˜ŽâœŁâ„âœ› âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœŸâœž âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœ§âœ‘âœŠâ˜… r✘ âœ€âœ™âœŁâœ­âœ â˜ŽâœżâœŸ
âœŁâœ§âœŒâ˜Žâ„ âœĄâ„ ✻✞✫ ✎❄✭✑ ✎☎ âœĄâœ”âœ â˜Žâœ˜ ✜✱✰ r✘ âœĄâœ”âœ â˜Žâœ˜ ✾✑✩ ✜❄ ✣✧✆☎✠ ✎☎✑ ♣✎ âœžâąâ˜Žâœ€âœȘ✛ âœżâœŸâœ§â˜Žâ„ ✘✑ ✌☎✑❄ ✿✑✭✑ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœŹâ˜Žâœ­âœŽâ˜Žâ„âœŸ
✎☎✑ ❄✝☎ ✿✑✭✑ ✎✟ âœĄâœ”âœ§âžâœŁâ€â˜Ž ✎☎ âœŁâœ§â„â˜Žâœ‘âœœ âœ·â˜Žâ˜ŽâœŁâœžâœ« ✜✱✰ ✻☎✷☎☎ ✜✱ ✣✎ ✠✑ ✎✿✾ ✜✾✑✩ ❄☎✆✝✞✟✠ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ˜Ž ✭✟✣✛ ✓❂❃❄❅✗ ✾✑✩ ✧✣❆☎✍✛
âœ€â˜Žâœ«ââœ§âœ‘âœŠâ˜…âœŁâœżâœ”âœ› âœč✠✧✩âœș☎☎ ✎✟ âœŁâœżâœ·â˜Žâ˜Ž ✾✑✩ ✎☎✡✯★✟ ✿âœȘ❄ ✛✎ ✫✑ ✬☎♣◗❇✑✰
r✘ âœĄâœ”âœ âœâœ­ ✎✟ âœ˜âœĄâ˜…âœ«âœ›â˜Ž ✻✀ r✘ ✀☎✛ âœĄâ„ âœŁâœ­âœ¶â˜Žâœâ„ ✜✱ ✣✎ ✩✧âœȘ★✫☎✑✊ ✧✑★ âœĄâœ”â˜ŽâœŒâ˜Žâœ âœ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœ»âˆâœ â˜ŽâœĄâœŽ ✀✄✌☎✑✊ ✎☎✑ âœŽâ‰âœĄâœ­â˜Žâœ·â˜ŽâœŸâœ«
â‡âœŁâœ›âœŁâœ§âœŁâœœâœ â˜Žâœ‘âœŠ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✘✧☎✫☎✑✊ ✎✟ ✾✿✿ ✘✑ ✘✟✒☎✭✑ ✛âœș☎☎ ✘✟✒☎✭✑ ✧✑★ âœżâ˜Žâœąâ„â˜Žâœ­ âœ»âœĄâœ­âœ‘ ✻✭✙✶☎✧ âœĄâ„ âœŁâœ§âœŒâ˜Žâ„ ✎❄✭✑ ✎☎ ✻✧✘❄ ✿✑✛✑
✜✱✩✰ ✜✾✑✩ ✠✜ ✾☎✭✭☎ ✜☎✑❇☎ ✣✎ ✠✣✿ ✬❇✜✮ ✘✾✠ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœ»â˜Žâąâ˜Žâ˜ŽâœżâœŸ ✿✟ ✬☎♣✮ ✛☎✑ ✀✄✌✑ âœ€âœźâœŻâ˜Žâœ‘âœŠ âŁâ˜Žâ„â˜Ž ✘☎✱✩✡✟ ❇r✍ ✘âœȘ✌✭☎❝✘☎✞❇✔✟
✘✑ âœŹâœ™âœźâœŻâœŽâ„ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✬âœȘ✚✎❄ ✭♣ âœČ☎✭ ✎☎ ✘❞✬✭ ✎❄✛✑ ✜✱✩✰ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ˜Ž ✧✑★ âœŁâœ§âœŁâœ§âœœ ✘☎✜✭☎✑✊ ♣✧✩ ✘✔☎✑✛☎✑✊ ✎✟ âœ»âœ­âœżâœ‘âœ’â˜ŽâœŸ ✣✎♣ ✬☎✭✑
✎☎ âœĄâœ”âœžâœ™âœ’â˜Ž ✎☎❄❆☎ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✎☎✑ âœĄâ„âœŸââ˜Žâ˜Ž ✎☎ ♣✎✾☎❊☎ ✻☎✜☎❄ ✀✭☎✭✑ ✎✟ âœĄâœ”âœ§âžâœŁâ€â˜Ž ✜✱✰ ✘✬✍✭☎ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœĄâœœâœ« ✎☎✑ ✣✧✎✣✘✛
✎❄✭✑ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł âąâ˜Žâœâ„âœŸ ✜✱ ✣✎ ✜✾ ✀✄✌☎✑✊ ✎☎✑ ✘✟✒☎✭✑ ✎✟ âœĄâœ”âœŁâœŸâœ â˜Ž ✾✑✩ ✡âœȘ❄☎ âœ¶â˜Žâ˜Žâ‡âœŸâœżâ˜Žâ„ ✾☎✭✑✩ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœ€âœ­â˜Žâ™Łâ——âœŽ ✳❋✜✑✩ âœČ☎✭ ✎✟
âœŁâœ­âœœâ˜ŽâœâœŁâ„âœ› ✒☎✙❄☎✎ ✎☎ ❇✔☎✜✎ ✾☎✭✭☎ ●☎✑✼✯ ✿✑✩✰
✠✑ âœłââœ‘âœ·âœ  ✩✧âœȘ★✫ ✎✟ ✿✱✣✭✎ ✣❱✩☎✿❇✟ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœŽâ˜Žâœ âœâœ·â˜Žâœąâœ«âœŸ ✾✑✩ ✎☎✡✯★✟ âœĄâœŻâœ‘â˜…â„âœ€âœżâœ« ✎✟ ✾☎◗❇ ✎❄✛✑ ✜✱✩✰ ✿✱✣✭✎ ✘✞✠❝✘☎❄❆☎✟
✾✑✩ âœ«âœŒâœŸâœ«â˜ŽâœĄâœ­ ✳✛✭☎ ✜✟ âąâ˜Žâœâ„âœŸ ✜✱✮ ✣✬✛✭☎ ✧☎❡✆☎✎ âœ§âœąâ˜…âœ«âœ‘âœŠâœźâ„ ✧✑★ ✻✞✫ ✾✑✩ ✌✙✩✛✟✎ ✣✬✘✘✑ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ†â˜Ž ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł ✣✭✠✛ ✣✿✭☎✑✩
✎✟ ✘✩✒✠☎ ✜✎✟✎✛ ✀✭ ✘✧✑★✰ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ†â˜Ž âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✾âœȘ❉✠☎✩✎✭ ✎✟ âœŁâœ§âœŁâœœâœ â˜Žâ—— ✶☎✟ r✘ ✀☎✛ ✎☎✑ ✛✠ ✎❄✑✊❇✟ ✣✎ ✠✜ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ
✩✧âœȘ★✫ ✾✑✩ ✀✄✌☎✑✊ ✧✑★ ✬✟✧✭ ✎☎✑ ✾☎✭✣✘✎ âœżâœ€â˜Žâœ§ ✛âœș☎☎ âœ€â˜Žâœ‘âœŁâ„âœ âœ› ✎✟ ✬❇✜ ✒☎✙✷☎✟ ✎☎ ✻✭✙✶☎✧ ✀✭☎✭✑ ✾✑✩ ✣✎✛✭✟ âœĄâœ”âœ¶â˜Žâ˜Žâœ§âœŸ
âœŁâœ˜âœ± ✜☎✑✛✟ ✜✱✰ ✀☎✑✚ ✎✟ ✘✞✩✠☎ ✘✑ ✣✭✡✝✭✑ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœŸâœž âœŁâœ­âœžâ˜Žâœâœ›â˜Žâœ»â˜Žâœ‘âœ‘âœŠ ✭✑ âœŁâœ§âœŁâœ¶â˜Žâ‹âœ­ ✌❄❆☎☎✑✊ ✾✑✩ âœČ☎✭ ✎☎ âœĄâœ™âœ­âœŁâœ­âœâˆâ˜Žâ˜Žâœâ„â†â˜Ž
✎❄✛✑ ✘✾✠ ✀✄✌☎✑✊ ✧✑★ ✾✭☎✑✣✧âœČ☎✭ ♣✧✩ âœ»âˆâœ â˜ŽâœĄâœ­ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł âœłâœĄâœ«â– âœœ ✘✾✠ ✎☎ ❈✠☎✭ ❄✒☎✭✑ ✎✟ âœĄâœœâœ«âœ‘ ✘✑ âœ»âœŁâœœâœŽ ✘✌✑✛
âœŽâ˜Žâœ‘âœŁâœ·â˜Žâœ·â˜Ž ✎✟ ✜✱✰ r✘ âœŽâ˜Žâœ‘âœŁâœ·â˜Žâœ·â˜Ž ✎☎✑ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ❇✜❄☎✭✑ ✧✑★ ✠❜✭ ✾✑✩ ✠✜ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ âœ˜â˜Žâœ‘âœŒââœŁâœ§âœŒâ˜Žâ„ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœŁâœ§âœ©âœžâœ âœŽ ●☎✑✝✑ ✘✾âœȘ✜☎✑✩
✾✑✩ ✀☎✛✌✟✛ ♣✧✩ ✀✜✘ ✛âœș☎☎ ✜☎âœș☎ ✘✑ ✎✟ ✬☎✭✑ ✧☎✫✟ ❇✣✛✣✧✣❈☎✠☎✑✩ ✎☎✑ âœĄâœ”â˜Žâœș☎✣✾✎✛☎ ✿✑✛✟ ✜✱✰
♣✭❏✘✟❏r✍❏✻☎❄❏✝✟❏ r✘ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✎✟ ❄✌✭☎ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł ✀✭☎r✍ ❇r✍ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✣✧✎☎✘ ✘✣✾✣✛ ✧✑★ âœĄâœŁâ„â‘âœž ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł
✧❞★✛âœČ✛☎ âœč✠♩✛ ✎❄✛✟ ✜✱✰ âœĄâœŁâ„âœ†â˜Žâœżâ˜ž ✣✧âœČ☎✭ ♣✧✩ ❇✣❆☎✛ ✎✟ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✧✑★ ✘✫☎✜✎☎❄ ✘✾âœȘ✜ ✧✑★ ✻❈✠❁☎ ✬✑❏✧✟❏ ✭☎✫✟✍✎❄
âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ r✘ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✧✑★ ✾✙✒✠ ✘✫☎✜✎☎❄ âœĄâœ”â˜Žâœ‘âœĄâœŻâœ‘â˜…âœ˜â„ âœ€âœŸââ™Łâœ«â âœ’â˜ŽâœŠâœźâœ‘âœ«âœ§â˜Žâœ« ✎✟ âœŁâœ§âœ·â˜Žâœ‘âœ†â˜Ž ✻☎✶☎☎❄✟ ✜✱✰ r✘ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✧✑★
✣✧✎☎✘ ✾✑✩ ✎r✍ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜ŽâœŽâ˜Žâœ‘âœŠ ✭✑ ✠☎✑❇✿☎✭ ✣✿✠☎â–Č r✘ ✠☎✑❇✿☎✭ ✎☎✑ ✩✊☎✶☎✧ ✀✭☎✭✑ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł ✜✾ ✳✭✧✑★ âœĄâœ”â˜ŽâœŒâ˜Žâœ â˜Žâœ‘âœâœŠ ✧✑★ ✻☎✶☎☎❄✟ ✜✱✩✰
✜✾ ✳✭ ✘✶☎✟ ✘✩ ✩âœș☎☎✻☎✑✊ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✘✩❇☛✭☎✑✩ ✧✑★ âœĄâœ”âœŁâœ› ✧❞★✛âœČ ✜✱✩✮ ✣✬❋✜☎✑✩✭✑ âœ»âœĄâœ­âœ‘ ✘✊✘☎✜✭☎✑✊✎ ✘☎✞❇✔✟ ✛âœș☎☎ ✘✜✠☎✑✣❇✠☎✑✩ ✎✟ ✾✿✿
✫✑✭✑ ✾✑✩ ✜✾✑✩ âœłâœżâ˜Žâ„âœ›â˜ŽâœĄâœȘ✧✍✎ ✘✜✠☎✑❇ ✣✿✠☎✰ ✜✾ ✾☎❈✠✣✾✎ ♣✧✩ âœłâœ„âœŒ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ˜Ž âœŁâœ§âœ¶â˜Žâ˜Žâ‡âœŽ ✾☎✭✧ ✘✊✘☎✜✭ ✣✧✎☎✘ ✞✊❊☎☎✫✠ âŁâ˜Žâ„â˜Ž
âœĄâœ”â˜Žâœ‘âœĄâœŻâœ‘â˜…âœ˜â„ ✬✟❏✡✟❏ âœżâœ‘âœ·â˜ŽâœĄâ˜ŽâœŠâœźâœ‘ ✎✟ ✻❈✠❁☎✛☎ ✾✑✩ ❇✣☛✛ âœŁâœ­â‡â„â˜Žâœ­âœŸ ✘✣✾✣✛ ✓✾☎sâœŁâœ­âœâœŁâ„âœŠâ‡ ✎✾✑✝✟✗ ✧✑★ âœ˜âœżâœ©âœ â˜Žâœ‘âœŠ ✎☎✑ âœ»âœĄâœ­â˜Ž ✾âœȘ❉✠✧☎✭
✘✾✠ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✘✜✠☎✑❇ ✿✑✭✑ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł âœœâ‹âœ âœ§â˜Žâœż ✿✑✛✑ ✜✱✩✰ âœč✠✧✩âœș☎☎❇✛ ✘✙✜☎❄☎✑✊ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœ»âœĄâœ­âœ‘ âœĄâœ”âœŽâ˜Žâœ·â˜Žâœ­â˜Žâœ‘âœŠ ✾✑✩ âœŁâœ­â„âœŠ ✛❄ âœŁâœ­âœ’â˜Žâ˜Žâ„ ✫☎✭✑ ✧✑★
âœĄâœ”âœŁâœ› ✘✾❡✡✛ ♣✭❏✘✟❏r✍❏✻☎❄❏✝✟❏ ✣✝✐✡✣❆☎✠☎✑✩ ♣✧✩ ✘✙✚☎✧☎✑✩ ✎☎ ✩✧☎❇✛ ✎❄✑❇✟✎ ✣✬✭✘✑ ✶☎☎✧✟ ✘✊✷☎☎✑✜✭☎✑✊ ✾✑✩ ✾✿✿ ✫✟ ✬☎ ✘✧✑★✰
â–Œâ—†â–â‚Źâ˜â™âš
✭r✍ âœŁâœżâ‰âœ«âœŸ ❄☎✆✝✞✟✠ âœ·â˜ŽâœąâœŁââ˜ŽâœŽ ✻✭✙✘✊✜☎✭ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„
âŻâ± ▌❖âČâłâšâ© âŻâ±â±âŹ Ă§âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ†â˜Ž âœĄâœŁâ„âœ†â˜Žâœżâ‘Š
✐ ✁✂✄✐☎✆✝✞ ✟✠✞ ✡ ✡✟☛✟✝
✈☞✌✍✎✏ ✑✒✓✎✔ ✈✎✕✖ ✗✑✘✎✙ âœšâœŽâœ›âœœâœŒâœšâœąâœŁâœ™âœ€ ✄✊✎✧✀✎✖ ✄✑★✑✙
t✩âœȘ✫ âœŹâœ­âœźâœŻâœ°âœ± âœČâœ°âœłâœŽâœ”âœ¶âœ·âœž âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ❂âœȘâœ«âœ·âƒâœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ© ✭❆âœȘ❇❈✾ ❉✰❊✰❆✳✬✭❋✰âœČ ❂✰●✷ â‰âœ°âŠâœ°â†âœłââœ°âœ°â—âœŹâœ«âœ¶âœŽâœž ■❏âœČ✰ âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ■❏âœČ✰
★✱❡✌ ✄✊✎✧✀✎✖
❝✮❑â–Č✳❑ ❉✰âœȘâ–Œâ†âœłâœ­âœ°âœłâœž âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€ â—†â–â‚Źâ——âœ»â˜âœ»â™âœ»âœœâšâŻâ ❱âœȘâœŹâ–Œâœ©âœČ ❱âœȘâČâłâœŽâłâšâœ©ââł ❂✰❩■❇ ❳❆❬âœČâœ°â†âœłâœ°â©t✮✾ âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
âœ„â§âœŁâœŒ
â‚âœłâœ¶âœ° ❫❆❎✷✰❆❔✰✰✞ ❀❄❛❀❁ âœâžâ«âąâœ­âœ©âœ¶âœž ❂âœȘâŠâŁâ†â€âœ°âœŽ ❞âœȘâČâœ¶âœ·âœŻâœ°â™ âœž ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
❂âœȘtâœČ✮ âœ¶âœ°â—âœłâœž âœčâœșâ‚Źâ™„âšâœ»â ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
❂✰❱✔❑■✎❑ ❂❊❣✭✰✳✾ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â â‘Łâœ°â†â”âœ°âœŽâœ© ✬❄✰④✰✯✰ ❞âœȘâČ♩✰✰âœČ✾ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž ❍✰✰❆■✰✳
â–Č❑â–Č❞❑ ❝✷✰✷✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ❱âœȘâœŹâ–Œâœ©âœČ ❱âœȘâČâłâœŽâłâšâœ©ââł ❂✰❩■❇ ❳❆❬âœČâœ°â†âœłâœ°â©t✮✾ âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
â–Č♣❑❂✰❆❑ ❊✱q✫✰✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
â–Č❞❑✭❆❇❑❊✱q✫✰✞ ✷✎▌✷✞ âČ✭❏❇✳ ❂✰❩■❇ âČâłâ–ŒâœŽâ€âœ° ❱âœČâœȘ ✭❆❇❫●âČ❳r✮✾ ✬t✭✰t✮ âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž sâœ­âœ°âœŹâœłâœ©âœ·
â–Č❞❑✭❆❇❑ ▌✰❆❊✷✰✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ▌✰❩❑ ❝✎❑❂✰✷❑ ❂âœȘ❝❆▌✶✷ ❞❆âœȘâłâœ· ■❇✰❩✷ ââœ°âœ©âœ°â†â«â†âœŹâ–Œâœ¶âœł âœŹâœ·âžâ™Łâœ”âœž ✬❭âȘ✳✮ âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ✬❭âȘ✳✮
t✩✉✎ ❄✰❫✰✔✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
■❏âœČ❫ ❞✰❮âœČ✮✾ âœčâ„âœ‡â‘ â„âœ‡â‘Ąâ„âœ‡ ❜✷❞✰✩âœČ ✬✭❋✰âœČ♠✾ âœ­â†â‡âąâ­âŁâœŽâœ© âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž âœŹâœ­âœ¶âœ°âžâ– âœ±âœ·âœŽâœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
❫●❔✰❆✩✎ ♣âœȘ❭❣✰✾ âœčâœș✻✌âœč✟ âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
✭✮❑✭❆❇❑ ✭❫✰✔✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€ âœâ‚âœ­âœ¶âœ°â„âœ°â– âŁâœ°q✫♠✞ ❱âœȘâČâłâœŽâłâšâœ©ââł ❂✰❩■❇ ❳❆❬âœČâœ°â†âœłâœ°â©t✮✾ ❝âœČ✰✷❞ ⑱❮❭❏ âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž âœ­âœ°âœ·âœ°âœŻâœ°âžâœŽ
✭✮❑■✮❑ ❊✱q✫✰✞ ❀❄❛❀❁ â‘Łâœ°â†â”âœ°âœŽâœ© ✬❄✰④✰✯✰ ❞âœȘâČ♩✰✰âœČ✾ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž ❍✰✰❆■✰✳
❄✰✱❍✰✰ ✭❆❇❄✰✭âœČ✾ âœčâœș⑀✻⑄✻⑊⑧✻⑚âœč◗✻❁ ▌❆❫✰❆âœȘ❞❳r❆❄✰âœČ âČ✭❏❇✳✾ â‘Łâœ°â†â”âœ°âœŽâœ© ✬❄✰④✰✯✰ ❞âœȘâČ♩✰✰âœČ✾ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž ❫●❞❏✷
❞✰⑩âœČ✰ ❍✰✰❊✔✭✞ âœčâ„âœ‡â‘ â„âœ‡â‘Ąâ„âœ‡ ❜✷❞✰✩âœČ ✬✭❋✰âœČ♠✾ ❞✷❭✰✷ ■❳❆✳ âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ✳✰❆❭✮ ❱âČ❳❆❳✾ âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
❞✱❉✰✭✎✷ ⑱❞❮✾ ❀❄❛❀❁ ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
❞✱âœČ✎✫✰ ❫âȘ❎✰❆❔✰✰✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â âČ✭❏❇✳ ❂✰❩■❇ ❞✰❱âœȘ❞❆❀✰✞ ❱âœȘâœŹâ­âœ·âœ° ❊✰âœȘ⑩✎ â«âœ±âŹâœ« âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
âœ„â§âœŁâœŒâ¶âœ„â˜…â·âœ’âœŒâœ€
❂✰✷❑✭❆❇❑ ■✰✷✰❄✰✷✞ âœčâœșâ‚Źâ™„âšâœ»â âœâžâ«âąâœ­âœ©âœ¶âœž ⑱❮❭✮ ❞âœȘâČâœ¶âœ·âœŻâœ°â™ âœž ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮
❞âčâș❻❌ âœâŸâżâș➀➁
❂✰✷❑❂✰✷❑ âŠâœ°â†âœ©âœłâœž ❀❄❛❀❁ ✷❞✰✩âœČ ✬✭❋✰âœČ ✬✭❍✰✰❊✾ ✷✰❫t❞ âœ¶âœ°â©âœłâ†t✾ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ✬❭âȘ✳✮
❂✰✷❑✭❆❇❑ ➂■✰➃✩✰✩✞ €⑹❀➄➅ âœčâœșâ‚Źâ™„âšâœ»â ✷❞✰✩âœČ ✬✭❍✰✰❊✾ ✷✰t✶✎✩ â«âŽâœ°âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ❂t❫❆✷
â‚âœ°âœłâœ°â†âœ¶ â™Łâœ«âœ±âœ­â†âœ”â­âœŽâœž €⑹❀➄➅ âœčâœșâ‚Źâ™„âšâœ»â ✷❞✰✩âœČ ✬✭❍✰✰❊✾ ✷✰t✶✎✩ â«âŽâœ°âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ❂t❫❆✷
✱ ✁✂✄✁ ☎✆✝✆✞✟✠ ❱✡☛☞☞✌☞✍✎✏☞✑ ✄✒✓✆✞✔ ✱✒✕ ✖✗✞✂✘✙✞✚✛ ✟ ✆✙✗ âœ„âœ’âœœâœ†âœ†âœąâœ  ☎✁✣✁ ✁ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ ✖✧☎★✟
▌✄✁✒★✩✁ ✓✆☎✆âœȘ✠ â„âœ«âœŹâ„âœ‘ ✟ ✆✙✗ ✄✒✭✆✗ âœ„âœ’âœœâœ†âœ†âœąâœ  ✟✆☎✧  ✼✆✯✩★✧✠ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„
✒★✩✁✧✄✁ ✖✆★♩✆✠ âœČâœłâ˜žâœŽâąâœ”â˜žâœČ✶ ✷✞☞✎✎✷âœč✮sâœłâ„âœ‘ ✄✒✓✆✞✔ ✱✒✕ ✖✗✞✂✘✙✞✚✛ ✟ ✆✙✗ âœ„âœ’âœœâœ†âœ†âœąâœ  ☎✁✣✁ ✁ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ ✖✧☎★✟
✊✄✊✛✆ ✱ ✁ ✒✞✩☎✆✟✠ â„âœ«âœŹâ„âœ‘ â–Č✒âœș✩✊ âœ–âœ†âœŻâœ‚âœ©  ✆✻✌ ★✜✆✠ âœ»âœ•âœ„âœŁâœŸâœ† âœąâœ†âœ•âœŸâœ„ ✿✆✞✩✆ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ ✗✻âœȘ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„
 ✕✧✄✒ ✒✞✩☎✆✟✠ â„âœ«âœŹâ„âœ‘ ✟ ✆✙✗ ✄✒✭✆✗ âœ„âœ’âœœâœ†âœ†âœąâœ  âœŁâ˜…âœ“âœ†â€âœ•âœŸâœž ✼✆✯✩★✧✠ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„
 ✞✗✄✛✆ ☎✰❧✆★❁✆✆✠ ✷✞☞✎✐âœč☞✮sâœłâ„âœ‘ â–Č✒âœș✩✊ âœ–âœ†âœŻâœ‚âœ©  ✆✻✕ ★✜✆✠ âœ»âœ•âœ„âœŁâœŸâœ† âœąâœ†âœ•âœŸâœ„ ✿✆✞✩✆ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ ✗✻âœȘ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„
 ✞✟★✕✣✘ ✖✟✆★▌❂✆✠ ✒✄✟❃❄ ✂✘✒✚✛✆✠ ✟ ✆✙✗ âœ„âœ’âœœâœ†âœ†âœąâœ  ✟✆✧✼✄✙ ☎❧✆✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ ✖✧☎★✟
viii
✈ ✁  ✂
❄✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✠✄✡☛☞✄✌ ✍✎✏✑✒✓✄✎ ✔✕✒ ✖✗☛✠✄☞✄✘✄ ✖☛❄☎✄✙✚ ✛✎ ✑✜✄✞ âœ‘âœ’âœąâœŁâœ„âœ„âœâœ„âœ€âœ’ âœ„âœŁâœ„âœ„ ✊✟☛✧✄✟✄✀✒ ✕✀★ ✖✗☛✄ ✍✄✜✄✄❄ ✖✗✌✆ ✌❄✄✞
âŁâœĄâœ© ☛âœȘâœ«âŁâœ„âœ€âœ’âœŽâœ€ ❄✑✄✟✎ ☛✕✬✄✎ ✌✞ ✌☞✄✄ 11 ✌✞ âœ–âœ„âœ­âœšâœŸâœ–âœâœąâœ„âœŒ ✕✀★ ☛✕✌✄✑ âœźâœ€âœ’ ✍✼✯✰✟ ✟✄✀✱✙✄✎ ☛✙✟✄âœČ ✖☛❄☎✄✙✚
â˜›âœŽâąâœŽâ˜›âœłâ˜›âœŽâœ„âœ„ ☛✕✔✄✎✄✀✒ ✌✄ ✜✄✞ ✍✄✜✄✄❄ ✊✟✧✄ ✌❄✄✞ âŁâœĄâœ© ☛âœȘâœ«âŁâœ„âœ€âœ’âœŽâœ€ âž„âŁâœ™âœž ✖✄✒✶✏ ☛✳☛✖ ✕✀★ âœ–âœâœŽâ„âœ„âœ•âœłâœ„âœ€âœŒâœŽ âœ„âœŁâœ„âœ„ ✑✏✓✄❄ âœźâœ€âœ’
✍✼✯✰✟ ✟✄✀✱✙✄✎ ☛✙✟✄ –
✕✞♩✔✎♩ ✖✄✭✌✩ ✐✷✞âœčâœș✻✞âœč❊✌✜✟ ❄✄âœȘ✱✣✄✄✎ â˜›âœ•âœ âœ•â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© âœȘ✟✖✏❄❀ ☛❁âœȘ✀✒✙✗ âž„âœ‘âŁâœ© ✜❂❃✜✟ âŁâœ’âœ‘â„âœ„âœȘ âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ€âœȘ✩ ☛✙✰✳✞❀
☛✙✎✀✠✄ ✱✏❅✄✄✩ ✜❂❃✜✟ ❄✄âœȘ✌✞✟ âœźâŁâœ„â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© ✍âœȘâœźâœ€â„â€ âœȘâœ€â™Šâœ”âœłâ™Š âœ âœ„âœźâœ„â†âœ© ✜❂❃✜✟ â˜›âœŒâ„âœ„âœ€âœ¶â‡âœžâœźâœł âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ€âœȘ✩ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ✳☞✼✘✄ âž„âœ‘âŁâœ©
✜❂❃✜✟ âœ”âœłâ™Šâœâœ„â„â™Š âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ€âœȘ✩ ✑✄☛❣❁✄❁✄✙❀ ☛✕✎✄✀✙ âœ•âœâ˜…âœźâœ„â„âœ© ✜❂❃✜✟ âŁâœ’âœ‘â„âœ„âœȘ âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ€âœȘ✩ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ☛✕âœȘ✟ ✑✄❄✙✄✩ ✜❂❃✜✟ âœȘ✄☛✌❄
❣✏✑✡✎ âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ€âœȘ✩ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ✍❈✘✄ ✖✄❄✞✌✩ ✐✷❉❊❋✞✟ ❄✄âœȘ✌✞✟ âœźâŁâœ„â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© ✍âœȘâœźâœ€â„â€ âœâœ„âœâœł âœ•âœâ˜…âœźâœ„â„ âœ âœ„âœźâœ„â†âœ© ✐✷❉❊❋✞✟ ❄✄âœȘ✌✞✟
âœźâŁâœ„â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© âœŽâœ„âœ±âœ„âœĄâ„â€ ☛✌✠✄✄✀❄ ✔♩ ✑✄✀✄✀❆✩ ✐✷●✞❍✞■✞❏❑✟ ❄✄âœȘ✌✞✟ ❁✄✳✌ ✛â–Č▌✄❄ ✼✄◆✟☛✼✌ â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© ☛✎✭✄❄✞✩ âœŽâœ„âœ’âœ±âœłâœ„âœ€â–â†âœ©
✎❖❆ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ✑✏☎✄✼✄ ✑✀☛✄✟✄✩ ✐✷●✞❍✞■✞❏❑✟ ✑✕✄✀❆✙✟ ✌✫✟✄ â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© âŁâ˜›â„âœŽâœ±â„âœ© ☛✙✰✳✞❀ âœ‘âœźâœžâ„ ✊✟✄✑✩ â‚Źââ——âœŒâ˜â—âœžâ ✌❙✞❏❚✟
✕✀✒★✙✗✞✟ ✼❯✙✄ ✔✕✒ âœ‘âœ„âœźâœ±âœ—âœž âœâœŽâœâœ‘âœ’âœ“âœ„âœŽâœ âœ„âœ„âœłâœ„âœ© ✎❖❆ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ✍☛✎✳ âœ•âœâ˜…âœźâœ„â„ âœ âœ„âœźâœ„â†âœ© ✐❂❱âČâ‚â±âłâ‚â±âœŸ ✕✀✒★✙✗✞✟ â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© ✍✄❖❆♩✔✎♩✔♩
âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ„âœ€âœŽâœžâœ© ✎❖❆ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ❄✄âœȘ✀✠✄ âœ“âœ„âœźâœ„âœ© ✐❂❱âČâ‚â±âłâ‚â±âœŸ ✕✀✒★✙✗✞✟ â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© ☛✕✬✄✎ â˜›âœ•âŁâœ„â„âœ© ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ✛✖✼✄ âž„âœ‘âŁâœ© ☛✕✕✀✌✄✎✒✙
âœąâœ•âœŻâ˜…âœłâœ© ✍✄✎✒✙ â˜›âœ•âŁâœ„â„âœ© ☛✙✰✳✞❀ âœ–âœ„âœ’âœ¶âœâ˜›âœłâ˜›âœ– ✕✀★ ✑✏✓✄❄ ✕✀★ ☛✳✔ â‘Ąâœžâœźâœ„âœž ✌☛✕✄✄ âœ âœ„âœźâœ„â†âœ© ✖✗✕✧✄✄✩ ✖✗✄✣✄☛✼✌ ☛✠✄☞✄✄ ☛✕✜✄✄✱❀
â‘Ąâœžâœźâœ„âœž ❈☛▌ âœ•âœźâœ„â†âœ© ✖✗✕✧✄✄✩ âœ–âœžâ™Šâœ–âœžâ™Šâœ”âœźâ™Šâ–â†â™Šâœ¶âœž ✔✕✒ ②✞ ❄✄âœȘ✞✕ ❄✒âœȘ✎✩ ✖✗☛✄ ✑✒✖✄✙✌ ✌✄ âœ‘âŁâœŸâœ„âœ€âœ± ✖✗✠✄✒✑✎✞✟ â„âŁâœ„âœČ
✖☛❄☎✄✙✚ ✠✄✡☛☞✄✌ âœ„âœŁâœ„âœ„ ✖✗✠✄✄✑☛✎✌ âœ‘âŁâœŸâœ„âœ€âœ± âŁâœ€âœ„âœ âœźâœĄâšâœ„âœ€âœŸâœž ▌✒✙✗✄✩ â‚Źâ©ââŹâœžâœŸ âœ¶âœžâ™Šâ–â†â™Šâœ”âœ‘â™Šâœ”âœźâ™Šâœ© ✔✎♊✑✞♊❖❆♊✍✄❄♊✆✞♊ ✌✞ ✜✄✞
✍✄✜✄✄❄✞ ❣✡âœČ
✖☛❄☎✄✙✚ ✙✞✖✌ âœŒâœ–âœŻâ„âœ© ✐✷❭✞✞✜❂✟ âœŒâœ’â…âœŸâœŻâœ†â„ âœąâœ†âœ€âœ âœ„âœŽ ❖✒▌✄âœȘ❆✩ âœ„âœŁâœ„âœ„ ✛✎✕✀★ âœ‘âŁâœŸâœ„âœ€âœ±âœž ✑✏❄✀✒✙✗ âœ•âœâ˜…âœźâœ„â„âœ© âƒâ‚â±âłâ‚â±âœâ‚â± €✾âȘ✐✜âœčâłâœœâŽ
✱✞✄✄ âœ•âœâ˜…âœźâœ„â„âœžâœ© ✐✷❫âœș✻✞❊-✜❂❃✜✩ ✑❣✄✟✌ ✌✄✟❆❧✼ âœ‘âœźâœ«âœ•âœŸâœŒ ✌✄✟✄❆✳✟ â”âœ¶âœžâ™Šâ–â†â™Šâœ”âœ‘â™Šâœ”âœźâ™Šâ›âœ© ✔✎♊✑✞♊❖❆♊✍✄❄♊✆✞♊ ✕✀★ ✖✗✠✄✄✑✎ âœâœ„âœĄâ„
✖✗✌✄✠✄✎ ☛✕✜✄✄✱ ✕✀★ âœ‘âŁâœŸâœ„âœ€âœ± âŁâœ€âœ„âœ ❣✄❜✙✌ ✍✄✜✄✄❄ âœŹâœ„â˜›âœ–âœ„ ✌❄✄✞ ❣✡âœČ
❍  ✁✂ ✄  ☎✆✝✞✟ ✠
✡☛☛☞ ✌✍
✉✎✏✑✒✓✎✔✕ ✖✔✗ ✘✙✚ ✓✛✜✱✣
✈✀✄✊✧★✩ âœȘ✫ ❞
❡✬✭ âœźâœŻâœ°âœ±âœČ ✳ ✎✔✔✶✷ ✾âœčâœș ✻✌✜✟âœč✿ â€âœ”ââ‚âœ¶âœż âœżâœ” ✟❃ âœżâœ·â„â…âœŸ ❃✔âœč❁✔ ❂✿ ✾❃ ❆
❇✿❈ ❧❉❂✞❊✔❀ âœżâœ” ✻✔❋❀ âœżâœ¶âœč ●✔■✶ ❏❧✾âœčâœș ●✔❑â–Č✔✔âœč▌◆ â§â‰â–â‚Źâœ”âœ”â—âœ”âœč❉◆ âœ¶âœ”â——â˜â™âšâœžâŻ ●✔■✶ ✶✔◗❘❙❁✔❀ âœżâœ”
●✔❑✶ âœżâœ¶âœč❱
❇âČ✔❈ â–âœžâœ·â‰âłâœ”âœ·âœ” ✾âœčâœș ❂❋♩ ❃❚✔✶âœč ✶✔◗❘❙❩✟ ●✔❉❑✔âœč❋❀ âœżâœ”âœč ✻✌âœč❂✶✷ âœżâœ¶â€âœč ✞✔❋âœč ❏❬❭ ●✔❑â–Č✔✔âœčâ–Œ âœżâœ”âœč âȘ❑✟ ❚âœč❉ â§â‰âŻâœ”âœč♩
✶âČ✔âœč ●✔■✶ ââ€âœżâœ” ✻✔❋❀ âœżâœ¶âœč❱
❇❁❈ ✎✔✔✶✷ âœżâ© ❧❉✻✌✎✔❫✷✔◆ â™Šâœżâœ·âœ” ●✔■✶ ●âČ✔❉❎✷✔ âœżâ© ✶❔✔✔ âœżâœ¶âœč ●✔■✶ ❏❧âœč ●❔✔❫❛❛✔ ❜❀✔♊ ✶âČ✔âœč❱
❇❝✔❈ ❑âœčâ–Č✔ âœżâ© ✶❔✔✔ âœżâœ¶âœč ●✔■✶ ●✔♄✔❀ ❂✿♩ âŻâœ”â€âœč ✻✶ ✶✔◗❘❙ âœżâ© ❧âœč✞✔ âœżâœ¶âœč❱
❇➘❈ ✎✔✔✶✷ ✾âœčâœș ❧✎✔❩ ❋✔âœč❁✔âœč❉ ❚âœč❉ ❧❚✶❧✷✔ ●✔■✶ ❧❚✔❀ âœŽâœ”âœŒâœ”âœ·âąâœœâœž âœżâ© ✎✔✔✞❀✔ âœżâœ” ❂❀❚✔❄❛✔ âœżâœ¶âœč âŻâœ”âœč
❊❹❄◆ ✎✔✔◗✔✔ ●✔■✶ ✻✌❑âœčâ–Č✔ ✟✔ ✾❁❄ ✻✶ ●✔❚✔✔❂✶✷ ❧✎✔❩ ✎✔âœč❑✎✔✔✞✔âœč❉ ❧âœč ✻✶âœč ❃✔âœč◆ ♩âœč❧❩ âœ»âœŒâ‚Źâœ”âœ”â—âœ”âœč❉ âœżâœ” ✜✟✔❁ âœżâœ¶âœč
âŻâœ”âœč ❚❂❃❋✔●✔âœč❉ ✾âœčâœș ❧t❚✔❀ ✾âœčâœș â‚âœžâŁâ€ ❃✔❉âœč❱
❇❭❈ ❃❚✔✶❩ â§âœ”âšâœ”â‚â§âœż ❧❉❖✿❱ ❂✷ âœżâ© ❁✔■✶✞â–Č✔✔❋❩ ✻✶❉✻✶✔ âœżâœ” ❹❃✐✾ ❧❚❄âœč ●✔■✶ ââ§âœżâœ”
✻❂✶✶❔✔❛✔ âœżâœ¶âœč❱
❇❩❈ âœ»âœŒâœ”âœżâąâ‚âœ·âœż ✻✟✔❄✞✶❛✔ âœżâ©â—† ❂❯❧✿âœč ●❉✷❁❄✷ ✾❀◆ ❄❩❋◆ ❀❑❩ ●✔■✶ ✞♠✟ âŻâ©âœž ❃■❉◆ ✶❔✔✔ âœżâœ¶âœč ●✔■✶ ââ§âœżâœ”
❧❉✞❚✔❄❀ âœżâœ¶âœč âœ·â‚Źâœ”âœ” âœ»âœŒâœ”â‚â›âœ”âšâœ”âłâœ” ✾âœčâœș ✻✌❂✷ ❑✟✔✎✔✔✞ ✶âČ✔âœč❱
❇❯❈ âœžâ– â™Łâœ”â‚â€âœż â‘âąâ‚â——â˜âœżâœ”âœč❛✔◆ ❚✔❀✞✞✔❑ ●✔■✶ â™Łâœ”â€âœ”âŻâ„â€ âœ·â‚Źâœ”âœ” ❧❫❊✔✶ âœżâ© ✎✔✔✞❀✔ âœżâœ” â‚âœžâœżâœ”â§ âœżâœ¶âœč❱
❇❄❈ â§âœ”âœžâ„âŻâ‚â€âœż ❧❉✻❂✐✔ âœżâ‰â‰âœ”âœč ❧❫✶❂❔✔✷ ✶âČ✔âœč ●✔■✶ ❂❃❉❧✔ ❧âœč ❑q✶ ✶❃âœč❱
❇r✔❈ ❅✟❂s✷❁✷ ●✔■✶ ❧✔❚q❂❃✿ ❁❂✷❂✞❂❊✟✔âœč❉ ✾âœčâœș ❧✎✔❩ ❔✔âœčâłâœ”âœ”âœč❉ ❚âœč❉ ââœœâœżâ——âœ”â„ âœżâ© ●✔âœč✶ ❜✇①❀âœč âœżâœ” â§âœ·âœ·â‘Ą ✻✌✟✔❧
âœżâœ¶âœč◆ ❂❯❧❧âœč ✶✔◗❘❙ ❂❀✶❉✷✶ ❜✇①✷âœč ❃❫♊ ✻✌✟✜❀ ●✔■✶ ââœ»â‹â‚â‘ąâŠ âœżâ© ❀④❄ ❏⑀âœșâ­âœ”â‘ŁâœŸâœ”âœč❉ âœżâœ”âœč ❊q ❧✾âœčâœș❱ ●✔■✶
❇❘❈ ✟❂❑ ❚✔✷✔❆❂✻✷✔ ✟✔ â§â‰âœ¶â”âœ”âœż ❃■◆ ❩❃ ✞◗✔❄ ❧âœč ❭✔■❑❃ ✞◗✔❄ âœ·âœż âœżâ© ●✔✟❫ ✞✔❋âœč ●✻❀âœč◆ âœŸâ‚Źâœ”âœ”â‚â–â‚Źâœ”â‚âœ·â—†
âœâœ”â‹âœż ✟✔ ✻✌❂✷✻✔⑄✟ âœżâœ”âœč ❂â–Č✔❔✔✔ ✾âœčâœș ●✞❧✶ ✻✌❑✔❀ âœżâœ¶âœč⑩
❱ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✞
✐✟✠✡☛☞✠✌
✐✟✍✎✠✏✌✠
✱❞❞ ✶ ❄❧✑✒✓ ✔✕✖✑✓ ❞✗ ✕✘✙✚ ✛✜✱ âœŁâœ•âœ€âœ‘â„âœ„âœ‘âœ‘âœ±âœŠ ✶
✧âœČ✧ ★✩✠âœȘ✌ âœ«âœâœŹâœ âœŒ ☛✠ ✭✼✯✏ ✧
✧âœČ✷ ♄✟✰âœȘ ☛✳ ✐✟✎✫✎ ✷
✧âœČ✾ ♄✟✰âœȘ ✏✔âœč âœș✻✌✠✜✭✟ ✿✠❀★ ❁✌☛✠ ✭✠✐✌ ❂
✧âœČ❂ ✭✠✐✌ âœ­âœ”âĄ âœżâœ«âœŒâœ«âƒâ„âœŽâœŽâœ  ❅
✧âœČ❆ ★✠✩✠âœȘ✫✌☛ âœ©âĄâœȘ✠✔❇✌ ✏✔âœč ✫✌âœȘ✭ ✧✧
✧âœČ❈ ▌✠❉❊❋✌ ☛✠ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ âœ«âœ©â—âœ âĄâœŽ ✧✷
✧âœČ❅ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ ❍✰âœȘ✭✠✌ ✿✠❀★ âœżâœ âœ«âœŒâœâ˜› ❍✰âœȘ✭✠✌ ✧✾
✧âœČ■ âœ­âœ âœ”ââ‘âœ©âĄâ˜›âŠâœâœŒâœ  ✿✠❀★ ✭✠✔❏★ ❍✰âœȘ✭✠✌ ✧❂
✧âœČâ–Č âœâœŸâœ«âœŽâƒâœ âœŽâ‘âœ©âĄâ—†âœ â‹âœŒ ✧❆
✧âœČ✧❖ âœâ‹âœ â‰â‚Źâœ«â˜›âœȘâœ âœ”âœ­âœłâ‹â——âœł ✿✠❀★ âœâ‹âœ â‰â‚Źâœ«â˜›âœȘâœ âœ”âœ­âœłâœ«â‹â——â˜› ✐✫★☛❏✌ ✧❈
✱❞❞ ❘ ❙❄✛✑✄✑✘ ❞✗ â§âšâ„âŻâœ“âœ‘ ❘❱
✷âœČ✧ âœżâœâœâ˜…âœ­âœ âœ«âœŒâœâ˜› ☛✌✠ ✷❈
✷âœČ✷ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ ✭✠❉▌❏ ✷■
✷âœČ✾ ❝✠✔★ ✏✔âœč ✐★✭✠✌✠✻❑✭✠❉▌❏ ✏✔âœč ✫✏☛✠✩ ☛✳ ✐âČâłâšâ©âœ âŹâœ«âœ­ ✞✷
✷âœČ❂ âœźâœ â‚Źâ–Œâ——âœ âœ”â‡âœŒ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ ✏✔âœč âœ«ââŁ ❝✠✔★ ✭✠❉▌❏ ❂✧
✷âœČ❆ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ ✏✔âœč ✡✏✠❡❋✭ âœȘâœ âĄâœ«â­âœ â˜›âœłâœȘ ✭✠❉▌❏ ☛✳ âœżâœ âœ”â˜… ❂❂
✷âœČ❈ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ ☛✠ ✡✏✠❡❋✭ âœȘâœ âĄâœ«â­âœ â˜›âœłâœȘ ✭✠❉▌❏ ❂❅
✱❞❞ âȘ r❫✕✑❎❚ ❞✑ ✕❔✗❛❞❄✄✑ ✱✕❚ ❔✘✄✑❜✑✛✑❎❀ ✛❮❚ ✣✑✕❩rr✑ ♠♩
✾âœČ✧ âœŽâœŻâœâœ âœ”âĄ ☛✠ ✏âœșâœłâœŸâ˜›â˜…âœŒâœ  ✡âœȘâœ âœ”âĄ ✿✠✏❃âœȘ☛ ✼❀♣ ❈■
✾âœČ✷ âœżâœ âœâœŽâœŸ âœ©âœ â˜…âœŒâœ âœł ☛✳ ââœˆâœâœ«âœŻâœ  ❈■
✾âœČ✾ ✿✠q✠✻✫✌☛ âœżâœ âœâœŽâœŸâ‘âœ«âœŒâœȘ✭✎☞✠✠ âœżâœ âœâœŽâœŸâœ©âœ â˜…âœŒâœ âœłâ˜›âœ âœâœŽâœŸâœ­âœ âœŒâœâœs✐ ❅❖
✾âœČ❂ ✧❖❖ ✩✔ âœżâœ«q✠☛ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻❑t✭✠❡☛ ✏✠❏✔ âœŽâœŻâœâœ âœ”âĄ ☛✠ ✌✠✭☛★✌✠ ❅✾
✾âœČ❆ âœŽâœŻâœâœ âœ”âĄ ✏✔âœč â‚Źââœ”âœĄâ‹â——âœ â‰âœ«âœŒâ˜› ✫✏✉âœȘ✠✩ ✎☞✠✠ âœżâœ âœâœŽâœŸâ‘âœ©âœ â˜…âœŒâœ âœł ❅❈
✾âœČ❈ â‚Źââœ”âœĄâ‹â——âœ â‰âœ«âœŒâ˜› ✫✏✉âœȘ✠✩ ✿✠❀★ âœŽâœŻâœâœ âœ”âĄ ✏✔âœč ✐✟☛✠★ ✇s,p,d,f ①❏✠❉☛② ❅❅
✾âœČ❅ âœŽâœŻâœâœ âœ”âĄ ✏✔âœč âœș✻✌✠❑qâœ âœ­âœ âœ”â‘ą âœ­âœ”âĄ ✿✠✏④✎✎✠ ■❖
✱❞❞ â‘€ ❄✑❧✑✒✔✓❞ âœŁâœ‘â‘„âšâœâœ‘âœ“ r⑩✑✑ âœŁâœ‘âœ”âœ„âœ•âž â§âšâ„âŻâœ“âœ‘ ⑧❱
❂âœČ✧ ★✠✩✠âœȘ✫✌☛ ✿✠❝❡qâœ âœŒâ˜›âœłâ˜›âœ â‰âœ©âœ”ââ‘ââŹâ‚Źâœ© ✿✏q✠✠★✌✠✠ â–Č❈
❂âœČ✷ ✿✠âœȘ✫✌☛ âœȘ✠ ✏❀⑚✻✎ âœ©âĄâœȘâœ âœ”â‡âœł ✿✠❝❡q✠ ✧❖✧
❂âœČ✾ ✿✠❝❡q✠ ⑩✠❄❏ ✧❖✷
❂âœČ❂ âœ©âĄâœȘ✠✔❇☛✎✠ ☛✠✔❃✠ â‚Źââœ”âœĄâ‹â——âœ â‰âœŒ âœȘ✻❶✭ â‘©âœ«âœŽâ˜›âłâœ âœŸâœŒâœ  âœ«âœ©â—âœ âĄâœŽ ✧❖■
❂âœČ❆ âœ©âĄâœȘ✠✔❇☛✎✠ ✿✠❝❡q✠ âœ«âœ©â—âœ âĄâœŽ ✧✧✷
❂âœČ❈ âœ©âĄâ˜›â˜…âœŒâœ  ✧✧❈
âœčâœČ✌ ✈ ✁✂✄☎ ☎✆ ☎ ✁✝✞ ✟✠ ✶✷✔
âœčâœČ✜ ✝❧✡ ✁☛ ☎☞✌ ✁✍✎✏❧ ✂ ✑☎ ✈✂ ✑✈ ✒✟ ❧✒✟ ✈ ✓✟✔ ✡ ✶✷âœč
âœčâœČ✟ ❣ ✕✖✗ ✒✘✡ ✈ ✓✟✔ ✡ ✶✷✻
✱✙✙ âœș é✚✛ ✙✜ âœąâœŁâœ€âœ„âœŠâœŠâœ±âœ§ ★✾★
✩âœČ✶ ✈✟✠✏ âœȘ✈✂ ✑☎ ✓✫ âœ¶âœŹâœ·
✩âœČ✷ ➮✭❧☞✌ ➮✘ ✼ âœ¶âœŹâœč
✩âœČ✬ ✈✟✠✏ âœȘ✈✂ ✑☎ ✓✫ ✓✡ ❧ ➮✭❧☞✌ ✈✯✌ ✒✯✌ ✁✰✌  âœ¶âœŹâœč
✩âœČâœč ①✳✝☞✌ ✈✄✮✿   âœ¶âœŹâœč
✩âœČ✩ ①✳✝ ✄✒❀ ✁✡✌❧ âœ¶âœŹâœ©
✩âœČ✻ ✈ ❁❂ ✼ ①✳✝ ✝❧☞☎✏✂  âœ¶âœŹâœŸ
✩âœČ✌ ①✳✝ ✒✟ ☎  ✈✂ ✑①✁✠☎ ✁✝✞ ✟✠ ✶âœč✶
✩âœČ✜ ✈ ❁❂ ✼ ❃✌✄❣ ✏ ✝✒ âœâœ„â„âœ«âœĄ ✶âœč✷
✩âœČ✶✔ ❅✄ ✈✄✮✿   ✶âœč✻
✱✙✙ ❆ ❇❈❉✩❊❋●✙✜ ★âœș★
✻âœČ✶ ➮✭❧ ①✁✠☎☞âœȘ✈✄✮✿   ✶✩✷
✻âœČ✷ ✈✡✑❍✌ ✒① ✶✩✩
✻âœČ✬ ■U ❏✄✟ ■H ☎  ❧ ✎✡ ❞ ✄✒❀✫ ✒✏☞✁❧✁✠ ✶✩✟
✻âœČâœč ✈✁☛ ✁✰✌  ✄✒❀ ✁✫❏ ❏✟✿ ✳❑✎☞ ✎✁✏✄✠✼✡â–Č ■
r
H ✈✁☛ ✁✰✌  ❏✟✿ ✳❑✎☞ ✶✻✶
✻âœČ✩ ✁✄✁☛ ❱ ❍☎ ✏ ☎☞ ✈✁☛ ✁✰✌ ✈ ✒✟ ✄✒❀ ✁✫❏ ❏✟✿ ✳❑✎☞ ✶✻✻
✻âœČ✻ ✎✄✠❞❍✄▌✠✠  ✶✌✔
✻âœČ✌ ✁①◆✘❖ ➮✘ ✼âœȘ✎✁✏✄✠✼✡ ❏✄✟ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✶✌âœč
✱✙✙ ◗ â˜âœŠâ™âœ›âœŠâœŁâœ€âœ„âœŠâœŠ ★❚❯
✌âœČ✶ ☛  ✳✁✠☎ ✎❱✰❧ ✒✟ ❧✒✟ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✶✜✶
✌âœČ✷ ✏ ✝ ✌✁✡☎ ✎❱✰❧ ✒✟ ❧✒✟ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿  âœȘ①✁✠☎ ✝ €✌ ✶✜âœč
✌âœČ✬ ✏ ✝ ✌✁✡☎ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ☎  ✁✡✌❧ ✠✿   ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✁✮✿ ✏ ✟☎ ✶✜✻
✌âœČâœč ✝❧ ✟① ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✶✜✟
✌âœČ✩ ✁✄✭ ❧ ✟① ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✶✟✶
✌âœČ✻ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✁✮✿ ✏ ✟☎ ✄✒❀ âœˆâœĄâœ‘âœŽâ±âœŒÂ âœ’â‘  ✶✟✷
✌âœČ✌ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✁✮✿ ✏ ✟☎ K, ✈✁☛ ✁✰✌  ☛  ①✎❀✫ Q ✠✿   ✁①◆✝ ➮✘ ✼ G ❧✒✟ ✝✟✓✟❡ ✶✟✩
✌âœČ✜ ✝ €✌ ☎ ✒ ✎❱☛  ✁✄✠ ☎✏✡✒ ✄ ✫✒ ☎ ✏☎ ✶✟✻
✌âœČ✟ âœâœ„âœ«âœŒâœĄ ❧✒✟ ✈ ✌✁✡☎ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✷✔✔
✌âœČ✶✔ âœˆâ‚Źâœ«â–Č ✆  ✏☎ ❏✄✟ ✫✄✂  ✷✔✔
✌âœČ✶✶ âœˆâ‚Źâœ«Â âœ’âœŸ ❏✄✟ ✆  ✏☎ ✒✟ ☎  ✈ ✌✡✡ ✷✔âœč
✌âœČ✶✷ ✓✎❀✏âœȘâœâœ„âœ«âœŒâœĄ ✷✶âœč
✌âœČâœ¶âœŹ ✈❑✎✁✄✫✒✌ ✫✄✂  ✒✟ ☎☞ ✁✄✫✒✌✠  ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✷✶âœč
✐❋âČ❋❳✩❈❹ ❩❩âœș
♠❬✩âČ❉✩❭✩ ❩✞❚
✱âȘ❫❎❉❋❔✊✙✊ ❩❛âœș
✐❜âČ✙ ✐✊❝❀✛ ❘✊❉❊❄✜ I-IV
xii
✱   ✶
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âœČ✠✠✞✠✎✒❱ ✩④✬✠✎✒❱ ✬✌âœč✠✠✎✒❱ ✞✒✙✠✎✒❱ âœșâœ–âœ»âœŹâœ”âœ âœŽâœ’âą ✭✌✠✩✠✎✒❱ ✟✠âœșâœ»â˜›âœ âœŽâœ’âą âœŠâœ˜âœšâœ âœŒâœ¶âœ”âœ âœŽâœ’âą
Ăšâœ âœ âœ“âœ»âœŠâœ âœŽâœ’âą ☞✚✜ ✟✠✓✻✊✠✎✒ ✓✔✠✠ âœŠâœ±âœĄ ✔✠âœș✶☞☛✔ ✩✠✛✞ ✩✔✠âœș✶☞☛✔
✞✟✠✡☛✠✎✒ ✟☞✖✓ ☛✌✣☛ ✟✠✚✙âœȘ✣ ✌✎✏ ☞☛✚✠✶âœč✠ ✚✎✒ ✬✙✎ ✞✠✟✠✡☞☛✔
✗♠✠✎✙✠✎✒ ✔✠ ✖✛❡
✚✠☛✌ ✌✎✏ âœŒâœŁâœŒâ˜›âœ€âœ·âœ“âœž ✔✠✎ âœżâ€âœ«âœ  ✗❁✠☛✎ ✖✎✓✻ âœ°âœ âœ âœŽâœŒâ˜›âą âœ·âœŒâœ âœ·âœ”âœĄâœ€
✟✻☞✌✟✠ ✔✣ ✌✷✓✻❧❀ ✩✠✛✞ âœŠâœ±âœĄ ✟✠✚✙âœȘ✣ ✔✣ ✩✠✌✯✡✔✓✠✩✠✎✒ ✔✠✎
✘★✞✠ ✔✞☛✎ ✚✎✒ ✞✟✠✡☛ ☞✌✍✠☛ ☛✎ ✚✖✾✌✘★âœč✠✶ ✰✠★☞✚✔✠ ☞☛✰✠✠✐✶ ✖✛❡
☞✌☞✰✠✱☛ âœ—âœŒâœ¶âœžâœ”âœ âœŽâœ’âą âœŒâœŁâœŒâœ âœčâœ âœ»â˜›âœ âœŻâœ âœ”âœ âœŽâœ’ ✓✔✠✠ âœ”âœŁâœ©â˜›âœ âœŻâœ âœ”âœ âœŽâœ’ ✔✣ ✗✾✠✚
☞✔✷✚✠✎✒ ✔✠ ✗❂✫ ✷✓✞ ✘✞ ✗❃✘✠✭☛ ✐✟✌✎✏ ❄✌✬✒✓ ✗✭✠✖✞âœč✠ ✖✛✒❡
✐✟✣ ✘âœȘ✔✠✞ ✌✛✏✱✟✞ ✔✣ ☞✫☞✔❃✟✠ ✚✎✒ ✘âœȘ✰✠✠✌✣ âœŠâœ âœ›âœłâœ â˜žâœŸâœĄâœ â€ ❜✌✛✟✎❅
â˜žâœŸâœŸâœ§âœŹâœ â˜žâœ©â˜› ✓✔✠✠ âœ©âœ›â†âœŸâœ âœŽâœŹâ‡ ✩✠✛✞ ❧✜❈✟ ✟✎ ✙âœȘ✷✓ ✞✠✎☞✙✡✠✎✒ ✌✎✏
✗✘✫✠✞ ✖✎✓✻ ✗✘✡✠✎✙ ✚✎✒ ✩✠☛✎✌✠✬✣ âœŠâœ âœ›âœłâœ â˜žâœŸ ❧☞✌✜✠✎✔✠✠✐✶☞✚☞✜☛
(AZT) ✟✭✼✯✠ ✩☛✎✔ âœŒâœŁâœŒâ˜›âœžâœČ✠✔ âœŠâœ âœ›âœłâœ â˜žâœŸâœĄâœ â€ ✘✠✛✟✠✎✒ ✩✠✛✞ ✘âœȘ✠âœčâœ âœŁâœ€âœŸâœȘ✠✎✓✠✎✒
✟✎ ✘âœȘ✠✧✓ ✡✠ ✟✒✯✬✎☞✳✠✓ ✔✣ ✙✐✶ ✖✛✒❡
✞✠✟✠✡☞☛✔ ☞✟✑✠✒✓ âœ°âœ âœŹâœŁâœ€âœ°âœ âœ â€â˜žâœ“ ✖✠✎☛✎ ✌✎✏ âœș✠✭ ✩âœș â˜žâœŒâ˜žâœŻâœ âœłâœ©
✫✻✒âœș✔✣✡❱ â˜žâœŒâ™ âœ»âœ“âœŁâœĄ ✩✠✛✞ ✘âœȘ✔✠✯✠✣✡ ✙✻âœčâœ âœŸâœšâœ¶âœĄâœ»â†âœ“ ✘✭✠✔✠✶ ✟✒✯✬✎☞✳✠✓
✔✞☛✠ ✟✒✰✠✌ ✖✠✎ ✙✡✠ ✖✛❱ ☞✌✟✌✎✏ âœ˜âœâœŹâœ·âœŒâžâœ˜ âœŠâ˜žâœ“âœ«âœ âœŹâœ”
☞✟✞✎☞✚✔❱ âœŸâœ»âœ«âœ âœŹâœ” âœșâœ–âœ»âœŹâœ”âą ✘âœȘ✔✠✯✠✣✡ ✘✏✠✐âœș✞ ❜✓✒✓✻❇ ✟✭✼✯✠
✘✭✠✔✠✶ ✟✒✯✬✎☞✳✠✓ ☞✔❧ ✌✠ ✟✔✓✎ ✖✛✒ ✩✠✛✞ ❁✠✎✟ âœŠâœŒâœ·âœ”âœ âœŁâœĄ ✘✭✠✔✠✠✎❉
✔✠✎ âœŹâŠâœ âœ» ❞✘ ✚✎✒ ☞✌✔☞✟✓ ☞✔✡✠ ✌✠ ✟✔✓✠ ✖✛❡ ☞✘❋✬✎ ✌✻✏❋ ✌✳✠✠✎❉
✚✎✒ ✞✟✠✡☛ âœŻâœ âœ âœ·âœ„âœ  ✔✣ ✟✖✠✡✓✠ ✟✎ âœ˜âœĄâœ âœ¶âœŒâœžâœč✠✣✡ ✘âœȘ✭★✳✠âœč✠ ✟✎ ✟✒âœș✒☞✟✓
✌✻✏❋ ✙✒✰✠✣✞ âœŸâœšâœ·âœĄâœ âœŠâœ âœŽâœ’ ✔✠✎ ✔✠✘✏✣ ✟✣✚✠ ✓✔ â˜žâ˜›âœĄâœ’â˜žâœ„âœ âœ“ ☞✔✡✠ ✌✠
✟✔✠ ✖✛❡ ✗✭✠✖✞âœčâœ âœ·âœŒâžâœ˜â…âœŸâœšâœ“âœ âœ˜âœšâœ’âœœâœŹ (stratosphere) ✚✎✒
✊✠✎✌✠✎☛ ✩✌âœČ✠✡ (Ozone depletion) ✗❃✘✱☛ ✔✞☛✎✌✠✬✎ ❧✌✒
âœ˜âœĄâœ âœ¶âœŒâœžâœč✠✀✘âœȘ✭★✳✠✔ ❆✬✠✎✞✠✎●✬✠✎✞✠✎ ✔✠âœșâœ¶â˜›âą ✊✔✠✠✶✓❈ ✟✣❍❧✘✏❍✟✣❍ (CFC)
✟✭✼✯✠ ✘✭✠✔✠✠✎❉ ✌✎✏ ☞✌✔■✘ âœŸâœ˜âœâœŹâœ“âœ âœ˜â˜…âœŒâœ¶âœ” ✟✒✯✬✎☞✳✠✓ ✔✞ ☞✬✡✎
✙❧ ✖✛✒❱ ✘✞✒✓✻ ✩✰✠✣ ✰✠✣ âœ˜âœĄâœ âœ¶âœŒâœžâœč✠ ✔✣ ✩☛✎✔ âœŸâœšâœ·âœĄâœ â§â€ ✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✭✠✎✒
✌✎✏ ☞✬❧ ✙✒✰✠✣✞ âœ«âœ»â˜›âœ âœ›âœ“âœŁ âœș☛✣ ✖✻✐✶ ✖✛✒❡
❧✎✟✣ ✖✣ ❧✔ âœŸâœšâœ·âœĄâœ  ✙âœȘâœŁâ˜›âœ€âœ–âœ âœ—âœŸ ✙✛✟✠✎✒ âœâœŒâœ›âœŸâœŽâ…âœšâœŽâœ”âœ âœ›â˜›âą
✔✠âœș✶☛ ✜✠✐✩✠❏❆✟✠✐✜ ✩✠☞✭❇ ✔✠ ✘âœȘâœș✒✟☛ ✖✛❡ ✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✭✠✎✒ ✔✣
✰✠✠✌✣ ✘✣☞❑✱✡✠✎✒ ✌✎✏ ☞✬❧ âœŒâœ›âœŒâœ€âœžâœ âœŸâœ âœĄâ˜žâ˜›âœ” ✘âœȘ☞â–Č✡✠✩✠✎✒ ✔✣ âœŸâœšâ–Œâą
✞✟✠✡☛✠✎✒ ✌✎✏ ✕✡✠✘✔ ✷✓✞ ✘✞ ✗❃✘✠✭☛ ✖✎✓✻ ❧✒✌✠✐✚✠✎✒ ✔✠ ✗✘✡✠✎✙
✩✠✛✞ ☛✌✣☛ ✚✠✎✖✔ ✘✭✠✔✠✠✎❉ ✔✠ ✗❃✘✠✭☛ ✌✻✏❋✎✔ âœș✠✛☞✑✔ âœ«âœ»â˜›âœ âœ›â˜žâœ“âœĄâœ â€
✖✛✒❡ ❧✎✟✣ âœ«âœ»â˜›âœ âœ›â˜žâœ“âœĄâœ âœŽâœ’ ✔✠ ✟✠✚☛✠ ✔✞☛✎ ✌✎✏ ☞✬❧ ✖✚✠✞✎ ✭✎✯✠ ✓✔✠✠
âœŠâœ±âœĄ ☞✌✔✠✟✯✠✣✬ ✭✎✯✠✠✎✒ ✔✠✎ âœšâœŽâœŸâœ âœŒâœŁ ✩✠✛✞ âœŸâœźâœŒâ˜›âœ âƒâœšâœ” ✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✭✠✎✒
✔✣ ✩✠✌✯✡✔✓✠ ✖✛❡
◆❖€ ◗❘❙❚ âŻâ± âČâ˜âłâšâ©
✩✘☛✣ ✘★✌✶ ✔âœČ✠✠✩✠✎✒ ✟✎ ✩✠✘ ✈✭âœȘ✕✡❬ ✯✠❭✭ ✟✎ ✘☞✞☞✫✓ ✖✛✒❡ ✔✠✎✐✶
✰✠✣ âœŒâœ·âœ“âœ»âą ☞✌✟✔✠ ✭âœȘ✕✡✚✠☛ ✖✠✎✓✠ ✖✛ ✩✠✛✞ ✌✠✎ ✷✔✠✠☛ ❊✠✎✞✓✣ ✖✛❱
♄âȘ❫❎ ✔✖✬✠✓✣ ✖✛❡ ✖✚✠✞✎ ✩✠✟✘✠✟ ✔✣ ✟✰✠✣ ✌✷✓✻❧❀ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ❔✠✞✠
âœș☛✣ ✖✠✎✓✣ ✖✛✒❡ ✗✭✠✖✞âœč✠ ✌✎✏ â˜žâœŹâ§â…âœ˜âœ»âœ·âœ“âœ”âą ✔✬✚❱ âœ˜âœŽâ˜žâœ±âœŸâœŹâą âœŒâœŹâą
âœŒâœ âœĄâœ»âą ✟✰✠✣ âœŒâœŁâœŒ ✩✠☞✭ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ✟✎ âœș☛✎ ✖✠✎✓✎ ✖✛✒❡ ✩✠✘ ✌✠☛✓✎ ✖✛✒ ☞✔
✐☛ ✟✰✠✣ ✔✠ ✭âœȘ✕✡✚✠☛ ✖✠✎✓✠ ✖✛ ✩✠✛✞ ✡✎ ✷✔✠✠☛ ❊✠✎✞✓✣ ✖✛✒❡
✩✠✘ ✡✖ ✰✠✣ ✌✠☛✓✎ ✖✛✒ ☞✔ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ✔✣ ✓✣☛ ✰✠✠✛☞✓✔ ✊✌✷✔✠✠❧❀
✟✒✰✠✌ ✖✛✒❅ ❁✠✎✟❱ ✭âœȘ✌ ✩✠✛✞ ✙✛✟❡ ✐☛ ✓✣☛✠✎✒ ✊✌✷✔✠✠✊✠✎✒ ✚✎✒ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ✌✎✏
❊✠✩✔✀✔âœč✠✠✎✒ ✔✠✎ ☞✫✄✠ ❛❍❛ ✚✎✒ âœ­âœŻâœ âœ âœ¶âœĄâœ  ✙✡✠ ✖✛❡
ââŁâ€âŠ ♩♣♩ qrst✉ ✇①② ⑱r⑀⑄ â‘Šâ‘€t ⑧s⑹ ⑩❶rrs⑹ ⑩❷ ❞âč②âș❻rr
❁✠✎✟✠✎✒ ✚✎✒ ✡✎ ✔âœč✠ ❧✔✀✭★✟✞✎ ✌✎✏ âœș✖✻✓ ✘✠✟ â–Č✚âœș✑ ❞✘ ✟✎
âœ•âœĄâœŒâ˜žâœ·âœ”âœ âœ“ ✞✖✓✎ ✖✛✒❡ ✡✎ âœș✖✻✓ ✙☞✓✯✠✣✬ ☛✖✣✒ ✖✠✎✓✎❡ ✭âœȘ✌✠✎✒ ✚✎✒ ✔âœč✠
✘✠✟✀✘✠✟ ✖✠✎✓✎ ✖✛✒❱ ☞✘✏✞ ✰✠✣ ✡✎ ✙☞✓ ✔✞ ✟✔✓✎ ✖✛✒❱ ✬✎☞✔☛ ❁✠✎✟✠✎✒
✡✠ ✭âœȘ✌✠✎✒ ✔✣ ✩✘✎âœČ✠✠ ✙✛✟✠✎✒ ✚✎✒ ✔âœč✠ âœș✖✻✓ ✭★✞✀✭★✞ ✖✠✎✓✎ ✖✛✒❡ ✌✎ âœș✖✻✓
✩✠✟✠☛✣ ✓✔✠✠ âœ“âœŽâŒâœ âœŁ ✟✎ ✙☞✓ ✔✞ ✟✔✓✎ ✖✛✒❡ ✔âœč✠✠✎✒ ✔✣ ✐☛
âœ•âœĄâœŒâœ·âœ”âœ âœ âœŠâœ âœŽâœ’ ✌✎✏ ✔✠✞âœč✠ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ✔✣ ☞✌☞✰✠✱☛ ✊✌✷✔✠✠✊✠✎✒ ✌✎✏
â˜žâ˜›â‘Łâ˜›â˜žâœŹâ˜žâœâœ âœ“ ✩☞✰✠✬âœČ✠âœč✠ ✖✠✎✓✎ ✖✛✒❅
(i) ❁✠✎✟ ✔✠ â˜žâ˜›â˜žâœŻâœ«âœ“ ✩✠✡✓☛ ✩✠✛✞ â˜žâ˜›â˜žâœŻâœ«âœ“ ✩✠✔✠✞ ✖✠✎✓✠ ✖✛❡
(ii) ✭âœȘ✌ ✔✠ â˜žâ˜›â˜žâœŻâœ«âœ“ ✩✠✡✓☛ ✖✠✎✓✠ ✖✛❱ ✘✞✒✓✻ ✩✠✔✠✞ â˜žâ˜›â˜žâœŻâœ«âœ“
☛✖✣✒ ✖✠✎✓✠ ✖✛❡ ✌✖ ✗✟✣ ✘✠✄✠ ✔✠ ✩✠✔✠✞ ✬✎ ✬✎✓✠ ✖✛❱ ☞✌✟✚✎✒
✗✟✎ ✞❜✠✠ ✌✠✓✠ ✖✛❡
(iii) ✙✛✟ ✔✠ ✩✠✡✓☛ ✡✠ ✩✠✔✠✞ ✌✻✏❋ ✰✠✣ â˜žâ˜›â˜žâœŻâœ«âœ“ ☛✖✣ ✞✖✓✠❡
✌✖ ✗✟ ✘✠✄✠ ✌✎✏ ✩✠✡✓☛ ✚✎✒ ✘★✞✣ ✓✞✖ ✘✏✛✬ âœŒâœ âœ“âœŁ ✖✛❱
☞✌✟✚✎✒ ✗✟✎ ✞❜✠✠ ✌✠✓✠ ✖✛❡
✓✠✘ ✩✠✛✞ ✭✠âœș ✔✣ âœ˜â˜žâœžâ˜žâœ·âœ”âœ â˜žâœ“âœĄâœ âœŽâœ’ ✌✎✏ ✘☞✞✌✓✶☛ ❔✠✞✠ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ✔✣
✐☛ ✓✣☛ ✊✌✷✔✠✠✊✠✎✒ ✔✠✎ ❧✔✀✭★✟✞✎ ✚✎✒ ✘☞✞✌☞✓✶✓ ☞✔✡✠ ✌✠
✟✔✓✠ ✖✛❡
3❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ✞✟ ✆✠✡☛ ☞✌✍ ✎✆✏✁❄✑✁✁✒✓
①✔✕ ①✔✕
❇❩✖❧ ♄⑹♊ ①✗❧
❇❛✘❩ ❇✘❩
✙ ✙ ✙ ✙✙ ✙ ✙ ✙ ✙✙✙ ✙ ✙ ✙✙ ✙ ✙ ✙ ✙✙
âœšâœ›âœœâœ›âœąâœŁâœ€âœŁâœ› ✄✊ ✧✛★✚ ✩✛★ ✩âœȘ✜ ✩âœȘ✫★ ✬âœȘ ✭✼ ✯✰✭ ✜★✱
✬✐âœȘ✭✐✀âœČ✀ ✼✛★ âœłâœ›âœ€âœ› ✼✮ ✔✛✎âœȘ ✯✰✭ ✩✛★ ✩âœȘ✜ ✩âœȘ✫★ ✬âœȘ ✭✼ âœ©âœŽâœšâœ¶âœŁ
âœ·âœ­âœ›âœžâœŹâœč ✔✭âœș✻✛✛ ✜★✱ ✬✐âœȘ✭✐✀âœČ✀ ✼✛★ âœłâœ›âœ€âœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ ✜✚✭★✟ ✐✭✬âœȘ✶✀
âœ”âœâœˆâœ›âœâœżâœŁâœ› ✜★✱ ✩✎✚ ✩✛★ ✧✱❀✛ ✩âœȘ✫★ ✬âœȘ ✭✼ âœŻâœ°âœâœ­âœ€ ✼✛★✩âœȘ ✯✰✭ ✜★✱
✬✐âœȘ✭✐✀âœČ✀ ✼✛★ âœłâœ›âœ€âœ¶ ✼✮ ✔✛✎âœȘ ✔✐❁✊ ✧✱❀✛ ✩âœȘ✫★ ✬âœȘ ✯✰✭ ✳✜✩âœȘ
✧✛★✚ ✜★✱ ✬✐âœȘ✭✐✀âœČ✀ ✼✛★ âœłâœ›âœ€âœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ
âœș✻✛â–Č❂ ✣✛ ❃❀❄★ âœș✀âœȘ ✬âœȘ ✯✰❅✣ ✩✛★ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✣✛ ❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœČ
✭★✟ ●✬ ✜★✱ ✭✩✶âœČ❍✀ ✐✩✣✛ ✳✛ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ âœœâœąâœźâ˜…âœ± ✔✛✎âœȘ ✔✛✩★
✐❱■✛ ❏❑▌ ✭★✟ ✔✫❊✚✛âœȘ â—†âœŹâ–âœâœ­âœˆâœ›âœ›âœâœłâœ€ ✐✩✣✛ ✳✛ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ
€◗❘❙ âšâŻâ± âČâłâšâ© ❬❭ âȘâ«âŽâ”âŹâœââ­
âœ”âœ›âœŹâœ­â˜…âœŸ âœ”âœ›âœšâœŹâœ›âœš ◆✬✐âœș✻✛✀ ✔✐❁✊✛✱❉✛ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœČ ✐✜❆❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ
◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ ✭★✟ ✐❂✄♠ ✳❂ ✜★✱ âąâœ¶âœ«âœ¶ ✩✛ âœâœ­â‚âœŁâœ«âž ✼✭✛❞ ❱✛✣
âœ”âœ›âœâœŻ ✚✈✛✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✐✊✚✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✜★✱ ✯✛★ ✣✛ ✔✐❁✊
âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœČ ✔✻✛✭✛ ❡✛❣✩ ✐✊✚✶ ✈✛✶ âœ”âœ«âŠâœŹâœ›âœ€ ✜★✱ ◆✬✐âœș✻✛✀ ✼✛★
✚✊✀★ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✊✛★✜âœČ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✚✜✛✱✩✶ ✣✛ ✐✭✞✛✜✛✱✩✶ ✼✛★ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ
✐✊✚✶ ✚✜✛✱✩✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✜★✱ ❡✛❣✩ âœ„âœŠâ–âœŻâ–Č✚âœȘ★ ✜★✱ ✬â–Č❈✛âœČâœ€âœŁâœ› ✐✜✐❆✀
âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ± ✔✛✎âœȘ ✬â–ČâœȘ★ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✩✛ âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœ« ✄✊ ✚✜✛✫ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€âœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ
✔✀❀ ♣✳❂ ✜★✱ âąâœ¶âœ«âœ¶ ✩✛ âœâœ­â‚âœŁâœ«q ✔✛✎âœȘ ♣✼✭✛q ✚✜✛✱✩✶ ✐✜❆❈✛
✭★✟ ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✜✚✭★✟ ✐✭✬âœȘ✶✀ ✐✭✞✛✜✛✱✩✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✜★✱ âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœ«
✬â–ČâœȘ★ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✜★✱ ✄✊ ✚✜✛✫ âœ«âœźâœ¶âœ± âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€âœ›âœŒ ✊✈✛✶❖✊✈✛✶ ✀✛★ âœâœ­âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ«
âĄâœ›âŁâœŠâœ›â˜…âœ± ✩✛★ ✔❂✩❖✔❂✩ ✯★r✛✛ ✳✛ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ ✭★✟
✐❂✄ âąâœ¶âœ«âœ¶ ✔✛✎âœȘ ✫✜✊ ✀✻✛✛ ✯✛❂ ✭★✟ âœŻâœ›âœ«âœ›â˜…âœ± ✔✛✎âœȘ âœ©âœ±âœŻâœ©âœ¶ âœ·âœŹâœ°âœ›âœŁâ€
s✛★❣★ ✭✱✟✊❀❄âœč ✭★✟ ✊❈✛✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✐✭✞✛✜✛✱✩✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ âœ”âœ›âœŹ
âœ”âœŹâœ«â˜… âœŻâœŽâœâœ«âœŠ âœłâœ¶âœ­âœ« ✜★✱ ✬✰✣❊t✀ ✐✜❆❈✛✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✊✜âœČ âœ”âœąâœŁ ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛✛★✱
✭★✟ ❃✛âœȘ★ ✜★✱ ✚✛★❱ ✚✊✀★ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✣✼✛✉ ✣✼ ❃✀✛✫✛ â—†âœâąâœ€ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ©âœ› ✐✩
✐✊✚✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✭★✟ âĄâœ›âŁâœŠâœ›â˜…âœ± ✩✛★ âœźâœ›âœ»âœ› ✚★ s✛✫✫★❞ ✐✿âœșâŁâ‚âœ«âž
✔✛✚✭✫ âœ”âœ›âœâœŻ ✈✛✛✎✐✀✊ âœâœ­âœââœŁâœ›â˜…âœ± ✭★✟ â—†âœŹâœŁâœ›â˜…âœ© ✇✛âœȘ✛ ✔❂✩ ✐✩✣✛
✳✛ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ
❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœ›â˜…â‘Ą ✭★✟ âœ”âœâœˆâœ›â‚â‘Łâœ›âˆâœ› ✐✜❆❈✛✛★✱ ✚★ âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ« âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ◆✫✊✛
âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœ« âœâœ«âœâ‰âąâœ€ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€âœ› ✼✮❞ ✳❃✐✩ ✐✜❆❈✛✛★✱ ✜★✱ ❡✛❣✩ ✐✊✚✶ ✈✛✶
âœ”âœ«âŠâœŹâœ›âœ€ ✜★✱ ◆✬✐âœș✻✛✀ ✼✛★ ✚✊✀★ âœźâœŽâœ± ✔✛✎âœȘ ◆✫✊✛ âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœ« âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ« ✼✛★
✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ ✀✛✉❃✛❞ âąâœ›âœ‰âœŻâœ¶âž ✚✛★✫✛❞ ✳❂❞ ⑀❂â–Č✩✛★✚ âœ”âœ›âœâœŻ ❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœ›â˜…â‘Ą
✭★✟ ✭❊✟s ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ
⑀❂â–Č✩✛★✚ ✜★✱ ✩✛❃âœČ✫❞ âœźâœ›âœœâ€â‘„âœ›â˜…âœłâœ« ✔✛✎âœȘ ✔✛⑊tâœšâœ¶âœłâœ« ✄✊ âœâœ«âœâ‰âąâœ€
âœ”âœ«âŠâœŹâœ›âœ€ ✜★✱ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✜✚✜★✱ âœ”âœąâœŁ ❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœ›â˜…â‘Ą ✊✶ ✀âœȘ✼ âœâœ«âœâ‰âąâœ€
âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœ« âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€âœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ ❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœČ ✭★✟ âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœŠâœ›â˜…âœ± ✩✛★ ✚✛✜✛✱✣ ✈✛✛✎✐✀✊
âœâœ­âœââœŁâœ›â˜…âœ± ✇✛âœȘ✛ âœŹâ‘§âœ»âœ›âœ­â‘šâœŸ âœ«âœźâœ¶âœ± ✐✩✣✛ ✳✛ ✚✊✀✛✌ ❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœ›â˜…â‘Ą ✩✛★ âœŹâŠâœ«â€
✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✀✻✛✛ âœŁâœ›âœŽâœâœ©âœŠâœ›â˜…âœ± ✜★✱ ✭✩✶âœČ❍✀ ✐✩✣✛ ✳✛ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ ✐✊✚✶ ✀⑩✭
✜★✱ ✄✊ âœźâœ¶ ✬✰✩✛âœȘ ✭★✟ ✩❈✛ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✣★ ✩❈✛ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊ ✣✛ ✔❈✛❊ ✼✛★
✚✊✀★ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ âœ”âœ›âœŹ âœ”âœŹâœ«âœ¶ ✐✬s❂✶ âœŠâ‘Łâœ›âœ›âœ”âœ›â˜…âœ± ✚★ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊✔✛★✱ ✔✛✎âœȘ
✔❈✛❊✔✛★✱ ✚★ ✬✐âœȘâœâąâœ€ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ±âœ©â˜…âž ❂★✐✊✫ âœ”âœ›âœŹ ◆✫✭★✟ ❃✛âœȘ★ ✜★✱ ✄✊✊❖▌
✜★✱ ✐✭âœș✀✛âœȘ ✚★ âœŹâ¶â„â˜…âœ±âœ©â˜…âœŒ ✚✛★✐❀✣✜❞ âœźâœ›âœœâ€â‘„âœ›â˜…âœłâœ«âž ✔✛⑊tâœšâœ¶âœłâœ« ✀✛✉❃✛❞
âąâœ›âœ‰âœŻâœ¶âž âœ”âœ›âœâœŻ ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✭❊✟s ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✜✫ ✚❃ ✜★✱ ✄✊ âœźâœ¶
✬✰✩✛âœȘ ✭★✟ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âž ✬âœȘ✱✀❊ âœâœ­âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ« ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊
âœ„âœŠâ–âœŻâ–Č✚âœȘ★ ✚★ âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ« âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✚✛★✐❀✣✜ ✔✻✛✭✛ ✀✛✉❃★ ✳✮✚★ ✭❊✟s
✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✜★✱ ✄✊❂ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊ ❡✛❣✩ ✊❈✛✛★✱ ✭★✟ ●✬ ✜★✱ ◆✬✐âœș✻✛✀ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜…
âœźâœŽâœ±âž ✳❃✐✩ ✭❊✟s âœ”âœąâœŁ ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✜★✱ ✯✛★ ✣✛ ✔✐❁✊ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊ âœšâœ±âœŁâœ›â˜…âœâœłâœ€
✼✛★✩âœȘ ◆✚ ✀⑩✭ ✭★✟ ✔❈✛❊ ❃✫✛✀★ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✔✀❀ âœźâœ›âœœâ€â‘„âœ›â˜…âœłâœ«âž âœ«âœ›âœœâŁâ‘„âœ›â˜…âœłâœ«
✀✻✛✛ ✔✛⑊tâœšâœ¶âœłâœ« ✩✎✚✛★✱ ✜★✱ ✜✫ ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✔❈✛❊ ◆✬✐âœș✻✛✀ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âž ✳✛★
âœżâœœâ‰âœ›â€ ✜✫✭★✟ ✯✛★❖✯✛★ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊✔✛★✱ ✭★✟ âœšâœ±âœŁâœ›â˜…âœłâœ« ✚★ ❃✫✀★ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✜✚★
✐❱■✛ ❏❑❷ ✜★✱ ✐✯r✛✛✣✛ âœ©âœŁâœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ
€◗❘❙ ❚❯❾ âč❜âș❭❝❭❻❌❭❜❟ âŒâ­âżâœ ❌❝❭❻❌❭❜❟ ❬❭ ➀➁➂âč❝❭
✳❃ âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ« ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✯✛★ ✣✛ ✯✛★ ✚★ ✔✐❁✊ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊ âœšâœ±âœŁâœ›â˜…âœâœłâœ€
âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âž ✀❃ âœŁâœ›âœŽâœâœ©âœŠ ✩✛ ✄✊ ✔❈✛❊ âœŹâœ°âœ›âžƒâœ€ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€âœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ ✳❂❞
âœ”âœœâœ›â˜…âœâœ«âœŁâœ›âž ✩✛❃âœČ✫❖❀✛✜✔✛⑊t✚✛✜❀❞ âąâœ¶âœ«âœ¶ âœ”âœ›âœâœŻ âœŁâœ›âœŽâœâœ©âœŠâœ›â˜…âœ± ✭★✟ ✭❊✟s
◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✳❂ ✔✛✎âœȘ ✩✛❃âœČ✫ ❀✛✜✔✛⑊t✚✛✜❀ ✭★✟ ✔❈✛❊✔✛★✱ ✩✛★
✐❱■✛ ❏❑➄ ✜★✱ âœâœ«â—âœâœŹâœ€ ✐✩✣✛ âœ©âœŁâœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ
4 ❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄
❱✞✟✠ ✡☛☞ t✌ ✍✎✏✑ ✒✎✓✔✕ ✖✎✗✍✎✘✙✚✎✗✖ ✛✜✱ âœâœŁâœŽâœ€âœâœŽâœœâœ„ ✒✎ ✩✕✧★✣✎
✈✩âœȘâœ«âœŹ ✭✼✯✰ ✱âœČ✳ ✎✔✶ âœ·âœŹâœžâœ©âœ© âœčâœș ✻✌ âœœâœŹâœŸ ✿âœș ✈❀✩❁ ❂✬❃ âœ·âœ©âœŹ
âŁâœ©â„â…â†âœ©âœŹâœ»âœ« âœȘ❇❂✩❀✩❁ ✈✩❈❇ ✿âœș ✈✩❉❊❋●✻✫ âœȘ❇❂✩❀✩❁ ❍âœȘâœč■❏✩❑ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ
❣❃❈â–Č ❄❋● âœȘâ–Œâœș✩❇◆ âœșâœ©â–â‚Źâœ« ❅✩❄✈✩❉❊❋✩❄❅ âœœâœŹâœŸ ✈❀✩❁ ❂✬❃ ✈✩❉❊❋●✻✫
âœœâœŹâœŸ âœ·âœ©âœŹ âœȘ❇❂✩❀✩❁ âœșâœ©â–â‚Źâœ« âœœâœŹâœŸ ✿âœș âœȘ❇❂✩❀✩❁ ❋✬ â‹âƒâ™Šâœ©âœŹâœč✻❑ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃â–Č
✈❑◗ âœčâœș❋● ♊✩❈âœč❘âœș ❂✬❃ âœč✜âœč❙✩❚✫ â‘âŻâœœâœ©âœŹâƒ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœȘ❇❂✩❀✩❁ ✿âœș âœč✫âœč❱âČ❑
✈✩❈❇ âœč■❏✩❇ ✈✫❁âœȘ✩❑ ❂✬❃ ❍âœȘâœč■❏✩❑ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃â–Č ♩❣ ✈✫❁âœȘ✩❑ âœčâœș❋●
♊✩❈âœč❘âœș âœș✩ ✈âœčâ™âœ©âœŒâœ©âłâœ©âœč❀✩âœș ❘❁❀✩ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœ© ❣❈â–Č â„â‹âœœâœŹâœŸ ❋✩❏✩ ❣●
âœčâœș❋● ♊✩❈âœč❘âœș âœœâœŹâœŸ â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚â‚Ź ââ‹âœœâœŹâœŸ â©âœ©âŹâœș â‘âŻâœœâœ©âœŹâƒ âœœâœŹâœŸ â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚âœ©âœŹâ­
❋✬ âœč❙✩❚✫ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃â–Č ââœ·âœ©âŁâ‡â€âœ© âœœâœŹâœŸ âœčâœŒâœżâ§ âŁâœ©â„â…â†âœ©âœŹâœ»âœ« ✈✩❈❇ ✈✩❉❊❋●✻✫
❘❈❋✬❃ ❣❈❃◆ âœȘ❇❃❑❁ ââœ«âœœâœŹâœŸ â‹âƒâ™Šâœ©âœŹâœ»âœ« ❋✬ ❖✫✩ ♊✩❈âœč❘âœș◆ âœˆââœ©âœ©â‚Źâ‘â‘  ✻✌
✿âœș ✷▌✜ ❣❈â–Č ♩❣ ❙✩● ✻✩✫✫✩ â‡âœ©âœŹâČâœș âŁâœ©âœŹâ˜âœ© âœčâœș âŁâœ©â„â…â†âœ©âœŹâœ»âœ« ✿âœș
â‘âœŹâœ» (pop) Ăšâœœâœč✫ âœœâœŹâœŸ ❋✩❏✩ ✻✌❑● ❣❈ ✈✩❈❇ ✈✩❉❊❋●✻✫ âœ·âŁâœ«
❂✬❃ â‹âŁâœ©â™Šâœș âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘â— ❣❈◆ âœȘ❇❃❑❁ ✻✌ âœș✩ ❍âœȘâ™Šâœ©âœŹâ˜ ✿âœș ✈âœčâĄâœ«â±âœ©âœ©â‚âœș
âœœâœŹâœŸ âȘâœȘ ❂✬❃ âœčâœș♊✩ ✻✩❑✩ ❣❈â–Č
â„â‹âœœâœŹâœŸ ✈âœč❑âœč❇❊❑ âœčâœș❋● ♊✩❈âœč❘âœș âœœâœŹâœŸ â©âœ©âŹâœșâœ©âœŹâƒ âœșâœ©âœŹ ❙✩✩❈âœč❑âœș
âœč✜âœčâšâ™Šâœ©âœŹâƒ ❫✩❇✩ ❋❇✌ âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©âœ©âœŹâ­ ❂✬❃ âœȘ❎❏✩✜①✟ âœ«âŁâ—âƒ âœčâœș♊✩ ✻✩ ❋âœș❑✩ ❣❈â–Č
❍❚❣✬❃ âœȘ❎❏✩✜①✟ âœșâ‡âœ«âœŹ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœčâœŒâœż ❇✩❋✩♊âœč✫âœș âœč✜âœčâšâ™Šâœ©âœŹâƒ âœș✩ âœȘâ–Œâ™Šâœ©âœŹâ˜ âœș❇✫✩
âœȘ❅✐❑✩ ❣❈â–Č
❔❛❜ ❝❞❀❊ ♠♄♣ qrs✉✇②⑱ â‘Łâœ‰â‘€â‘„ ⑩⑧⑹✉ â‘Ąâœ‰â‘©â‘§
âœȘâ–Œâ¶â™ŠâœŹâœș âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©â‚Ź âœœâœŹâœŸ âœč✜âœčâ±âœ©â·âŹ ♊✩ ✈âœčâ™âœ©âœŒâœ©âłâœ©âœč❀✩âœș â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚â‚Ź âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃â–Č ❄✫
â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚âœ©âœŹâ­ âœșâœ©âœŹ âœ·âœ©âœŹ âœœâ˜âœ©âœŹâ­ ❂✬❃ âœœâ˜â—â‚Źâžâ‘ âœčâœș♊✩ ✻✩ ❋âœș❑✩ ❣❈❧ âčâșâș❻❌❜❟
❿➀➁âș➂➃➄ ✈✩❈❇ ➅âș➆âș➇❌➈❟ ❿➀➁âș➂➃➄â–Č
âčâșâș❻❌❜❟ ❿➀➁âș➂➃➄ âœœâœŹ â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚â‚Ź âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃◆ âœčâœ»âšâŁâœŹâƒ âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©â‚Ź âœș●
âœȘ❣âČ✩✫ ♊✩ â‹âƒâ©âœ©âŹâœ« âœșâœ©âœŹ âœȘâœč❇✜âœč❑€❑ âœčâœș✿ âœč❖✫✩ ❂✩âœȘ✩ ♊✩ âœ·âœŹâœžâœ©âœ© ✻✩
❋âœș❑✩ ❣❈â–Č ❙✩✩❈âœč❑âœș â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚âœ©âœŹâ­ âœœâœŹâœŸ ✜❁✟➉ ââœ·âœ©âŁâ‡â€âœ© ❇❃❘◆ ❘❃❹◆
❘✌✫✩❃âœș◆ ❊✜❏✩✫✩❃âœș◆ ❩✩✫❶✜ ✈✩âœč✷ ❣❈❃â–Č ❇✩❋✩♊âœč✫âœș â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚âœ©âœŹâ­ âœșâœ©âœŹ
❂✩âœȘâœ«âœŹ ♊✩ âœ·âœŹâœžâœ©âœ«âœŹ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœčâœŒâœż ❇✩❋✩♊âœč✫âœș âœȘâœčâ‡âœœâ‘â‚Źâœ« âœș✩ âŁâœ©âœŹâœ«âœ©
✈✩✜❱♊âœș âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœ© ❣❈â–Č âœč✜âœč❙✩❚✫ âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©âœ©âœŹâ­ âœș● ✈âœčâ™âœ©âœŒâœ©âłâœ©âœč❀✩âœș ✈âœč❙✩âœčâžŠâ™Šâœ©âœżâž‹
âžŒâœ»âˆâ‹âœŹ – ✈➍✌❑✩◆ âłâœ©âœ©â‡â‘âœ©â—† ✷✩➎❑✩ ✈✩âœč✷➏ ➅âș➆âș➇❌➈❟ ❿➀➁âș➂➃âș➐➑
âœœâœŹâœŸ ââœ·âœ©âŁâ‡â€âœ© ❣❈❃â–Č
✷▌➒♊ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœˆâœ«âœŹâœș â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚â‚Ź âžŒâœ»âˆâ‹âœŹ – âœŒâƒâ–âœ©â„â‚Źâ—† âłâœ©âœŹâž“âœ©âœȘ✟✌◆
✈✩♊❑✫ ✈✩âœč✷➏ ❂✩➓✩✩❶❂âœș âœȘ▌❞âœč❑ âœœâœŹâœŸ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃â–Č âœčâœș❋● ❂✩➓✩✩❶❂âœș
âœȘâ–ŒâœŹâłâœ©â€âœ© ♊✩ ❂✩âœȘ✫ âœșâœ©âœŹ âœșâœ©âœŹâ„â‚Ź ❋❃✞♊✩ ✈✩❈❇ ââ‹âœœâœŹâœŸ ❖✩✷ âœœâŁ ❄âœșâœ©â„â‚Ź
âœč✌✞✩âœș❇ âœč✫âȘâœčâœȘ❑ âœčâœș♊✩ ✻✩❑✩ ❣❈◆ âœčâœ»â‹â‚âœŹâƒ ❍❋✬ ❂✩âœȘ✩ ❘♊✩ ❣❈â–Č
ââœ·âœ©âŁâ‡â€âœ© âœœâœŹâœŸ âœčâœŒâœżâ§ âœčâœș❋● âœș❂❇✬ âœș● âœŒâƒâ–âœ©â„â‚Ź âœșâœ©âœŹ 6 m
âœč✌✞✩âœș❇ ❖❑✩♊✩ ✻✩ ❋âœș❑✩ ❣❈◆ âœčâœ»â‹â‚âœŹâƒ ➔ ✿âœș ❋❃✞♊✩ ❣❈ ✈✩❈❇
m ❂●❬❇ âœșâœ©âœŹ ➒♩❊❑ âœș❇❑✩ ❣❈◆ âœ»âœ©âœŹ âœœâŁ ❄âœșâœ©â„â‚Ź ❣❈◆ âœčâœ»â‹â‚âœŹâƒ âœŒâƒâ–âœ©â„â‚Ź
✫✩âœȘ● ❘❄€ ❣❈â–Č
âœč✜❱✜ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœč✜âœč❙✩❚✫ â™âœ©âœ©â˜âœ©âœŹâƒ ❂✬❃ ❂✩âœȘ✫ âœș● âœ·âœ©âœŹ âœč✜âœč❙✩❚✫
âœȘ→âœč❑♊✩➋❧ âžŁâœˆâƒâ˜â–ŒâœŹâœ»â— âœȘ→âœč❑↔ (the English System) ✈✩❈❇
➣❂●âœč❬❆âœș âœȘ→âœč❑↔ (the Metric System) âœȘ▌♊❁❊❑ âœș● ✻✩❑● ❣❈â–Č
❂●âœč❬❆âœș âœȘ→âœč❑◆ âœ»âœ©âœŹ ↕✩❃❋ ❂✬❃ âœˆâž™âœ©â‡âŁâœœâ—âƒ ❱✩❑✩➛✷● âœœâœŹâœŸ ââŻâœ©â‡âœ©â†’ ❂✬❃
âœč✜âœșâœč❋❑ ❣❁❄€◆ ✈âœčĂšâœ©âœș ❋❁âœčâœœĂšâœ©âœ©âœ»âœ«âœș ❏✩●◆ âŠâ™Šâœ©âœŹâƒâœčâœș âœœâŁ ✷❱✩❂✌✜
âœȘ▌❀✩✩✌● âœȘ❇ âœˆâœ©Ăšâœ©âœ©âœč❇❑ ❏✩●â–Č ✜❈➜✩âœč✫âœșâœ©âœŹâƒ âœ«âœŹ ✿âœș â‹âœœâ‚Źâ‚âœ©âšâ™Š ❂✩✫âœș
âœȘ→âœč❑ âœș● ✈✩✜❱♊âœș❑✩ ✈✫❁❙✩✜ âœș●â–Č ✿✬❋● ✿âœș âœȘ→âœč❑ ❋✫①
➝➞➔➟ ❂✬❃ âœȘ▌■❑❁❑ âœș● ❘❄€◆ âœč✻❋âœș● âœč✜■❑❎❑ âČâČâœ©â‚Ź ✫●âČ✬ âœș● ✻✩ ❇❣●
❣❈â–Č
➠➡➱➡➠ ➀➄➊➄➧➄➚➩ ➧➫ ➭➩➯âžČ➄➳➔➞âžș➫➻ âžŒâžœâžŸâžŻ (SI)
❂✩➓✩âœșâœ©âœŹâƒ âœș● âœˆâƒâ‘â‡âœ©â‚Źâ·âŹâ†â—â™Š âœȘ→âœč❑ ➌↕✩❃❋●❋● ❂✬❃ Le System In-
ternational d'Units), âœčâœ»â‹âœŹ â‹âƒâłâœ©âœŹâœȘ ❂✬❃ S.I. âžŒâœżâ‹âžšâœˆâœ©â„â‚Źâžšâž âœșâŁâœ©
✻✩❑✩ ❣❈◆ âœșâœ©âœŹ ❋✫① ➝➞➔➟ ❂✬❃ ❙✩✩❇ ✈✩❈❇ ❂✩âœȘ âœœâœŹâœŸ âĄâ™Šâœ©â‡âŁâœœâœŹâƒ
â‹âœœâ‚ŹâžȘâ‹âžâ‚âœŹâœŒâœ« (conference Generale des Poios et
Measures, CGPM) ❂✬❃ ■✜●❞❑ âœčâœș♊✩ ❘♊✩ ❏✩✩â–Č CGPM
✿âœș ❋❇âœș✩❇● ❋❃■❏✩✩ ❣❈◆ âœč✻❋âœș✩ ❘➙✫ ✿âœș ❇✩❋✩♊âœč✫âœș â‹â‚âž¶âœ©âˆâ‘âœŹ
➌âœčâœ»â‹âœŹ ➃âžč➘➅ ➎❌➅➎âș➘âžč âœș❣❑✬ ❣❈❃ ✈✩❈❇ âœč✻❋âœȘ❇ ❋✫① âžâž·âžŹâžź ❂✬❃
âœȘ✬âœč❇❋ ❂✬❃ âŁâ– â‘âœ©âłâœ©â‡ âœčâœș✿ ❘✿➏ âœœâœŹâœŸ ✈❃❑❘€❑ âœčâœș♊✩ ❘♊✩â–Č
SI âœȘ→âœč❑ ❂✬❃ ❋✩❑ âœˆâœ©Ăšâœ©âœ©â‡ ❂✩➓✩âœș ❣❈❃â–Č ❄❚❣✬❃ ❑✩âœč✌âœș✩ ➝➚
➝ ❂✬❃ ❋➱âČ●❖→ âœčâœș♊✩ ❘♊✩ ❣❈â–Č ♩✬ ❂✩➓✩âœș ❋✩❑ âœˆâœ©Ăšâœ©âœ©â‡â™âœ©âž±â‘
✜❈➜✩âœč✫âœș ❇✩âœčâ±âœ©â™Šâœ©âœŹâƒ ❋✬ ❋❃❖❃âœčĂšâœ©â‘ ❣❈❃â–Č ✈❚♩ ❙✩✩❈âœč❑âœș ❇✩âœč❱✩
âžŒâœ»âˆâ‹âœŹ – ❘âœč❑◆ ✈✩♊❑✫◆ ❩✩✫❶✜ ✈✩âœč✷➏ ❄✫ ❇✩âœčâ±âœ©â™Šâœ©âœŹâƒ ❋✬
➒♊❁❶âœȘ❚✫ âœș● ✻✩ ❋âœș❑● ❣❈❃â–Č SI âœˆâœ©Ăšâœ©âœ©â‡ ❂✩➓✩âœșâœ©âœŹâƒ âœș● âœȘâœčâ‡â™âœ©âœ©â·âœ©âœ©âœżâž‹
❑✩âœč✌âœș✩ ➝➚✃ ❂✬❃ ✷● ❘❄€ ❣❈❃â–Č
SI âœȘ→âœč❑ ❂✬❃ ✈âœȘâœœâ¶â™Šâœ©âœŹâ­ ✈✩❈❇ ✈âœȘâœœâ‘â‚Źâœșâœ©âœŹâƒ âœșâœ©âœŹ ➒♩❊❑
âœșâ‡âœ«âœŹ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœčâœŒâœż âœȘâž±âœœâ‚ŹâœŒâĄâœ«âœ©âœŹâƒ âœș✩ ❍âœȘâ™Šâœ©âœŹâ˜ âœčâœș♊✩ ✻✩❑✩ ❣❈â–Č ❄❚❣✬❃
❑✩âœč✌âœș✩ ➝➚❐ ❂✬❃ ❋➱âČ●❖→ âœčâœș♊✩ ❘♊✩ ❣❈â–Č â„âœ«â‚âœŹâƒ ❋✬ ✜❁✟➉
❇✩âœčâ±âœ©â™Šâœ©âœŹâƒ âœș✩ âœȘâ–Œâ™Šâœ©âœŹâ˜ ❣❂ ❄❋ âœȘ❁■❑âœș ❂✬❃ âœș❇✬❃❘✬â–Č
➠➡➱➡❒ âźâ°Ăâž»âž€âž„Ă âž­âž„Ă‘âžČ Ă’âž„âž„âžČ
âœčâœș❋● âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©â‚Ź âœș✩ ✷▌➒♊❂✩✫ ❍❋❂✬❃ ❍âœȘâœč■❏✩❑ ✷▌➒♊ âœș● ❂✩➓✩✩ ❣❈◆
✻❖âœčâœș âœčâœș❋● ✜■❑❁ âœș✩ ❙✩✩❇ ❍❋âœȘ❇ âœŒâ˜âœ«âœŹâœœâœ©âœŒâœ© â˜âĂ“â¶âœœ ❖✌ ❣❈â–Č
âœčâœș❋● âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©â‚Ź âœș✩ ✷▌➒♊❂✩✫ âœč■❏✩❇ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœ© ❣❈◆ âœȘ❇❃❑❁ ❍❋âœș✩ ❙✩✩❇
â˜âĂ“â¶âœœ ❂✬❃ âœȘâœčâ‡âœœâ‘â‚Źâœ« âœœâœŹâœŸ âœș✩❇❀✩ ✿âœș ■❏✩✩✫ ❋✬ âœ·âž±â‹â‡âœŹ ■❏✩✩✫ âœȘ❇
✈✌❘âžȘ✈✌❘ âŁâœ©âœŹ ❋âœș❑✩ ❣❈â–Č ✈✩âœȘâœșâœ©âœŹ ❄✫ âœ·âœ©âœŹâœ«âœ©âœŹâƒ â±âœ©âž›âœ·âœ©âœŹâƒ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœȘâ–Œâ™Šâœ©âœŹâ˜
âœȘ❇ âœčâœœâ±âœ©âœŹâ·âœ© Ăšâ™Šâœ©âœ« ❇✞✩✫✩ âČ✩âœč❣✿â–Č
ÔÕ Ö× ØÙ×Ú
(H2O)
Ö×ÛÜÝ Þ×ßØ×àáñ×ßÞ Ö× ØÙ×Ú
(CO2)
5❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ✞✟ ✆✠✡☛ ☞✌✍ ✎✆✏✁❄✑✁✁✒✓
r✔✕✖✗✔ ✘✙✘ ✚✔✛✔✜ ✱✔✔✣✕r✗ ✜✔✕✀✔✄✔✊ ✚✔✣✜ ✧★✩âœȘ✫ ✬✔✭✔✗
✈✼✯✼✰ ââœźâœźâœ±âœČ✳✮ ✰✼âœČâœ”âœź ✰✼âœČâœ”âœź ✶✷✞ âœČâœčâœș âœ»âœŒâœłâœœâœŽ SI âĄâœźâœŸâœźâœŽ ✮✼ ✿✼❡ SI âĄâœźâœŸâœźâœŽ ✮✼ âœ»âœŒâœłâœœâœŽ
②❀❁❂❃❄ l ❅❆❇❈ m
♄❉❊❋❅❂● m ❱■②❂❏❑❉❂❅ kg
❧❅❋ t ❧❏â–Č❀▌◆ s
❱â–Č❖€◗❘❙❂❈❂ I âšââŻâ±â†â‹âˆ A
➮âČ❅❂❑❱◗■ T â–Čââ–Œâąâ™Šâ–Č● K
â——â‚â±âłâ…
❱♄❂✐❂❄ ■❆ ❅❂❹❂❂ n ❅❂❏② mol
â©â‹â‚ââąâ——âŹâ——â†â–Č❉◗❂ Iv â–Čââ–Œâ­â—†ââ‘Ąâ‚ cd
r✔✕✖✗✔ ✘✙âȘ SI ✚✔✛✔✜ ✬✔✭✔✗✔âœȘ❫ ✗❮ â”âœ•âœœâœąâœ”âœ”â›âœ”âœ”âœâœŠ
ââžâŁâ€âŠâ™  â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł qt✉✇ ❱❉■❂①❂ ⑱❂❈❂ ❱●â–Č❂❄◗❘ ❅❏❀ ❚■ ❧❏â–Č❀▌◆ â–Č❏▌
④
⑀⑄⑄⑊⑄⑀⑧⑚⑩
❧❅❋
â¶â€â——âˆâ‚â‘Ą ❅❏❀ ◗❋ ❱■❚ ❑❚ ❱✐❂ ■❆ ②❀❁❂❃❄ ❚■ ❅❆❇❈ ❷❞âč
âș❻❌❜q❀❟ â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł âżâ™Łââ€âž€âžâ»â€q ➂❱■②❂❏❑❉❂❅➃ ♄❉❊❋❅❂● ■❂ ❅❂❹❂■ ❷❞âč ❋❷ ❶❀◗❈❂❄âČ❇➄❆❋ ❅❂●■ ❱■②❂❏❑❉❂❅
♄❉❊❋❅❂● â–Č❏▌ ❁❈❂❁❈ ❷❞âč
➅q❜ â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł ➅➀➆❞➇➈ ❚■ ❧❏â–Č❀▌◆ ❧❆❱➉❋❅ – 133 â±âˆâ…â‚âžŠâ‚â‚Ź ■❆ ❅➋② ❶â–Č➌✐❂❂ â–Č❏▌ ♄❂❏ â¶âąâ——â§âž‹âžâ…
➌◗❈❂❏❀ â–Č❏▌ ❁❆➎ ❷❂❏●❏ â–Č❂②❏ ❧❀❳❅➊❂ â–Č❏▌ ❧❀❑◗ ❱â–Č❱■❈➊❂ â–Č❏▌ ➏➐ ➏➑ ➒➓➐
➔➔→ ❶❂â–Č◗❂❏➣ ■❆ ❶â–Č❱❙ ❷❞âč
âżâž†â†”â†•âž™âž›âžœâ€âœ‡â€ â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł âžâž€âżâžžâžŸâœâœ‡ ❚■ âšââąâŻâ±â‹âˆ â–Č❷ ❱➌✐❂❈ ❱â–Č❖€◗❘❙❂❈❂ ❷❞➠ ➉❂❏ ❱●â–Č❂❄◗❘ ❅❏❀ ➐ ❅❆❇❈ ♄➋❈❆ ❱❈
❱➌✐❂◗ ♄❂❏ ❶●❀◗ ②❀❁❂❃❄ â–Č❂②❏ ❧❅❂❀◗❈ ❚â–Č❀ ●❑➊❋ â¶â—â‚Źâ±â‰âžŒâœâ‚ ■❂❇ â–Č❂②❏
➎❂②■❂❏❀ â–Č❏▌ ❁❆➎ ❱❉â–Čâ‚âąâ·â—— ❷❂❏●❏ ❱❈ 2 10–7
❭❋➋❇● â±â‰âąâ—— ❅❆❇❈ ②❀❁❂❃❄
■❂ ❁② âžĄâžąâ±â­â— ■❈◗❆ ❷❞âč
➀➄qâ€âžâżâž™â™Ł ➙❀➟➊q â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł âž†âž€âž‡âżâž§âž†âŸ â–Čââ–Œâąâ™Šâ–Č●➠ ➮âČ❅❂❑❱◗■ ◗❂❱ ■❂ ❅❂❹❂■➠ ➉② â–Č❏▌ ❱❹❂■ âžšââ™„â‚Ź â–Č❏▌
➮âČ❅❂❑❱◗■ ◗❂❱ ■❂
➩
➫➭➯âžČâž©âžł â–Č❂➔ ➾❂❂❑ ❷❂❏◗❂ ❷❞âč
➟âș❀âžș❀♠ ♣t q❀s❀❀ â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł q❀➀❝ ➐➻ ❅❂❏② ❱■❧❆ ❱●■❂❋ ❅❏❀ ❱♄❂✐❂❄ ■❆ â–Č❷ ❅❂❹❂❂ ❷❞➠ ❱➉❧❅❏❀ ❅➋② ■➊❂❂❏❀
(elementary entities) ■❆ ❧❀➌❋❂ ➡◗●❆ ❷❆ ❷❂❏◗❆ ❷❞➠ ❱➉◗●❆ →➻→➐➑ kg
■❂❁❄● ❬➐➑ ❅❏❀ âžĄâ±âąâžŒâœâ‚â—— â±âˆâ…â‚âžŠâ‚â‚Źâ¶â‚ââ€ ■❆ ❧❀➌❋❂âč ❃❧■❂ ❧❀â–Č❏▌◗ ❅❂❏②
(mol) ❷❞âč
➑➻ ➉❁ ❅❂❏② ■❂ ❱❉❋❂❏❑ ❱■❋❂ ➉❂◗❂ ❷❞➠ ◗❁ ❅➋② ■➊❂❂❏❀ ■❂❏ ❃❀❱❑◗
(specify) ■❈●❂ âžŽâ‚âąâ·âš ❱■ ❋❏ â±âˆâ…â‚âžŠâ‚â‚Źâž  â¶âžŠâ‚â‚Źâž  ❶❂❋●➠ âƒâ‘Ąââžœâ‡âž„â‚âžŸâ—âž 
❶✐❂â–Č❂ ❶❭❋ ■➊❂❂❏❀ â–Č❏▌ ❱â–Č❱①❂âČ❇ ❧❅➋❷ ❷❂❏ ❧■◗❏ ❷❞❀âč
âșt➚➙âžȘ➙t➆❻➙❀ â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł ➆➀➇➶➈➀❝❀ ➂â–Čââ–Œâ­â—†ââ‘Ąâ‚âžƒ ❱■❧❆ ♄❆ ❑❃❄ âąâ™„â‘ â‚â‚ ❅❏❀ 540 1012
❷❇❘➉❄ ❶❂â–Čâžč❱➘❂ â–Č❂②❏ ❧❉❂❏◗
■❆ â©â‹â‚ââąâ——âŹâ——â†â–Č❉◗❂ ❷❞➠ ➉❂❏ ➡❧ âąâ™„â‘ â‚â‚ ❅❏❀
➩
➳➷➯ â–Č❂❇ â±â‰âąâ—— ❱➌❇❈❏❱◆❋● ■❆
❱â–Č❱■❈➊❂❬◗❆â–Č❉◗❂ ■❂ ❚■â–Č➊❂❆❄❋ ❱❉■❂①❂ ➡➱❧➬➉◗ ■❈◗❂ ❷❞âč
6 ❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄
❡✞✟✠ ✡☛☞ ✌✞✍✎✏✑✒ ❡✞✠✓✞☛✔ ✓✞ ✕✠✖✌✗✞✘✞
t✙✚✛ ✜✱✣ ✀✄✛✊✛ t✛ ✧★✩✛ âœȘ✙✫ âœŹâœ›âœ­âœ›âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ ✩✛ ✧✰✱ âœČâœąâœłâœŁâœłâœŽâœ›âœ”âœ¶
❫✩✷✞ âœčâœș✯ ✻✱✩✌ âœąâœłâœŁâœœâœ›âœ›âœ”âœ›âœ›âœč✟ ✚✬✩ âœș✼✿ ✚✛❀✛❁✚✛❀✛ ✱✳✣âœșâœłâœ„â‚âœ„
âœȘâœ›âœźâœ„âœŒ âœȘ✙✯❣ t✀ ✜✛✌ ✱âœč âœłâœšâƒâœ›âœŻâœ„âœ›âœźâœŻ âœ©âœ›âœź â„âœąâœ±âœ›âœ©âœŁ âœłâœ©âœšâœŒ ✳âœșâœŽâœ›âœźâœ”âœ›
âœŹâœ›âœ­âœ›âœ© âœș✼✿ âœŹâœ›âœąâœ± ✩✌ ✊❀✛✛❀✛❂✄✛ ✬✼✯ âœŠâ€âœ›âœźâœ”âœ¶ âœș❅✳❃ ✩✌ ❆❇❂✫ âœŹâœŒâœ¶âœŁ
✚✯✳❧✛ âœČ✚✱❈ ❉❊❋● ✬✼✯ âœȘââœ„âœ›â– âœ›âœłâœŁâœ„âœž âœș✼✿ ✚❏❍✩ ❏✼✮✛ ✻✚ âœŹâœ›âœ­âœ›âœ©
✩✌ â„âœ›âœ™âœąâœ§âœ›âœłâœŁâœ© âœąâœłâœŁâœœâœ›âœ›âœ”âœ›âœ› ✬✼✯ ✱✳✣âœș✄❂✱ âœ©âœŁâœ±âœź âœș✼✿ ✳✰âœč ✚âœȘâœŹâœ„
âœȘ✛✼ ❆âœč❣ âœœâœ›âœ›âœŁâœ„ ✚✳âœȘ✄ ✱❑â–ČâœŠâœźâœ© â„âœ›â§âœ›â˜…âœłâœ±âœ© â„âœ›âœ™â–Œâœ›âœźâ†âœŒâ—†âœ„ ❏✼✮✛ ✬✼✯
âœč✩ âœŁâœ›âœ”âœ¶â–âœŒâœŠ âœŹâœ›âœąâœ± ✳âœșâ‚Źâœ›âœ± âœšâœŻââ€âœ›âœ›âœ± âœČNMI ❁ âœ±âœźâœŽâœ›âœ±âœ° âœŹâœŒâœ¶â–âœ›âœźâœ°âœ›â——t✌
â‡âœŻâœłââœ¶âœâœŠâ˜âœ¶âœž âœȘ✙✫ t✛✼ âœŹâœ›âœąâœ± âœș✼✿ âœŹâœ›âœ±âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ ✩✌ ââœźâ™âœ›âœœâœ›âœ›âœ° âœ©âœŁâœ„âœŒ âœȘ✙❣
✩âœȘ ✳tâšâœŹâœźââœ›âœŁâœŒ ✱❇❂ âœłââŻâœ°âœŒ âœłââ€âœ›âœ„ âœŁâœ›âœ”âœ¶â–âœŒâœŠ âœœâœ›âœ›âœ™âœłâœ„âœ© ✱❑✩✛✼❆✮✛✛✰✛
âœČNPL âœ±âœźâœŽâœ›âœ±âœ° âœłâœąâœżâœłâœ‰âœ›âœ©âœ° âœ°âœ™âœ€âœ›âœźâœŁâœźâœ¶âœŁâœŒâœž âœ©âœ›âœź ❏✌ ❆❇❂ âœȘ✙❣ ❇✚
✱❑✩✛✼❆✮✛✛✰✛ ✬✼✯ âœŹâœ›âœąâœ± âœș✼✿ âœŹâœ›âœ­âœ›âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ âœș✼✿ ❄✛❧✛✛✣ ✄❀✛✛ ✐✩★â–Čâœąâ±âœ±
âœŹâœ›âœ­âœ›âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ âœ©âœ›âœź ✱❑✛âČ✄ âœ©âœŁâœ±âœź âœș✼✿ ✳✰âœč ✱❑✩✛✼❆ âœłâœ±â§âœ›âœ›â‚âœłâœŁâœ„ âœłâœ©âœč tâœ›âœ„âœź âœȘ✙✯
❄✛✙✣ âœŹâœ›âœąâœ± âœș✼✿ âœŁâœ›âœ”âœ¶â–âœŒâœŠ âœŹâœ›âœ±âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ ✩✌ ââœźâ™âœ›âœœâœ›âœ›âœ° ✩✌ t✛✄✌ âœȘ✙❣
âœłâœ±âœłâœŽâœ§âœ„ ❄âœș✳❧✛ âœș✼✿ ✀✛❏ ❇✱ âœŹâœ›âœ±âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ ✩✌ ✄★✰✱✛ ✳âœș✮âœș ✩✌ ❄❱✊
âœŁâœ›âœ”âœ¶â–âœŒâœŠ âœŹâœ›âœ±âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ âœș✼✿ â„âœŻâœ„âœŁâœ›â‚âœ”âœ¶â–âœŒâœŠ ❳✩❘✣✛✼ ✬✼✯ âœąâ‘âœłâœ„âœłâœ”âšâœ„ âœŹâœ›âœ±âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ âœș✼✿
✚✛❀✛ ✩✌ t✛✄✌ âœȘ✙❣
râ©âŹâ­âȘ❩ ❎❔❛ SI ❝❞❬r âąâ€âŠ ââ™ â™„â™Šâ™Łr ❝qs✈❭✇①
⑥⑹④⑀⑄ ⑊⑧⑚⑩❶❷❞ âčâș⑚❻❌❜
10–24
âœŠâœ›âœźâŸâœ¶âœ›âœź y
10–21
t✼âČâœ¶âœ›âœź z
10–18
âœčâœźâœ¶âœ›âœź a
10–15
âœąâœźâœżâšâœ¶âœ›âœź f
10–12
âœłâœąâœ©âœ›âœź p
10–9
âœ±âœ™âœ±âœ›âœź n
10–6
✬✛❇❿✛✼ ➭
10–3
âœłâœŹâœ°âœŒ m
10–2
âœšâœźâœŻâœ¶âœŒ c
10–1
âž€âœźâœšâœŒ d
10 âž€âœźâœ©âœ› da
102
âœȘâœźâŸâœ¶âœ›âœź h
103
âœłâœ©âœ°âœ›âœź k
106
✬✼❆✛ M
109
❆✌❆✛ G
1012
âœ¶âœźâœŁâœ› T
1015
âœąâœźâœ¶âœ› P
1018
âœč❟✚✛ E
1021
tâœźâœ¶âœ› Z
1024
âœŠâœ›âœźâœ¶âœ› Y
➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➄➄➈➄ ➉➅➊ ➋➌➍➎ ➁➏➄➐➄➑ ➒➅➓ ➏➂➔➃➉➄→ ➒➅➓ ➣➋↔➄➌
➃➐➄➄➐➄➑➁↕➌ ➉➄➁→ ➒➅➓ ➋➈➙ ➒➛➇➈➅➋➜➄➌ ➝➞➈➄ ➟➋➠➡➄ ➹➀➄➊ ➌➄
➧➁➃➄➅➆ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫
➯âžČâžłâž” ➾âžș➻ ➌➜➟➚âžȘ➶âžč➘➮ âž·âžŹâžšâž˜
➹➛➍➄ ➝➄➋➈➌➄ ➹➀➹ ➉➅➊ ➋➏➃➄ ➆➃➄ ➩➛➟ ➏➂➔➃➉➄→ ➌➄ SI ➉➄➡➄➌
➱➋➌➈➄➅➆➂➄➉✃ ➩➛➟ ➁↕➊➝➞ ➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➄➄➈➄ ➉➅➊ ❐➍➒➅➓ ❒➄➅❼➅ ➉➄➡➄➌ ➱➆➂➄➉✃
➟1 ➋➌➈➄➅➆➂➄➉ = 1000 ➆➂➄➉➩ ➌➄ ➁➂➃➄➅➆ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➟
❰➃➄➅➊➋➌ ↕➄➍➄➃➋→➌ ➣➋Ï➄➋Ð➃➄➣➄➅➊ ➉➅➊ ↕➄➍➄➃➋→➌ ➁➏➄➐➄➄➅Ñ ➌➎
➐➄➄➅ÒÓ➎ ➉➄➡➄➄ ➌➄ ➩➎ ➧➁➃➄➅➆ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫
ÔÕÖ×Ø
➣➄➃➝→ ➒➅➓ ➉➄➡➄➌ ➈ÙÚ➄❐➑ ➒➅➓ ➉➄➡➄➌ ➩➄➅➝➅ ➩➛➊➫ ➣➝Û SI ➁Ü➋➝
➉➅➊ ➣➄➃➝→ ➌➄ ➉➄➡➄➌ m3
➩➄➅➝➄ ➩➛➟ ➁↕➊➝➞ ↕➄➍➄➃➋→➌ ➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➄➄➈➄➣➄➅➊
➉➅➊ ❐➝→➅ ➣➋↔➄➌ ➣➄➃➝→➄➅➊ ➌➄ ➧➁➃➄➅➆ →➩➎➊ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫ ➣➝Û
➣➄➃➝→ ➌➄➅ ➣➄➉ ➝➄➛↕ ➁↕ cm3
➃➄ dm3
➒➅➓ ➉➄➡➄➌➄➅➊ ➉➅➊ ➔➃❰➝
➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫
➏➂➒➄➅➊ ➒➅➓ ➣➄➃➝→ ➌➄➅ ➉➄➁→➅ ➒➅➓ ➋➈➙ ➁➂➄➃Û ➋➈❼↕ (L)
➉➄➡➄➌ ➌➄ ➧➁➃➄➅➆ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➟ ➹➄➅ SI ➉➄➡➄➌ →➩➎➊ ➩➛➫
1L = 1000 mL ➣➐➄➒➄ 1000 cm3
= l dm3
➋➠➡➄ âžąâž€Ă ➉➅➊ ➣➄➁ ❐→ ➍➊Ú➊↔➄➄➅➊ ➌➄➅ ➣➄➍➄→➎ ➍➅ ➏➅Þ➄ ➍➌➝➅ ➩➛➊➫
➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➄➄➈➄ ➉➅➊ ➏➂➒➄➅➊ ➃➄ ➋➒➈➃→➄➅➊ ➒➅➓ ➣➄➃➝→ ➌➄➅ ➉➄➁→➅ ➒➅➓
➋➈➙ ➣➊➇➄➄➊➋➌➝ ➋➍ß➈Ò↕➼ à➃á↕➅❼➼ ➋➁➁➅❼ ➣➄➋➏ ➌➄ ➧➁➃➄➅➆ ➋➌➃➄
➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫ ➣➄➃➝→➉➄➁➎ ñ➈➄ã➌ ➌➄ ➧➁➃➄➅➆ Ă€âž„âž ➣➄➃➝→ ➌➄
➋➒➈➃→ Ú→➄→➅ ➒➅➓ ➋➈➙ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫ ➉➄➁→ ➒➅➓ ❐→ âž§âžâžŒâ†•Ă„âž„âž„âž…âžŠ
➌➄➅ ➋➠➡➄ ➹➀Ê ➉➅➊ ➋➏Þ➄➄➃➄ ➆➃➄ ➩➛➫
7❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ✞✟ ✆✠✡☛ ☞✌✍ ✎✆✏✁❄✑✁✁✒✓
❄✔✕✖✗
❱✘✙✚ âœ›âœœâœąâœŁâœąâœ€ ✘✱ âœ„âœąâœŠâœ§â˜… ✩✙★âœȘ✫ ✛✬❱✭ âœźâœ˜âœąâœźâœ€ ✯✱✰✭✩ ✘✱ âœœâœŹâœ±âœ°âœČ✱✩
❣✱âœȘ✭✱ ❣✳✮ âœŻâœ­âœ” âœ„âœąâœŠâœ§â˜… ★âœȘ✫ SI âœČ✱❡✱✘ ✼✙ âœ›âœŹâœ˜âœąâœ¶ âœ›âœŹâœąâœ·âœ­ ❱✘✾ âœč✱
✙✘✭âœȘ ❣✳❧ –
âœ„âœąâœŠâœ§â˜… ✘✱ SI âœČ✱❡✱✘ =
âœș ✻
❊✌
♠
✰✱ kg m–3
✰❣ âœČ✱❡✱✘ â€âŁâœœâœ­ â€âœŸâœżâœą ❣✳✮ âœ¶âœ™âœąâœ°âœŠâ âœ›âœŹâœąâœ°âœ” âœ„âœąâœŠâœ§â˜… ✘✱âœȘ
g cm–3
âœČâœȘ❧ ✱✰❂✭ ✘✶✭âœȘ ❣✳❧❃ âœč❣✱❅ âœœâœŹâœ±âœ°âœČ✱✩ ✘✱âœȘ ❆✬✱âœČ (g) âœČâœȘ❧ âœŻâœąâœłâœ¶
✯✱✰✭✩ ✘✱âœȘ cm3
âœČâœȘ❧ ✱✰❂✭ ❱✘✰✱ âœč✱✭✱ ❣✳✮
r✔❇
✭✱✛ ✘✱âœȘ âœČ✱✛✩âœȘ ★âœȘ✫ ✭✚✩ ✙✱âœČ✱❈✰ ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ ❣✳❧ – °C â‰âąâœŸâ†âœŹâœš
✙âœȘ❱❊✙✰✙❋❃ °F â‰âąâœŸâ†âœŹâœš âœ›âœ«âœąâœ¶âœȘ✩❣✱✼●❋ âœŻâœąâœłâœ¶ K ❉★âœȘâœ«âąâŠâ˜…âœŠâ‹âœŽ ✰❣✱❅
K ❉★âœȘâœ«âąâŠâ˜…âœŠâ‹ SI âœČ✱❡✱✘ ❣✳✮ ✼✩ ✛✳âœČ✱✩✱âœȘ❧ ✛✶ âœŻâœąââœąâœąâąâœ¶âœ­ ✭✱✛âœČ✱❱✛✰✱âœȘ❧
✘✱âœȘ ❱❞❡✱ ■❏❑ âœČâœȘ❧ ❱✜â–Č✱✱✰✱ ❆✰✱ ❣✳✮ âœ™âœąââœąâœąâœ¶â–Œâœąâœ­âœ°âœą ✙âœȘ❱❊✙✰✙ ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ
★✱♩âœȘ ✭✱✛âœČ✱❱✛✰✱âœȘ❧ ✘✱âœȘ 0° ✙âœȘ 100° ✭✘ ✯❧◆✱✱❧❱✘✭ ❱✘✰✱ âœč✱✭✱
❣✳❃ âœč❣✱❅ ✰âœȘ ✜✱âœȘ✩✱âœȘ❧ ✭✱✛ ❖âœČâ—†âœąâœ” âœč♩ ★âœȘ✫ ❱❣âœČ✱❧✘ âœŻâœąâœłâœ¶ ❂★✣✱✩✱❧✘
❣✳❧✮ âœ›âœ«âœąâ‚Źâœ¶âœȘ✩❣✱✼● ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ ✘✱âœȘ 32°F âœŻâœąâœłâœ¶ 212° ★âœȘ✫ âœČ❍✰ ✱✰❂✭
❱✘✰✱ âœč✱✭✱ ❣✳✮ ✼✩ ✜✱âœȘ✩✱âœȘ❧ ✛✳âœČ✱✩✱âœȘ❧ ✛✶ ✭✱✛ ✞✘◗✜❘✙✶âœȘ ✙âœȘ
❱✩❙✩❱♩❱â–Č✱✭ ❚✛ âœČâœȘ❧ ✙❧❀❧❱❍✱✭ ❣✳❯
❱ âČ❳ ❚ ❳ ❩
❬
❭ âȘ ❫❎
❔
★âœȘâœ«âąâŠâ˜…âœŠ ✛✳âœČ✱✩✱ ✙âœȘ❱❊✙✰✙ ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ ✙âœȘ ✼✙ âœ›âœŹâœ˜âœąâœ¶ ✙❧❀❧❱❍✱✭ ❣✳❯
❛ ❜ ❝❀ ✐ ♄♣qst✉
✰❣ âœč✱✩✩✱ âœˆâąâžâœ˜âœ¶ ❣✱âœȘ❆✱ ❱✘ 0°C ✙âœȘ ✘âœČ ✭✱✛ â‰âœŻâœŁâœąâœąâœ€âœ­âœ‡
âźâ–Œâœąâœąâœ§âœČ✘ âœČ✱✩❋ ✙âœȘ❱❊✙✰✙ ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ ✛✶ ✭✱âœȘ ✙❧①✱★ ❣✳❃ ✛✶❧✭✜
★âœȘâœ«âąâŠâ˜…âœŠ ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ ✛✶ ✭✱✛ ✘✱ âźâ–Œâœąâœąâœ§âœČ✘ âœČ✱✩ ✙❧①✱★ ✩❣✚❧ ❣✳✮
②⑱④ ⑀⑄⑊⑧ ⑀⑚⑩ ❶❷⑧❷❞âčâșâșâ‘„
âœ¶âœ™âœąâœ°âœŠ ★âœȘ✫ ✯❍✰✰✩ âœČâœȘ❧ ✯✩âœȘ✘ â€âœąâœ¶ ❣âœČâœȘ❧ ✛✬✱✰✱âœȘ❱❆✘ âœŻâœąâ…âœ˜âœŸâœżâœąâœȘ❧ ★âœȘ✫
✙✱✣✱ ✙✱✣✱ âœ™âœłâ»âœąâ§âąâœ­âœ˜ â†â–ŒâœąâœŠâœąâœŻâœąâœȘ❧ ✛✶ âąâ˜…âžâœąâœ¶ âœ˜âœ¶âœŠâœą ❣✱âœȘ✭✱ ❣✳✮
✙❧â–Č✰✱✯✱âœȘ❧ ✘✱ âœ™âœ¶â™Šâœ­âœą ✙âœȘ ✙❧❞✱♩✩ âœ˜âœ¶âœŠâœą ✭✣✱✱ âœŻâœąâ…âœ˜âœŸâœżâœąâœȘ❧ ✘✱âœȘ
✰✣✱✱◗ ✙❧①✱★ ❱✩❱◆❞✭✭✱ ★âœȘ✫ ✙✱✣✱ âœ°âœŁâœąâœąâœŁâœąâœ€ âœ›âœŹâŒâœ­âœœâąâœ­ ✘✶✊âœȘ ★âœȘ✫
âœŻâœŁâœąâœ€âœ›â˜â–Œâœąâœ€ ✭✶✚★âœȘ✫ ①✱✚ ❣✳❧✮ ✼❈❣✚❧ âœČ✭✱âœȘ❧ ✛✶ ✩✚❞âœȘ âąâ˜…âŒâœ­âœąâœ¶ ✙âœȘ âąâ˜…âžâœąâœ¶
❱✘✰✱ âœč✱ âœ¶âŁâœą ❣✳✮
âœâŸâżâž€ ➁➂➃ ➄➅➆➇➈ ➉➅➊ ➋➆➌➇ ➉➍➈➊ ➎➊➏ ➐➎➐➑➅➒➈ ➓➅➔➅➉
→➣↔↕ ➙➛➜ ➝➞➟➠➡ ➹➞➀➥➄ ➊➄➧ ➚➊➚➩➞➫➥ ➭➀➯âžČ➳➞
→➣↔↕ ➙➛➔ ➠➞➀ ➊➄➧ ➚➩➞➫➥➞➚➩➞➫➥ ➀âžș➹➞➥➞➄➻ ➊➞➌➄ âž âžžâž€âžąâžžâž€âžœ
8 ❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄
❧✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✡✍✎
❱✏✑✒✓✔✕✒✖ ✗✒ ✖✘✙✚ ✛✜✱✣✒ ✖✒✀✄ ✩✓✧ ✖✒★✒✏ ✏✘ âœ€âąâœšâœ©âœ’âœ’âœȘ✒✒
âąâœ„âąâœŁâœ«âœŹ ✏✚✄✓ ✩✓✧ âœ€âœŁâœ«âœ’âœŹâœ­ âœŠâœźâœŻâœ’âąâœ„âœâœ’âœ“âœ° ✄✓ ✛✰✜✩✒✱âœČ✖✒★✒✏✒✓✰ ✏✘
✈✒✩✣✗✏✬✒ âœˆâœ„âœłâœ©âœ’âœŠ ✏✘✮ ✬✒❱✏ ✛✩✒✘ ✖✒✀✄âœČ✔✀✏✚✶✒✒✓✰ ✏✒✓
âœ–âœ’âœ„âœâœ˜âĄâœŹ ❱✏✗✒ ✷✒ ✛✩✓✧✾ ✖✘✙✚âœČâœčâœș✻✒✓✰✎ ❱✩✣✑✓âœȘ✒✘✗ ✬✳✑✒✈✒✓✰
✈✒❱✜ ✔✀✏✚✶✒✒✓✰ ✏✒✓ ✔✄✊✓✧ âąâœ„âœ–âœ’âœ±âœŹâœ’âœˆâœ’âœ“âœ° ✌✒✚✒ ✈✰✣✒✒✰❱✏✬ ❱✏✗✒
✔✗✒ ①✼✮ ✬✒❱✏ ✩✓ âąâœŠâœŁâœŠâœ›âœ„âœ˜âœ— ✖✒✀✄ ✜✓ ✛✩✓✰✧✮ âœ€âœšâœ°âœŹâœł ✜✄✖✓✰ ✛✓
✀✕✐✗✓✏ ✔✀✏✚✶✒ ✏✒✓ ❱✏✛✘ ✛✰✜✩✒✱ ✩✓✧ ✛✒✀✓✟✒ âœ–âœ’âœ„âœâœ˜âĄâœŹ ❱✏✗✒
✔✗✒ ✿✒✒✾ ✛✄✭ ❀❁❁❂ ✛✓ ✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✏✒ ✖✒✄✏ ❱✏✑✒✓✔✕✒✖ ①✼✮ ✷✒✓
Ú✒❄✛ ✩✓✧ ✛✓❅✕✓✛ ✖✓✰ â†âœ‘âœ“âąâœ™âœ„âœ–âœČâœœâąâœšâąâœș✗✖ (Pt-Ir) ❱✛❱✑✰âœș✚ ✩✓✧
✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✩✓✧ ♄✀ ✖✓✰ âœ€âąâœšâœ©âœ’âœ’âąâœȘ✒✬ ❱✏✗✒ ✔✗✒ ①✼✮ ✷✒✓ ✩✒✒✚ ✬✿✒✒
✖✒✀✄ ✩✓✧ âœˆâœ°âœŹâœšâœ’âœ±âœȘ✙❇✘✗ ❈✗❉✚✒✓ ✖✓✰ ❊✏ ①✩✒❅✰✜ ❱âœș❈❅✓ ✖✓✰ ✚❋✒✒ ①✳✈✒
①✼✾ ✜✛ ✖✒✄✏ ✩✓✧ ❱✑❊ Pt-Ir ✏✘ ❱✖❞●✒✒✬✳ ✏✒ ✫✗✄ ❱✏✗✒
✔✗✒✮ ❍✗✒✓✰❱✏ ✗① âœšâœ’âœ›âœ’âœ—âąâœ„âœ âœˆâąâœ©âœ’âąâ– âœ—âœ’ ✩✓✧ âœ€âœ•âąâœŹ ✈✩✚✒✓●✒✘ ①✼
✈✒✼✚ ✈❱✬ ✜✘❏✒✱ ✏✒✑ ✬✏ ✜✛✊✓✧ ✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✖✓✰ ✏✒✓✜✱ âœ€âąâœšâœŠâœŹâœ±âœ„
✄①✘✰ ✈✒❊✔✒✾
✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✩✓✧ ✄❊ ✖✒★✒✏ ✩✓✧ ❱✑❊ âœŠâœźâœŻâœ’âąâœ„âœâœ”âœ¶âœ’ âœ€âœ•âœ—âœâœ„âœŁâœ’âœ˜âœ‘
①✼✰✾ ✜✛✊✓✧ ❱✑❊ ✈✒✩✒✓✔✒✜✕✒✓ ❱❣✿✒✚✒✰✏ ✏✒ âœ—âœżâœ’âœ’âœżâœ’âœ±âœ€âœšâœ âąâœ„â—âœ’âœ’âœ±âœšâœ¶âœ’
❱✏✗✒ ✷✒ ✚①✒ ①✼✾ ❊✏ âœ€âœ•âąâœŹâœœâœŁâœ’âœ± ✏✘ âœ›âœłâœ€âąâœšâœ©âœ’âœ’âąâœȘ✒✬ ✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✖✓✰
âœ€âœšâœ–âœ’âœ¶âœ’âœłâœˆâœ’âœ“âœ° ✏✘ ✛✰❋✗✒ ✩✓✧ âœ—âœżâœ’âœ’âœżâœ’âœ± ✖✒✀✄ ✀✚ ✜✛ ✄❊ ✖✒✄✏ ✀✚
✏✒✗✱ ✩✓✰✧❱✜✕✬ ①✼✾ ❊✓✛✘ ❊✏ âœ€â‘âąâœŹâœŽ âąâœ·âœ›âœ–âœ“âœ° ✈❱✬❱✩✣✒✳❑ ❱✛❱✑✏✒â–Č✄
✩✓✧ ❱■❣✙✑ ✩✓✧ ✀✚✖✒✶✒✊✘✗ ❏✒✄✐✊ ✏✒✓ ❊❍✛âœČ✚✓ ✌✒✚✒ ✖✒✀✒ âœ·âœ’âœŹâœ’
①✼✮ ✏✘ ✣✒✳❑✬✒ ❀▌◆ ✖✓✰ ❊✏ ✈✰✣✒ ①✼✾ ✜✛✓ ✈✩✒✘ ✬✏ ✖✒✄✏ ✩✓✧
♄✀ ✖✓✰ ❣✩✘✏✒✚ ✄①✘✰ ❱✏✗✒ ✔✗✒ ①✼✾ ✈✒✼✚ ✩✒✘ âœ€â‘âąâœŹâœ—âœ’â– ①✼✰✮ âœ€âœšâœ°âœŹâœł
✜✄✖✓✰ ✛✓ ✏✒✓✜✱ ✩✒✘ âœ€â‘âąâœŹ ✈✩✒✘ Pt - Ir âœčâœș✻ ✩✓✧ âąâœŠâœâ‚Źâœ€ ✩✓✧ ♄✀
✖✓✰ âœ›âœ–âœżâœ’âœ± ✄①✘✰ ①✼✾ ❊✓✛✘ ✈✒✣✒✒ ✏✘ ✷✒ ✛✏✬✘ ①✼ ❱✏ âœŠâœŹâœ±âœ–âœ’âœ„
✜✣✒✏ ✖✓✰ ✏✒✓✜✱ âœ›âœ–âœłâąâœ«âœŹ âœŠâœźâœâąâ‚Źâœ€âœ ✖✒✄✏ ❱✩✏❱✛✬ ❱✏✗✒ ✷✒
✛✩✓✧✔✒✾
✈✒✚✰✩✒ ✖✓✰ 0°C (273.15 K) ✀✚ ✚❋✒✘ ❊✏ Pt-Ir âœčâœș✻
✀✚ ✜✒✓ âąâœ„âąâœŁâœ«âœŹ âąâœ«â——âœ’âœ“âœ° ✩✓✧ ✖●✗ ✏✘ ✑✰❅✒✜✱ ✏✒✓ ❘✖✘✙✚❙ âœ€âąâœšâœ©âœ’âœ’âąâœȘ✒✬
❱✏✗✒ ✔✗✒ ✿✒✒✾ ✛✄✭ ❀❂❚▌ ✖✓✰ ✖✘✙✚ ✏✘ ✑✰❅✒✜✱ ✏✒✓ ❱■❆✙✒â–Č✄
✑✓✷✚ (Laser) ✛✓ âœ”âœâœ›âąâœ·âœ±âœŹ âœ€âœ•âœâœ’âœŁâœ’ ✏✘ ✬✚✰✔âœČâœœâœźââœ—âœ± ✏✒
1.65076373106
âœ”âœłâœ„âœ’ ✖✒✄✒ ✔✗✒✾ âœ—âŻâąâœ€ ✗① ❊✏
âœˆâœ›âœłâąâœŠâ—âœ’âœ’âœ·âœ„âœ ✛✰❋✗✒ ✿✒✘✮ â±âœŠâœ§âœŹâœł ✗① ✖✘✙✚ ✏✘ ✀❉✊✱ ✛①✖❱✬
✑✰❅✒✜✱ ✏✒✓ ✛①✘ ♄✀ ✖✓✰ âœœâœŁâœ’âœ’âœ±âœŹâœ˜ ①✼✾ ✛✄✭ ❀❂❁② ✖✓✰ CGPM ✌✒✚✒
✖✘✙✚ âœ€âœłâœ„âœ€âœ±âąâœšâœ©âœ’âœ’âąâœȘ✒✬ ❱✏✗✒ ✔✗✒✮ ✷✒✓ âąâœ„âœŠâœ’âœ±âœŹ ✖✓✰ âœ€âœ•âœâœ’âœŁâœ’ ✌✒✚✒
❀âČâłâ‚â‚âšâ©â‚âł ❬❭❁ ✛✓✩✰✧âœș ✖✓✰ ✬✗ ✏✘ ✔✜✱ ✜❉✚✘ ①✼✾ ✑✰❅✒✜✱ ✈✒✼✚
✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✏✘ âœ©âœ’âœ’â–âąâœŹ ✈❄✗ âœ©âœ’âœ’âœźâąâœŹâœ ✚✒❱✣✒✗✒✓✰ ✩✓✧ ❱✑❊ ✩✒✘ ✛✰✜✩✒✱
✖✒✄✏ ①✼✾
âȘ❫❎❫âȘ ❔❛❜❝❀❊♠ â™Šâ™Łâ”qrs❊
t✉✇⑱④ â‘€â‘„â‘Šâœ‡â‘Ł ⑧t⑚✇⑩✇❶❷✇❞âč ❷✇âșt ❷⑩✇❶❷✇❞âč ⑄❞❻ â·âŒâ‘ąâ‘ąâ‘Ł ✉❾ ✉âč❜âč⑀❌✇❟
❿âș➀ â‘€âžâ‘Łâ‘„âžâ» â·âž‚â‘ąâč❟ ➃⑹ ➄➅➆⑱⑹✇④ âżâœ‡âžâŸâž ❿âșâč ❷✇âșt â·âž‚â‘ąâ‘€âŒâœ‡âžƒ ✉âč➇⑱✇
âżâœ‡âžâŸâžˆ ❿âș➉ ❷❟➊ ⑀➃✉➈ t✉✇⑱④⑩ ➃✇❾ 2g ❿✇➋➌➍✇❾➁④ ⑄❞❻ ❷⑩✇❶❷✇❞âč ⑄❞❻
⑀➎➏ ➐➐➑➀ ➑➒➒➀ ➒➒➒➀ ➒➒➒➀ ➒➒➒➀ ➒➒➒➀ ➒➒➒➀ ➒➒➒ ➁âș✉➈
❜➌➓➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇ ⑱✇ ❿✇➋➌➍✇❾➁④ ⑧t⑚✇⑩✇❶ ⑄❞❻ ➄➅➆⑱⑹✇④ ⑄❞❻ ⑀➎➏
➒➔➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒→➐➐ g ➁âș✉➈ ➣✇❾↔➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇
⑄❞❻ ✉✇↕✇ ➃✇⑹ ➃t④✇ ⑧➌➓ ✉➃❟✇ ❿âș➉ ➋✉➈ ⑧➅➃✇t ➙➎✇âč➃ â‘€â‘Łâ‘ąâŸâœ‡âč➃➀
⑧➅➃✇➛✇ ➃✇ ⑄❞➜➀ ➃⑩✇✇❞âč ⑧t ❷✇⑄❞➛✇ ❷✇⑀➄ ⑹❾âč ➝✇➈ ➮⑧t ⑀➄➏ ➜➏
⑧⑀t⑚✇⑩✇ ⑄✇➎➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇➏➞ âżâœ‡âžâŸâžˆ ❿âșâč➉ ➏➃ ➟✇⑩✇ ⑄❞❻ ⑀➎➏ âž‹âŸâ‘Łâžˆ ✉✇t➈
➛✇➠➡⑱✇❾âč ⑄✇➎➈ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ➃✇❾ â‘€âžŽâž‡âœ‡â‘Łâœ‡ ❷✇âșt â‘€âžœâ‘Łâ‘Łâœ‡ ⑹➱✇❾➄✇t ➎➜
✉➃❟✇ ❿âș➀ ⑧tâč❟❶ ➋④ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ⑄❞❻ ✉✇↕✇ ✉t➎ âžœâ‘€â‘©âœ‡âŸâžˆâ‘ą â‘§âž…âž€âœ‡âžŽâ‘Ł
➄➁âș✉❾ – ➁✇❾➌➓④✇➀ ➩✇↔✇④✇➀ ➜❶⑩✇✇ ➃t④✇ ⑱✇ ➝✇✇➜ ➄❾④✇➧ ✉➀⑚❶➀ ➏➃
âž€â¶â‘Łâœ‡âș❟➈ ❿âș➉ ➮⑧t ➄➈ ➜➋➹ â‘€âžƒâžĄâżâžˆâč ➄✇❾ ⑧➅➃✇t ➃➈ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ➃✇❾ ❷✇⑧
⑀➎⑀➇✇➏ ❷✇âșt ➩④⑧t ➃✇❞➋➫ ➝✇➈ âžœâ‘€â‘©âœ‡âŸâžˆâ‘ą â‘§âž…âž€âœ‡âžŽâ‘Ł ➃➈⑀➁➏➀ ❟✇⑀➃
❷✇⑧ ✉❿➈ ⑧➅➃✇t ✉❾ ⑱❿ ✉⑹➭ ✉⑄❞âč❻ ⑀➃ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ⑄❞❻ ✉✇↕✇ âžƒâœ‡â‘ąâž«
➃t④✇ â‘„âžŻâŸâ¶âŸâžŠ â‘€âžƒâŸâ‘Łâœ‡ ➃⑀âžČ④ ❿âș➉
➋✉ ➃⑀âžČâ‘Łâœ‡âž‹âž« ➃✇❾ ➋④ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ⑄❞❻ ⑀➎➏ â‘„âșâ‘Šâœ‡â‘€â‘Łâžƒâž€ â·â†•âœ‡âœ‡âž«âŸâžł
➀t➊✇✇❟✇âč➃➈ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑄❞❻ âž©â‘§â‘ąâœ‡âžâžœ ➔✇t✇ ❿➎ â‘€âžƒâ‘ąâœ‡ ➁✇ ✉➃❟✇ ❿âș➉
➋✉ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑹❾âč ⑀➃✉➈ ➝✇➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇ ➃✇❾ N 10n
⑄❞❻ ➾⑧ ⑹❾âč
⑀➎➇✇✇ ➁✇❟✇ ❿âș➀ ⑀➁✉⑚❞âč n ➀t➊✇✇❟✇âč➃ ❿âș➉ ➋✉➃✇ ⑹✇④ âŒâœ‡â‘Łâœ‡âž‚â‘šâžƒ
⑱✇ âžș⑩✇✇➂⑚➃ ❿✇❾ ✉➃❟✇ ❿âș ❷✇âșt N ➃✇ ⑹✇④ →➔➒➒➒➔➔➔ ❷✇âșt
➻➔➻➻➻➔➔➔ ⑄❞❻ â‘šâŒâ‘ą ➃✇❞➋➫ ➝✇➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇ ❿✇❾ ✉➃❟➈ ❿âș➉ N ➃✇❾ ⑀➌⑀➁↔
↔⑚➫ ➃t❟❞ ❿âșâč➉
❷❟➊ â‘„âșâ‘Šâœ‡â‘€â‘Łâžƒ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑹❾âč 232.508 ➃✇❾ 2.32508
102
⑄❞❻ ➾⑧ ⑹❾âč ⑀➎➇✇✇ ➁✇❟✇ ❿âș➉ âŒâ‘ąâœ‡â‘Ł ➄➈⑀➁➏ ⑀➃ ➏❾✉✇ ⑀➎➇✇❟❞
✉⑹⑱ ➄➛✇⑚➎⑄ ➃✇❾ ➄✇❾ ➯↕✇✇④ ❜✇➋➚ ❷✇❞t ➎❾ ➁✇⑱✇ ➜⑱✇ ❿âș ❷✇âșt
â‘„âșâ‘Šâœ‡â‘€â‘Łâžƒ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑹❾âč â‘„âż ➄➑➧ →➒ ➃✇ ➀t➊✇✇❟✇âč➃ ❿âș➉
➋✉➈ ⑧➅➃✇t ➒➔➒➒➒→➐ ➃✇❾ 1.6 10–4
➃➈ ❟t❿ ⑀➎➇✇✇
➁✇ ✉➃❟✇ ❿âș➉ ⑱❿✇➞ ➏❾✉✇ ➃t❟❞ ✉⑹⑱ ➄➛✇⑚➎⑄ ➃✇❾ ➀✇t ➯↕✇✇④
➄✇➋➹ ❷✇❞t ➎❾ ➁✇⑱✇ ➜⑱✇ ❿âș ❷✇âșt â‘„âșâ‘Šâœ‡â‘€â‘Łâžƒ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑹❾âč (–4)
➀t➊✇✇❟✇âč➃ ❿âș➉
â‘„âșâ‘Šâœ‡â‘€â‘Łâžƒ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑹❾âč âž†â‘ąâžŒâŸ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ⑧t âžœâ‘€â‘©âœ‡âŸâžˆâ‘ą â‘§âž…âž€âœ‡âžŽâ‘Ł
➃t❟❞ ✉⑹⑱ ❿⑹❾âč â‘€â‘Łâžœâ‘Łâ‘€âžŽâ‘€âž‡âœ‡âŸ ❜✇❟✇❞âč ➃✇❾ âŒâ‘ąâœ‡â‘Ł ⑹❾âč t➇✇④✇ âž€âœ‡â‘€âżâžâ€“
➟➚âžȘ➶➶ âžč➶➘➷ âžŹâž¶âž¶âžŸ ➟➷➱➶
➋④ ➄✇❾ ➃✇⑱✇❾➹ ⑄❞❻ ⑀➎➏ ➀t➊✇✇❟✇âč➃➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇ ⑄✇➎❞ ⑀④⑹⑚ ➎✇➜➠ âżâœ‡âžâŸâž
❿âșâčâč➉ ➁âș✉❾ –
✃ ❐ ✃ ❐
❒❼
❒❼
❒❰
ÏÐÑ ÒÓ ÑÐÔ ÒÓ Õ ÏÐÑ ÑÐÔ ÒÓ
Õ ÏÐÑ ÑÐÔ ÒÓ
Õ Ö×ÐÑØ ÒÓ
Õ ÖÐ×ÑØ ÒÓ
Ù ÙÛ Û
Û Û
Û
Û
9❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ✞✟ ✆✠✡☛ ☞✌✍ ✎✆✏✁❄✑✁✁✒✓
✈✔✕✖
✷ ✗ ✷ ✗✟✘✜ ✶✙ ✚✘âœș ✶✙ ❂ ✟✘✜ ✚✘âœș âœ¶âœ™Ă— ✛ ✛ ✛
✜ ✱✣ âœ€âœłâœ„ ✩✳✧ ★✔✩ âœȘ✫ ✬âœč✭✼✯ âœ°âœŻâœ±
✌✫ ✬✭âœč✼✯ âœ°âœŻâœ±
râœČ✔✔
✮ ✞✻ ✿
❀
❀ ❀❁
❁
❃
❄
❄ ❅ ➊❆
❅
➊❇
❈❉❊ ❋●
❍ ❈❉❊ ■❉■ ❋● ❍ ●❉❏❑●❑ ❋●
■❉■ ❋●
❍ ❏❉❑●❑ ❋●
â–Č
â–Č
â–Œâ—†â–â‚Ź ◗❘❙◆ ❚◆❯❘ ❱◆âČ◆❙◆
❜❳ ❚✔❩ âŹâœ”â­âœ”â©âȘ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ âžâĄâ›â© âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ âŹâœ”â© ❜❱ ❞✐❬✔✖ â”â›â€âœ”âłâœ”
❞❊❧r✔ ❡✕ â”âŹ â™ âłâ«â©âŽ ♄✖♊✔✔r✔❣❬ ❱♣✔❳ âĄâœ”â©âŁq â™ âąâ«â©âŽ s✔❹ âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ
âŹâœ”â© t✔❩❊❧✔ ❭✔ ♩✔✉✔❭✔ t✔ ❱❬r✔ ❡✕q
✈r✇ 6.65 104
✈✔✕✖ 8.95 103
❬✔ ❭✔❩① âŹâœ–âłâ©
❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ âžâĄâ›â© ♠❳❬✔ ♄✖♊✔✔r✔❣❬ ❱♣✔❳ âŹâœ–â«â©âŽ ❜❱ ❞✐❬✔✖ ❔❛❀✔✔
t✔r✔ ❡✕②
6.65 104
+ 0.895 104
âœâąâ«â©âŽ s✔❹ âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ âŹâœ”â© ❜❱ ❞✐❬✔✖ t✔❩❊❧✔ t✔ ❱❬r✔ ❡✕②
(6.65 + 0.895) 104
= 7.545 104
❜❱⑱ ❞✐❬✔✖ ❚✔❩ âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ âŹâœ”â© â­âœ”â©âŁ ♩✔✉✔❭✔ t✔ ❱❬r✔ ❡✕②
2.5 10–2
– 4.8 10–3
= (2.5 10–2
) – (0.48 10–2
)
= (2.5 – 0.48) 10-2
= 2.02 10–2
④⑀⑄⑀⑊ ⑧⑚⑩⑚❶❷ ❞âč❷
❞✐âșâ­â©âŹ âžâœâœ”â­âœ”â©â”â‘ âŹ ♣✔❞❳ â™Łâ©âŁ ❫❻❎❌ ❳ ❫❻❎❌ âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔ ✈❫❜❭
âĄâœ”â©r⑱ âĄâœ•âŸ ❞✖❣r❻ âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł âąâšâœ•â« ❞❔✖❜✔❻➀ ✈✔✕✖ ❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁❞✖❬ âĄâœ”â©âłâ©
â™„âœ”â”âĄâq ts ➂✔⑱ ❡♣ ♣✔❞❳ ❬⑱ s✔r ❬✖r❩ âĄâœ•âŁâŸ rs ❞❔✖❜✔❻➀r✔
✈✔✕✖ ❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁ âŹâœ”â© ➂✔⑱ ➃❭✔❳ â™Łâ©âŁ ✖❀✔✔ t✔r✔ ❡✕q
➄➅➆➇➈➉➋➌➈ â”âŹâąâ‘ą ➂✔⑱ ✖✔❔❜✔ ❫❩❎ â”â«â”âž‚âœ”âžâł â™Łâœ”âžâłâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎
❱✔♣⑱➎❭ âŹâœ”â© ➏❭➐r ❬✖r⑱ ❡✕q ❞✖❣r❻ ➑➒➈➈➒➈➓➄➆➔➌➈ â”âŹâąâ‘ą
❔❫❔❜✔→✉ âžâœâœ”â­âœ”â©â”â‘ âŹ ♣✔❳ ❫❩❎ â«âœ”âžŁrâ”â«âŹ ♣✔❳ âąâ© â™Łâ©â› âœ–â€âœ”âłâ© âŹâœ”â©
➏❭➐r ❬✖r⑱ ❡✕q ♠❹✔❡✖❿✔ ❫❩❎ â”â›ââ‘Ą ❭❔❚ â”âŹâąâ‘ą âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł ❬✔
❱❡⑱ ♣✔❳ 2.00 g ❡✕ ✈✔✕✖ ❝❬ ❔❫↔✔âœČ✔⑱➁ ↕❬➙ ❚✔❩ ♣✔❞❳ ❬✖r✔
âĄâœ•âŸ â™ âąâ© 1.95 g ✈✔✕✖ 1.93 g âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł ❞✐✔➎r âĄâœ”â©r❩ ❡✕❣q ââŹâž›âšâžœâąâœ–â©
❫❩❎ sâĄâ»r ❞✔❱ âĄâœ”â©âłâ© ❫❩❎ ❬✔✖❿✔ ❭❩ ♣✔❳ ❞❔✖❜✔❻➀ âĄâœ•âŁâŸ ❞✖❣r❻
❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁❞✖❬ ❳❡⑱❣ ❡✕❣q ❹➜❱✖✔ ❔❫↔✔âœČ✔⑱➁ ↕❀✔➙ ❜➍❡⑱❣ ❚✔❩ â™Łâœ”âžâłâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎
❔❛❝ 1.94 g ✈✔✕✖ 2.05 g âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł ❞✐✔➎r ❬✖r✔ ❡✕q ❭❩ âšâœ”â©âłâœ”â©âŁ
âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł ❳ r✔❩ ❞❔✖❜✔❻➀ ❡✕❣ ✈✔✕✖ ❳ ❡⑱ ❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁❞✖❬q râ‘ąâąâœ–â© ❔❫↔✔âœČ✔⑱➁
↕①➙ âŹâœ”â© ❜❳ â™Łâœ”âžâłâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ 2.01 g ✈✔✕✖ 1.99 g âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł ❞✐✔➎r
âĄâœ”â©r❩ ❡✕❣q ❭❩ ♣✔❳ ❞❔✖❜✔❻➀ ➂✔⑱ ❡✕❣ ✈✔✕✖ ❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁❞✖❬ ➂✔⑱q âœâąâ© râœ”â”â›âŹâœ”
1.4 â™Łâ©âŁ ❔❚❀✔✔❝ ①❝ ➝❞ âąâ© ✈✔✕✖ ✈✔❱✔❳⑱ âąâ© ❱♣➞✔ t✔ ❱❬r✔ ❡✕q
âžâœâœ”â­âœ”â©â”â‘ âŹ ❭✔ âžâ”âœ–âŹâ”â›r â™Łâœ”âłâœ”â©âŁ â™Łâ©âŁ âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔ âŹâœ”â© ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬
âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ ❬⑱ âąâŁâ€â­âœ” ➟✔✖✔ ➏❭➐r â”âŹâ­âœ” t✔r✔ ❡✕q ➠➈➒➈➓➔ ➡➱➔ ❫❩
✈âœČ✔➁❞➜❿✔➁ ✈❣❬ âĄâœ”â©r❩ âĄâœ•âŁâŸ t✔❩ â”âłâ”âœâ™„r ➝❞ âąâ© ➀✔r âĄâœ”â©âŁq âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔
âŹâœ”â© ➏❭➐r âŹâœ–âłâ© ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ âžâĄâ›â© â”âłâ”âœâ™„r ✈❣❬ ❔❛❀✔❩ t✔r❩ ❡✕❣ ✈✔✕✖
âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔ ✈❣❬ âŹâœ”â© âœˆâŁâ”r♣ ✈❣❬ ❫❩❎ ➝❞ â™Łâ©âŁ ❔❛❀✔✔ t✔r✔ âĄâœ•âŸ
✈âœČ✔✔➁r➄ ❭❔❚ ❡♣ â”âŹâąâ‘ą âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł âŹâœ”â© 11.2 mL ❫❩❎ ➝❞ â™Łâ©âŁ
â”â›â€âœ”â©âŁâŸ r✔❩ ❡♣ ❭❡ ❱♣➞r❩ ❡✕❣ â”âŹ 11 â”âłâ”âœâ™„r ✈✔✕✖ 2 âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„r
❡✕ râœČ✔✔ âœˆâŁâ”r♣ ✈❣❬ â™Łâ©âŁ ±1 ❬⑱ âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔ âĄâœ”â©â‘ â‘ąq ❭❔❚ ❫❻❎❌
✈✔✕✖ ❳ sr✔❭✔ ①❭✔ âĄâœ”â©âŸ r✔❩ âœˆâŁâ”r♣ ✈❣❬ â™Łâ©âŁ âąâšâœ•â« ±1 ❬⑱
âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔ â”âłâ”âĄr ♣✔❳⑱ t✔r⑱ ❡✕q
❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ âŹâœ”â© â”âłâžƒâœ”âœ”âžâ”âœ–r âŹâœ–âłâ© ❫❩❎ ❫❻❎❌ â”âłâ­â™Ł ❡✕❣q t✔❩❟
❭❡✔➩ ❔❚❝ t✔ âœ–âĄâ© ❡✕❣ –
(1) ❱➂✔⑱ ①✕✖➛❜✔➜➍❭ ✈❣❬ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âĄâœ”â©r❩ ❡✕❣q ♠❹✔❡✖❿✔ ❫❩❎ â”â›ââ‘Ą
285 cm â™ŁâŁâ© r⑱❳ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ✈✔✕✖ 0.25 mL â™Łâ©âŁ ❚✔❩
❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❡✕❣q
(2) ❞✐âœČ✔♣ ①✕✖➛❜✔➜➍❭ ✈❣❬ âąâ© âžâĄâ›â© âœˆâœ”âłâ© ❫✔❛❩ ❜✔➜➍❭ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬
❳❡⑱❣ âĄâœ”â©r❩q ââ©âąâ© ❜✔➜➍❭ ❫❩❎❫❛ âšâœâœ”â™Łâ›â« ❬⑱ â”âžŁâœČ✔❔r âŹâœ”â©
sr✔r❩ ❡✕❣q ✈r ✇ ➧➚➧➩ â™Łâ©âŁ ❫❩❎❫❛ ❝❬ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ✈✔✕✖
➧➚➧➧➫➭ â™Łâ©âŁ ❚✔❩ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❡✕❣q
(3) ❚✔❩ ①✕✖➛❜✔➜➍❭ âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎ ♣➃❭ â”âžŁâœČ✔r ❜✔➜➍❭ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âĄâœ”â©r❩ ❡✕❣q
✈r✇ ➭➚➧➧➫ â™Łâ©âŁ ♄✔✖ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❡✕❣q
(4) â”âŹâąâ‘ą ✈❣❬ ❬⑱ ❹✔❜âȘ ✈✔❩✖ ❭✔ ✈❣r â™Łâ©âŁ âœˆâœ”âłâ© ❫✔❛❩ ❜✔➜➍❭
❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âĄâœ”â©r❩ âĄâœ•âŁâŸ ❞✖❣r❻ â™ âłâ«â©âŽ ❔❛❝ ❜✔r➁ ❭❡ ❡✕ â”âŹ ❫❩
âšâœâœ”â™Łâ›â« ❬⑱ ❹✔❜âȘ ✈✔❩✖ â”âžŁâœČ✔r âĄâœ”â©âŁq ♠❹✔❡✖❿✔ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝
➧➚➭➧➧ â™Łâ©âŁ r⑱❳ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ âĄâœ•âŁâŸ ❞✖❣r❻ âšâœâœ”â™Łâ›â« â”â«âĄâ‘ąâł
âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ â™Łâ©âŁ ❹✔❜âȘ ✈✔❩✖ ❫❩❎ ❜✔➜➍❭ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ❳❡⑱❣ âĄâœ”â©r❩q ♠❹✔❡✖❿✔
❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ ➯➧➧ â™Łâ©âŁ ❫❩❎❫❛ ❝❬ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❡✕q ❭↔❔❞ ➯➧➧➹
â™Łâ©âŁ r⑱❳ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❡✕ râœČ✔✔ ➯➧➧➹➧ â™Łâ©âŁ ♄✔✖ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬
❡✕q ââ©âąâ‘ą âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ âŹâœ”â© â«âœ•âž€âœ”â”âłâŹ âąâŁâ«â©âŽr❳ â™Łâ©âŁ ❞✐❚❔❜✔➁r ❬✖❳✔
♠❞❭❻➐r âĄâœ”â©r✔ ❡✕q ❡♣ ❝❬ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ ➯➧➧ âŹâœ”â©
1 10
2
, ❚✔❩ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ 1.0 10
2
ââ«âŁ
r⑱❳ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ 1.00 10
2
❔❛❀✔ ❱❬r❩ ❡✕❣q
(5) â«âžŁrâ»âœˆâœ”â©âŁ ❬⑱ â”â‘ âłrâ‘ąâŸ ♠❹✔❡✖❿✔ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ ➭ â‘ â©âŁâšâœ”â©âŁ ❭✔ ➭➧ âœˆâŁâŠâœ”â©âŁ
â™Łâ©âŁ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ ❬⑱ âąâŁâ€â­âœ” ✈❳❣r âĄâœ•âŸ âžâ­âœ”âŁâ©â”âŹ ❭❩ âšâœ”â©âłâœ”â©âŁ ❡⑱
❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁❞✖❬ âąâŁâ€â­âœ”ââžŠ ❡✕❣ ✈✔✕✖ âœâžâĄâ©âŁ âšâœâœ”â™Łâ›â« â”â›â€âœ”âŹâœ– â™ âąâ«â©âŽ
s✔❹ ✈❳❣r ❜✔➜➍❭ â”â›â€âœ”âŹâœ– ➏❭➐r â”âŹâ­âœ” t✔ ❱❬r✔ âĄâœ•âŸ
1 2 ✈✔✕❱r (g)
❌✔âžČ✔ ❬ 1.95 1.93 1.940
❌✔âžČ✔ ❀✔ 1.94 2.05 1.995
❌✔âžČ✔ ① 2.01 1.99 2.000
âžłâžˆâž„âž”/g
➾âžș➻➌➜âžș ➟➚âžȘ ➶âžșâžč➜➘➎âžș➷➏ âžœâžź ➱➻✃❐âžș❒❼➾âžș ➶âžș❰✃ ÏÐâžșâžșÐâžșÑ➾âžș ➜âžș ➻ÒÓ➱Ôâžș
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  • 1.
  • 2. ❍  ✁ ✂ ❞✄☎☎ ✆✆ ✝✞✟ ✠✡☛ ☞☎✌✍✎☞✏✑✒❞
  • 3. ✈ ✁✂✄  ❄☎✆✝✞✟✠ ✡☎☛☞✠✌✠☎✍ ✎✟ âœâœĄâ„âœ‘âœ’â˜Žâ˜Ž ✓✔✕✕✖✗ ✘✙✚☎✛✟ ✜✱ ✣✎ ✀✄✌☎✑✊ ✧✑★ ✩✧âœȘ★✫✟ ✬✟✧✭ ✎☎✑ ✀☎✜❄ ✧✑★ ✬✟✧✭ ✘✑ ✬☎✑✼✯☎ ✬☎✭☎ ✌☎✣✜♣✰ ✠✜ âœŁâœ˜âœ±â˜ŽâœŠâœ› âœŁâœŽâœ›â˜Žâœ€âœŸ âœČ☎✭ ✎✟ ✳✘ âœŁâœ§â„â˜Žâœ˜âœ› ✧✑★ âœŁâœ§âœĄâ„âœŸâœ› ✜✱✮ ✣✬✘✧✑★ âœĄâœ”âœ¶â˜Žâ˜Žâœ§âœ§âœ·â˜Ž ✜✞☎❄✟ âœč✠✧✩âœș☎☎ âœ»â˜ŽâœŹ ✛✎ ✩✧âœȘ★✫ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✌☎❄ ✧✑★ ✀✟✌ ✻✊✛❄☎✫ âœ€âœ­â˜Žâ™Ł ✜✙♣ ✜✱✰ ✭r✍ ❄☎✆✝✞✟✠ ✡☎☛☞✠✌✠☎✍ âœĄâ„ âœ»â˜Žâœœâ˜ŽâœŁâ„âœ› âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœŸâœž âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœ§âœ‘âœŠâ˜… r✘ âœ€âœ™âœŁâœ­âœ â˜ŽâœżâœŸ âœŁâœ§âœŒâ˜Žâ„ âœĄâ„ ✻✞✫ ✎❄✭✑ ✎☎ âœĄâœ”âœ â˜Žâœ˜ ✜✱✰ r✘ âœĄâœ”âœ â˜Žâœ˜ ✾✑✩ ✜❄ ✣✧✆☎✠ ✎☎✑ ♣✎ âœžâąâ˜Žâœ€âœȘ✛ âœżâœŸâœ§â˜Žâ„ ✘✑ ✌☎✑❄ ✿✑✭✑ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœŹâ˜Žâœ­âœŽâ˜Žâ„âœŸ ✎☎✑ ❄✝☎ ✿✑✭✑ ✎✟ âœĄâœ”âœ§âžâœŁâ€â˜Ž ✎☎ âœŁâœ§â„â˜Žâœ‘âœœ âœ·â˜Žâ˜ŽâœŁâœžâœ« ✜✱✰ ✻☎✷☎☎ ✜✱ ✣✎ ✠✑ ✎✿✾ ✜✾✑✩ ❄☎✆✝✞✟✠ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ˜Ž ✭✟✣✛ ✓❂❃❄❅✗ ✾✑✩ ✧✣❆☎✍✛ âœ€â˜Žâœ«ââœ§âœ‘âœŠâ˜…âœŁâœżâœ”âœ› âœč✠✧✩âœș☎☎ ✎✟ âœŁâœżâœ·â˜Žâ˜Ž ✾✑✩ ✎☎✡✯★✟ ✿âœȘ❄ ✛✎ ✫✑ ✬☎♣◗❇✑✰ r✘ âœĄâœ”âœ âœâœ­ ✎✟ âœ˜âœĄâ˜…âœ«âœ›â˜Ž ✻✀ r✘ ✀☎✛ âœĄâ„ âœŁâœ­âœ¶â˜Žâœâ„ ✜✱ ✣✎ ✩✧âœȘ★✫☎✑✊ ✧✑★ âœĄâœ”â˜ŽâœŒâ˜Žâœ âœ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœ»âˆâœ â˜ŽâœĄâœŽ ✀✄✌☎✑✊ ✎☎✑ âœŽâ‰âœĄâœ­â˜Žâœ·â˜ŽâœŸâœ« â‡âœŁâœ›âœŁâœ§âœŁâœœâœ â˜Žâœ‘âœŠ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✘✧☎✫☎✑✊ ✎✟ ✾✿✿ ✘✑ ✘✟✒☎✭✑ ✛âœș☎☎ ✘✟✒☎✭✑ ✧✑★ âœżâ˜Žâœąâ„â˜Žâœ­ âœ»âœĄâœ­âœ‘ ✻✭✙✶☎✧ âœĄâ„ âœŁâœ§âœŒâ˜Žâ„ ✎❄✭✑ ✎☎ ✻✧✘❄ ✿✑✛✑ ✜✱✩✰ ✜✾✑✩ ✠✜ ✾☎✭✭☎ ✜☎✑❇☎ ✣✎ ✠✣✿ ✬❇✜✮ ✘✾✠ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœ»â˜Žâąâ˜Žâ˜ŽâœżâœŸ ✿✟ ✬☎♣✮ ✛☎✑ ✀✄✌✑ âœ€âœźâœŻâ˜Žâœ‘âœŠ âŁâ˜Žâ„â˜Ž ✘☎✱✩✡✟ ❇r✍ ✘âœȘ✌✭☎❝✘☎✞❇✔✟ ✘✑ âœŹâœ™âœźâœŻâœŽâ„ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✬âœȘ✚✎❄ ✭♣ âœČ☎✭ ✎☎ ✘❞✬✭ ✎❄✛✑ ✜✱✩✰ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ˜Ž ✧✑★ âœŁâœ§âœŁâœ§âœœ ✘☎✜✭☎✑✊ ♣✧✩ ✘✔☎✑✛☎✑✊ ✎✟ âœ»âœ­âœżâœ‘âœ’â˜ŽâœŸ ✣✎♣ ✬☎✭✑ ✎☎ âœĄâœ”âœžâœ™âœ’â˜Ž ✎☎❄❆☎ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✎☎✑ âœĄâ„âœŸââ˜Žâ˜Ž ✎☎ ♣✎✾☎❊☎ ✻☎✜☎❄ ✀✭☎✭✑ ✎✟ âœĄâœ”âœ§âžâœŁâ€â˜Ž ✜✱✰ ✘✬✍✭☎ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœĄâœœâœ« ✎☎✑ ✣✧✎✣✘✛ ✎❄✭✑ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł âąâ˜Žâœâ„âœŸ ✜✱ ✣✎ ✜✾ ✀✄✌☎✑✊ ✎☎✑ ✘✟✒☎✭✑ ✎✟ âœĄâœ”âœŁâœŸâœ â˜Ž ✾✑✩ ✡âœȘ❄☎ âœ¶â˜Žâ˜Žâ‡âœŸâœżâ˜Žâ„ ✾☎✭✑✩ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœ€âœ­â˜Žâ™Łâ——âœŽ ✳❋✜✑✩ âœČ☎✭ ✎✟ âœŁâœ­âœœâ˜ŽâœâœŁâ„âœ› ✒☎✙❄☎✎ ✎☎ ❇✔☎✜✎ ✾☎✭✭☎ ●☎✑✼✯ ✿✑✩✰ ✠✑ âœłââœ‘âœ·âœ  ✩✧âœȘ★✫ ✎✟ ✿✱✣✭✎ ✣❱✩☎✿❇✟ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœŽâ˜Žâœ âœâœ·â˜Žâœąâœ«âœŸ ✾✑✩ ✎☎✡✯★✟ âœĄâœŻâœ‘â˜…â„âœ€âœżâœ« ✎✟ ✾☎◗❇ ✎❄✛✑ ✜✱✩✰ ✿✱✣✭✎ ✘✞✠❝✘☎❄❆☎✟ ✾✑✩ âœ«âœŒâœŸâœ«â˜ŽâœĄâœ­ ✳✛✭☎ ✜✟ âąâ˜Žâœâ„âœŸ ✜✱✮ ✣✬✛✭☎ ✧☎❡✆☎✎ âœ§âœąâ˜…âœ«âœ‘âœŠâœźâ„ ✧✑★ ✻✞✫ ✾✑✩ ✌✙✩✛✟✎ ✣✬✘✘✑ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ†â˜Ž ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł ✣✭✠✛ ✣✿✭☎✑✩ ✎✟ ✘✩✒✠☎ ✜✎✟✎✛ ✀✭ ✘✧✑★✰ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ†â˜Ž âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✾âœȘ❉✠☎✩✎✭ ✎✟ âœŁâœ§âœŁâœœâœ â˜Žâ—— ✶☎✟ r✘ ✀☎✛ ✎☎✑ ✛✠ ✎❄✑✊❇✟ ✣✎ ✠✜ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✩✧âœȘ★✫ ✾✑✩ ✀✄✌☎✑✊ ✧✑★ ✬✟✧✭ ✎☎✑ ✾☎✭✣✘✎ âœżâœ€â˜Žâœ§ ✛âœș☎☎ âœ€â˜Žâœ‘âœŁâ„âœ âœ› ✎✟ ✬❇✜ ✒☎✙✷☎✟ ✎☎ ✻✭✙✶☎✧ ✀✭☎✭✑ ✾✑✩ ✣✎✛✭✟ âœĄâœ”âœ¶â˜Žâ˜Žâœ§âœŸ âœŁâœ˜âœ± ✜☎✑✛✟ ✜✱✰ ✀☎✑✚ ✎✟ ✘✞✩✠☎ ✘✑ ✣✭✡✝✭✑ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœŸâœž âœŁâœ­âœžâ˜Žâœâœ›â˜Žâœ»â˜Žâœ‘âœ‘âœŠ ✭✑ âœŁâœ§âœŁâœ¶â˜Žâ‹âœ­ ✌❄❆☎☎✑✊ ✾✑✩ âœČ☎✭ ✎☎ âœĄâœ™âœ­âœŁâœ­âœâˆâ˜Žâ˜Žâœâ„â†â˜Ž ✎❄✛✑ ✘✾✠ ✀✄✌☎✑✊ ✧✑★ ✾✭☎✑✣✧âœČ☎✭ ♣✧✩ âœ»âˆâœ â˜ŽâœĄâœ­ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł âœłâœĄâœ«â– âœœ ✘✾✠ ✎☎ ❈✠☎✭ ❄✒☎✭✑ ✎✟ âœĄâœœâœ«âœ‘ ✘✑ âœ»âœŁâœœâœŽ ✘✌✑✛ âœŽâ˜Žâœ‘âœŁâœ·â˜Žâœ·â˜Ž ✎✟ ✜✱✰ r✘ âœŽâ˜Žâœ‘âœŁâœ·â˜Žâœ·â˜Ž ✎☎✑ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ❇✜❄☎✭✑ ✧✑★ ✠❜✭ ✾✑✩ ✠✜ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ âœ˜â˜Žâœ‘âœŒââœŁâœ§âœŒâ˜Žâ„ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœŁâœ§âœ©âœžâœ âœŽ ●☎✑✝✑ ✘✾âœȘ✜☎✑✩ ✾✑✩ ✀☎✛✌✟✛ ♣✧✩ ✀✜✘ ✛âœș☎☎ ✜☎âœș☎ ✘✑ ✎✟ ✬☎✭✑ ✧☎✫✟ ❇✣✛✣✧✣❈☎✠☎✑✩ ✎☎✑ âœĄâœ”â˜Žâœș☎✣✾✎✛☎ ✿✑✛✟ ✜✱✰ ♣✭❏✘✟❏r✍❏✻☎❄❏✝✟❏ r✘ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✎✟ ❄✌✭☎ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł ✀✭☎r✍ ❇r✍ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✣✧✎☎✘ ✘✣✾✣✛ ✧✑★ âœĄâœŁâ„â‘âœž ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł ✧❞★✛âœČ✛☎ âœč✠♩✛ ✎❄✛✟ ✜✱✰ âœĄâœŁâ„âœ†â˜Žâœżâ˜ž ✣✧âœČ☎✭ ♣✧✩ ❇✣❆☎✛ ✎✟ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✧✑★ ✘✫☎✜✎☎❄ ✘✾âœȘ✜ ✧✑★ ✻❈✠❁☎ ✬✑❏✧✟❏ ✭☎✫✟✍✎❄ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ r✘ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✧✑★ ✾✙✒✠ ✘✫☎✜✎☎❄ âœĄâœ”â˜Žâœ‘âœĄâœŻâœ‘â˜…âœ˜â„ âœ€âœŸââ™Łâœ«â âœ’â˜ŽâœŠâœźâœ‘âœ«âœ§â˜Žâœ« ✎✟ âœŁâœ§âœ·â˜Žâœ‘âœ†â˜Ž ✻☎✶☎☎❄✟ ✜✱✰ r✘ âœĄâ˜Žâ˜›â˜žâœ âœĄâœ™âœ©âœ›âœŽ ✧✑★ ✣✧✎☎✘ ✾✑✩ ✎r✍ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜ŽâœŽâ˜Žâœ‘âœŠ ✭✑ ✠☎✑❇✿☎✭ ✣✿✠☎â–Č r✘ ✠☎✑❇✿☎✭ ✎☎✑ ✩✊☎✶☎✧ ✀✭☎✭✑ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł ✜✾ ✳✭✧✑★ âœĄâœ”â˜ŽâœŒâ˜Žâœ â˜Žâœ‘âœâœŠ ✧✑★ ✻☎✶☎☎❄✟ ✜✱✩✰ ✜✾ ✳✭ ✘✶☎✟ ✘✩ ✩âœș☎☎✻☎✑✊ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✘✩❇☛✭☎✑✩ ✧✑★ âœĄâœ”âœŁâœ› ✧❞★✛âœČ ✜✱✩✮ ✣✬❋✜☎✑✩✭✑ âœ»âœĄâœ­âœ‘ ✘✊✘☎✜✭☎✑✊✎ ✘☎✞❇✔✟ ✛âœș☎☎ ✘✜✠☎✑✣❇✠☎✑✩ ✎✟ ✾✿✿ ✫✑✭✑ ✾✑✩ ✜✾✑✩ âœłâœżâ˜Žâ„âœ›â˜ŽâœĄâœȘ✧✍✎ ✘✜✠☎✑❇ ✣✿✠☎✰ ✜✾ ✾☎❈✠✣✾✎ ♣✧✩ âœłâœ„âœŒ âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ˜Ž âœŁâœ§âœ¶â˜Žâ˜Žâ‡âœŽ ✾☎✭✧ ✘✊✘☎✜✭ ✣✧✎☎✘ ✞✊❊☎☎✫✠ âŁâ˜Žâ„â˜Ž âœĄâœ”â˜Žâœ‘âœĄâœŻâœ‘â˜…âœ˜â„ ✬✟❏✡✟❏ âœżâœ‘âœ·â˜ŽâœĄâ˜ŽâœŠâœźâœ‘ ✎✟ ✻❈✠❁☎✛☎ ✾✑✩ ❇✣☛✛ âœŁâœ­â‡â„â˜Žâœ­âœŸ ✘✣✾✣✛ ✓✾☎sâœŁâœ­âœâœŁâ„âœŠâ‡ ✎✾✑✝✟✗ ✧✑★ âœ˜âœżâœ©âœ â˜Žâœ‘âœŠ ✎☎✑ âœ»âœĄâœ­â˜Ž ✾âœȘ❉✠✧☎✭ ✘✾✠ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ ✘✜✠☎✑❇ ✿✑✭✑ ✧✑★ âœŁâœ«â™Ł âœœâ‹âœ âœ§â˜Žâœż ✿✑✛✑ ✜✱✩✰ âœč✠✧✩âœș☎☎❇✛ ✘✙✜☎❄☎✑✊ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âœ»âœĄâœ­âœ‘ âœĄâœ”âœŽâ˜Žâœ·â˜Žâœ­â˜Žâœ‘âœŠ ✾✑✩ âœŁâœ­â„âœŠ ✛❄ âœŁâœ­âœ’â˜Žâ˜Žâ„ ✫☎✭✑ ✧✑★ âœĄâœ”âœŁâœ› ✘✾❡✡✛ ♣✭❏✘✟❏r✍❏✻☎❄❏✝✟❏ ✣✝✐✡✣❆☎✠☎✑✩ ♣✧✩ ✘✙✚☎✧☎✑✩ ✎☎ ✩✧☎❇✛ ✎❄✑❇✟✎ ✣✬✭✘✑ ✶☎☎✧✟ ✘✊✷☎☎✑✜✭☎✑✊ ✾✑✩ ✾✿✿ ✫✟ ✬☎ ✘✧✑★✰ â–Œâ—†â–â‚Źâ˜â™âš ✭r✍ âœŁâœżâ‰âœ«âœŸ ❄☎✆✝✞✟✠ âœ·â˜ŽâœąâœŁââ˜ŽâœŽ ✻✭✙✘✊✜☎✭ âœ»â˜Žâœąâ„ âŻâ± ▌❖âČâłâšâ© âŻâ±â±âŹ Ă§âœŁâœ·â˜Žââ˜Žâ†â˜Ž âœĄâœŁâ„âœ†â˜Žâœżâ‘Š
  • 4.
  • 5. ✐ ✁✂✄✐☎✆✝✞ ✟✠✞ ✡ ✡✟☛✟✝ ✈☞✌✍✎✏ ✑✒✓✎✔ ✈✎✕✖ ✗✑✘✎✙ âœšâœŽâœ›âœœâœŒâœšâœąâœŁâœ™âœ€ ✄✊✎✧✀✎✖ ✄✑★✑✙ t✩âœȘ✫ âœŹâœ­âœźâœŻâœ°âœ± âœČâœ°âœłâœŽâœ”âœ¶âœ·âœž âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ❂âœȘâœ«âœ·âƒâœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ© ✭❆âœȘ❇❈✾ ❉✰❊✰❆✳✬✭❋✰âœČ ❂✰●✷ â‰âœ°âŠâœ°â†âœłââœ°âœ°â—âœŹâœ«âœ¶âœŽâœž ■❏âœČ✰ âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ■❏âœČ✰ ★✱❡✌ ✄✊✎✧✀✎✖ ❝✮❑â–Č✳❑ ❉✰âœȘâ–Œâ†âœłâœ­âœ°âœłâœž âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€ â—†â–â‚Źâ——âœ»â˜âœ»â™âœ»âœœâšâŻâ ❱âœȘâœŹâ–Œâœ©âœČ ❱âœȘâČâłâœŽâłâšâœ©ââł ❂✰❩■❇ ❳❆❬âœČâœ°â†âœłâœ°â©t✮✾ âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ âœ„â§âœŁâœŒ â‚âœłâœ¶âœ° ❫❆❎✷✰❆❔✰✰✞ ❀❄❛❀❁ âœâžâ«âąâœ­âœ©âœ¶âœž ❂âœȘâŠâŁâ†â€âœ°âœŽ ❞âœȘâČâœ¶âœ·âœŻâœ°â™ âœž ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ ❂âœȘtâœČ✮ âœ¶âœ°â—âœłâœž âœčâœșâ‚Źâ™„âšâœ»â ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ ❂✰❱✔❑■✎❑ ❂❊❣✭✰✳✾ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â â‘Łâœ°â†â”âœ°âœŽâœ© ✬❄✰④✰✯✰ ❞âœȘâČ♩✰✰âœČ✾ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž ❍✰✰❆■✰✳ â–Č❑â–Č❞❑ ❝✷✰✷✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ❱âœȘâœŹâ–Œâœ©âœČ ❱âœȘâČâłâœŽâłâšâœ©ââł ❂✰❩■❇ ❳❆❬âœČâœ°â†âœłâœ°â©t✮✾ âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ â–Č♣❑❂✰❆❑ ❊✱q✫✰✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ â–Č❞❑✭❆❇❑❊✱q✫✰✞ ✷✎▌✷✞ âČ✭❏❇✳ ❂✰❩■❇ âČâłâ–ŒâœŽâ€âœ° ❱âœČâœȘ ✭❆❇❫●âČ❳r✮✾ ✬t✭✰t✮ âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž sâœ­âœ°âœŹâœłâœ©âœ· â–Č❞❑✭❆❇❑ ▌✰❆❊✷✰✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ▌✰❩❑ ❝✎❑❂✰✷❑ ❂âœȘ❝❆▌✶✷ ❞❆âœȘâłâœ· ■❇✰❩✷ ââœ°âœ©âœ°â†â«â†âœŹâ–Œâœ¶âœł âœŹâœ·âžâ™Łâœ”âœž ✬❭âȘ✳✮ âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ✬❭âȘ✳✮ t✩✉✎ ❄✰❫✰✔✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ ■❏âœČ❫ ❞✰❮âœČ✮✾ âœčâ„âœ‡â‘ â„âœ‡â‘Ąâ„âœ‡ ❜✷❞✰✩âœČ ✬✭❋✰âœČ♠✾ âœ­â†â‡âąâ­âŁâœŽâœ© âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž âœŹâœ­âœ¶âœ°âžâ– âœ±âœ·âœŽâœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ ❫●❔✰❆✩✎ ♣âœȘ❭❣✰✾ âœčâœș✻✌âœč✟ âœŒâŠâœżâ€â ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ ✭✮❑✭❆❇❑ ✭❫✰✔✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€ âœâ‚âœ­âœ¶âœ°â„âœ°â– âŁâœ°q✫♠✞ ❱âœȘâČâłâœŽâłâšâœ©ââł ❂✰❩■❇ ❳❆❬âœČâœ°â†âœłâœ°â©t✮✾ ❝âœČ✰✷❞ ⑱❮❭❏ âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž âœ­âœ°âœ·âœ°âœŻâœ°âžâœŽ ✭✮❑■✮❑ ❊✱q✫✰✞ ❀❄❛❀❁ â‘Łâœ°â†â”âœ°âœŽâœ© ✬❄✰④✰✯✰ ❞âœȘâČ♩✰✰âœČ✾ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž ❍✰✰❆■✰✳ ❄✰✱❍✰✰ ✭❆❇❄✰✭âœČ✾ âœčâœș⑀✻⑄✻⑊⑧✻⑚âœč◗✻❁ ▌❆❫✰❆âœȘ❞❳r❆❄✰âœČ âČ✭❏❇✳✾ â‘Łâœ°â†â”âœ°âœŽâœ© ✬❄✰④✰✯✰ ❞âœȘâČ♩✰✰âœČ✾ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž ❫●❞❏✷ ❞✰⑩âœČ✰ ❍✰✰❊✔✭✞ âœčâ„âœ‡â‘ â„âœ‡â‘Ąâ„âœ‡ ❜✷❞✰✩âœČ ✬✭❋✰âœČ♠✾ ❞✷❭✰✷ ■❳❆✳ âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ✳✰❆❭✮ ❱âČ❳❆❳✾ âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ ❞✱❉✰✭✎✷ ⑱❞❮✾ ❀❄❛❀❁ ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ ❞✱âœČ✎✫✰ ❫âȘ❎✰❆❔✰✰✞ âœčâœșâœ»âœŒâœœâœŸâœ»âœŒâŠâœżâ€â âČ✭❏❇✳ ❂✰❩■❇ ❞✰❱âœȘ❞❆❀✰✞ ❱âœȘâœŹâ­âœ·âœ° ❊✰âœȘ⑩✎ â«âœ±âŹâœ« âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ âœ„â§âœŁâœŒâ¶âœ„â˜…â·âœ’âœŒâœ€ ❂✰✷❑✭❆❇❑ ■✰✷✰❄✰✷✞ âœčâœșâ‚Źâ™„âšâœ»â âœâžâ«âąâœ­âœ©âœ¶âœž ⑱❮❭✮ ❞âœȘâČâœ¶âœ·âœŻâœ°â™ âœž ▌✎❑❱✔❑â–Č❞❑â–Č❫❑✞ â–ČâœČâ‘âžâœŽâ‘â±âœ”â‘â‚âœ°âœ·â‘âłâœŽâ‘âœž âœČ❱✔ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ ❞âčâș❻❌ âœâŸâżâș➀➁ ❂✰✷❑❂✰✷❑ âŠâœ°â†âœ©âœłâœž ❀❄❛❀❁ ✷❞✰✩âœČ ✬✭❋✰âœČ ✬✭❍✰✰❊✾ ✷✰❫t❞ âœ¶âœ°â©âœłâ†t✾ ✬❭âȘ✳✮ âœŹâœ­â„âœ­âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ✬❭âȘ✳✮ ❂✰✷❑✭❆❇❑ ➂■✰➃✩✰✩✞ €⑹❀➄➅ âœčâœșâ‚Źâ™„âšâœ»â ✷❞✰✩âœČ ✬✭❍✰✰❊✾ ✷✰t✶✎✩ â«âŽâœ°âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ❂t❫❆✷ â‚âœ°âœłâœ°â†âœ¶ â™Łâœ«âœ±âœ­â†âœ”â­âœŽâœž €⑹❀➄➅ âœčâœșâ‚Źâ™„âšâœ»â ✷❞✰✩âœČ ✬✭❍✰✰❊✾ ✷✰t✶✎✩ â«âŽâœ°âœŹâœ­â…âœ°âœłâœ©âœž ❂t❫❆✷
  • 6. ✱ ✁✂✄✁ ☎✆✝✆✞✟✠ ❱✡☛☞☞✌☞✍✎✏☞✑ ✄✒✓✆✞✔ ✱✒✕ ✖✗✞✂✘✙✞✚✛ ✟ ✆✙✗ âœ„âœ’âœœâœ†âœ†âœąâœ  ☎✁✣✁ ✁ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ ✖✧☎★✟ ▌✄✁✒★✩✁ ✓✆☎✆âœȘ✠ â„âœ«âœŹâ„âœ‘ ✟ ✆✙✗ ✄✒✭✆✗ âœ„âœ’âœœâœ†âœ†âœąâœ  ✟✆☎✧  ✼✆✯✩★✧✠ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„ ✒★✩✁✧✄✁ ✖✆★♩✆✠ âœČâœłâ˜žâœŽâąâœ”â˜žâœČ✶ ✷✞☞✎✎✷âœč✮sâœłâ„âœ‘ ✄✒✓✆✞✔ ✱✒✕ ✖✗✞✂✘✙✞✚✛ ✟ ✆✙✗ âœ„âœ’âœœâœ†âœ†âœąâœ  ☎✁✣✁ ✁ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ ✖✧☎★✟ ✊✄✊✛✆ ✱ ✁ ✒✞✩☎✆✟✠ â„âœ«âœŹâ„âœ‘ â–Č✒âœș✩✊ âœ–âœ†âœŻâœ‚âœ©  ✆✻✌ ★✜✆✠ âœ»âœ•âœ„âœŁâœŸâœ† âœąâœ†âœ•âœŸâœ„ ✿✆✞✩✆ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ ✗✻âœȘ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„  ✕✧✄✒ ✒✞✩☎✆✟✠ â„âœ«âœŹâ„âœ‘ ✟ ✆✙✗ ✄✒✭✆✗ âœ„âœ’âœœâœ†âœ†âœąâœ  âœŁâ˜…âœ“âœ†â€âœ•âœŸâœž ✼✆✯✩★✧✠ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„  ✞✗✄✛✆ ☎✰❧✆★❁✆✆✠ ✷✞☞✎✐âœč☞✮sâœłâ„âœ‘ â–Č✒âœș✩✊ âœ–âœ†âœŻâœ‚âœ©  ✆✻✕ ★✜✆✠ âœ»âœ•âœ„âœŁâœŸâœ† âœąâœ†âœ•âœŸâœ„ ✿✆✞✩✆ ✄✒✓✒✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ ✗✻âœȘ âœ„âœŁâœ°âœŠâœ„  ✞✟★✕✣✘ ✖✟✆★▌❂✆✠ ✒✄✟❃❄ ✂✘✒✚✛✆✠ ✟ ✆✙✗ âœ„âœ’âœœâœ†âœ†âœąâœ  ✟✆✧✼✄✙ ☎❧✆✄✒✀✆✊✙✠ ✖✧☎★✟ viii
  • 7. ✈ ✁  ✂ ❄✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✠✄✡☛☞✄✌ ✍✎✏✑✒✓✄✎ ✔✕✒ ✖✗☛✠✄☞✄✘✄ ✖☛❄☎✄✙✚ ✛✎ ✑✜✄✞ âœ‘âœ’âœąâœŁâœ„âœ„âœâœ„âœ€âœ’ âœ„âœŁâœ„âœ„ ✊✟☛✧✄✟✄✀✒ ✕✀★ ✖✗☛✄ ✍✄✜✄✄❄ ✖✗✌✆ ✌❄✄✞ âŁâœĄâœ© ☛âœȘâœ«âŁâœ„âœ€âœ’âœŽâœ€ ❄✑✄✟✎ ☛✕✬✄✎ ✌✞ ✌☞✄✄ 11 ✌✞ âœ–âœ„âœ­âœšâœŸâœ–âœâœąâœ„âœŒ ✕✀★ ☛✕✌✄✑ âœźâœ€âœ’ ✍✼✯✰✟ ✟✄✀✱✙✄✎ ☛✙✟✄âœČ ✖☛❄☎✄✙✚ â˜›âœŽâąâœŽâ˜›âœłâ˜›âœŽâœ„âœ„ ☛✕✔✄✎✄✀✒ ✌✄ ✜✄✞ ✍✄✜✄✄❄ ✊✟✧✄ ✌❄✄✞ âŁâœĄâœ© ☛âœȘâœ«âŁâœ„âœ€âœ’âœŽâœ€ âž„âŁâœ™âœž ✖✄✒✶✏ ☛✳☛✖ ✕✀★ âœ–âœâœŽâ„âœ„âœ•âœłâœ„âœ€âœŒâœŽ âœ„âœŁâœ„âœ„ ✑✏✓✄❄ âœźâœ€âœ’ ✍✼✯✰✟ ✟✄✀✱✙✄✎ ☛✙✟✄ – ✕✞♩✔✎♩ ✖✄✭✌✩ ✐✷✞âœčâœș✻✞âœč❊✌✜✟ ❄✄âœȘ✱✣✄✄✎ â˜›âœ•âœ âœ•â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© âœȘ✟✖✏❄❀ ☛❁âœȘ✀✒✙✗ âž„âœ‘âŁâœ© ✜❂❃✜✟ âŁâœ’âœ‘â„âœ„âœȘ âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ€âœȘ✩ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ☛✙✎✀✠✄ ✱✏❅✄✄✩ ✜❂❃✜✟ ❄✄âœȘ✌✞✟ âœźâŁâœ„â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© ✍âœȘâœźâœ€â„â€ âœȘâœ€â™Šâœ”âœłâ™Š âœ âœ„âœźâœ„â†âœ© ✜❂❃✜✟ â˜›âœŒâ„âœ„âœ€âœ¶â‡âœžâœźâœł âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ€âœȘ✩ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ✳☞✼✘✄ âž„âœ‘âŁâœ© ✜❂❃✜✟ âœ”âœłâ™Šâœâœ„â„â™Š âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ€âœȘ✩ ✑✄☛❣❁✄❁✄✙❀ ☛✕✎✄✀✙ âœ•âœâ˜…âœźâœ„â„âœ© ✜❂❃✜✟ âŁâœ’âœ‘â„âœ„âœȘ âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ€âœȘ✩ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ☛✕âœȘ✟ ✑✄❄✙✄✩ ✜❂❃✜✟ âœȘ✄☛✌❄ ❣✏✑✡✎ âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ€âœȘ✩ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ✍❈✘✄ ✖✄❄✞✌✩ ✐✷❉❊❋✞✟ ❄✄âœȘ✌✞✟ âœźâŁâœ„â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© ✍âœȘâœźâœ€â„â€ âœâœ„âœâœł âœ•âœâ˜…âœźâœ„â„ âœ âœ„âœźâœ„â†âœ© ✐✷❉❊❋✞✟ ❄✄âœȘ✌✞✟ âœźâŁâœ„â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© âœŽâœ„âœ±âœ„âœĄâ„â€ ☛✌✠✄✄✀❄ ✔♩ ✑✄✀✄✀❆✩ ✐✷●✞❍✞■✞❏❑✟ ❄✄âœȘ✌✞✟ ❁✄✳✌ ✛â–Č▌✄❄ ✼✄◆✟☛✼✌ â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© ☛✎✭✄❄✞✩ âœŽâœ„âœ’âœ±âœłâœ„âœ€â–â†âœ© ✎❖❆ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ✑✏☎✄✼✄ ✑✀☛✄✟✄✩ ✐✷●✞❍✞■✞❏❑✟ ✑✕✄✀❆✙✟ ✌✫✟✄ â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© âŁâ˜›â„âœŽâœ±â„âœ© ☛✙✰✳✞❀ âœ‘âœźâœžâ„ ✊✟✄✑✩ â‚Źââ——âœŒâ˜â—âœžâ ✌❙✞❏❚✟ ✕✀✒★✙✗✞✟ ✼❯✙✄ ✔✕✒ âœ‘âœ„âœźâœ±âœ—âœž âœâœŽâœâœ‘âœ’âœ“âœ„âœŽâœ âœ„âœ„âœłâœ„âœ© ✎❖❆ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ✍☛✎✳ âœ•âœâ˜…âœźâœ„â„ âœ âœ„âœźâœ„â†âœ© ✐❂❱âČâ‚â±âłâ‚â±âœŸ ✕✀✒★✙✗✞✟ â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© ✍✄❖❆♩✔✎♩✔♩ âœŒâœ„â„âœłâœ„âœ€âœŽâœžâœ© ✎❖❆ ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ❄✄âœȘ✀✠✄ âœ“âœ„âœźâœ„âœ© ✐❂❱âČâ‚â±âłâ‚â±âœŸ ✕✀✒★✙✗✞✟ â˜›âœ•âœżâœ„âœłâœŸâœ© ☛✕✬✄✎ â˜›âœ•âŁâœ„â„âœ© ☛✙✰✳✞❀ ✛✖✼✄ âž„âœ‘âŁâœ© ☛✕✕✀✌✄✎✒✙ âœąâœ•âœŻâ˜…âœłâœ© ✍✄✎✒✙ â˜›âœ•âŁâœ„â„âœ© ☛✙✰✳✞❀ âœ–âœ„âœ’âœ¶âœâ˜›âœłâ˜›âœ– ✕✀★ ✑✏✓✄❄ ✕✀★ ☛✳✔ â‘Ąâœžâœźâœ„âœž ✌☛✕✄✄ âœ âœ„âœźâœ„â†âœ© ✖✗✕✧✄✄✩ ✖✗✄✣✄☛✼✌ ☛✠✄☞✄✄ ☛✕✜✄✄✱❀ â‘Ąâœžâœźâœ„âœž ❈☛▌ âœ•âœźâœ„â†âœ© ✖✗✕✧✄✄✩ âœ–âœžâ™Šâœ–âœžâ™Šâœ”âœźâ™Šâ–â†â™Šâœ¶âœž ✔✕✒ ②✞ ❄✄âœȘ✞✕ ❄✒âœȘ✎✩ ✖✗☛✄ ✑✒✖✄✙✌ ✌✄ âœ‘âŁâœŸâœ„âœ€âœ± ✖✗✠✄✒✑✎✞✟ â„âŁâœ„âœČ ✖☛❄☎✄✙✚ ✠✄✡☛☞✄✌ âœ„âœŁâœ„âœ„ ✖✗✠✄✄✑☛✎✌ âœ‘âŁâœŸâœ„âœ€âœ± âŁâœ€âœ„âœ âœźâœĄâšâœ„âœ€âœŸâœž ▌✒✙✗✄✩ â‚Źâ©ââŹâœžâœŸ âœ¶âœžâ™Šâ–â†â™Šâœ”âœ‘â™Šâœ”âœźâ™Šâœ© ✔✎♊✑✞♊❖❆♊✍✄❄♊✆✞♊ ✌✞ ✜✄✞ ✍✄✜✄✄❄✞ ❣✡âœČ ✖☛❄☎✄✙✚ ✙✞✖✌ âœŒâœ–âœŻâ„âœ© ✐✷❭✞✞✜❂✟ âœŒâœ’â…âœŸâœŻâœ†â„ âœąâœ†âœ€âœ âœ„âœŽ ❖✒▌✄âœȘ❆✩ âœ„âœŁâœ„âœ„ ✛✎✕✀★ âœ‘âŁâœŸâœ„âœ€âœ±âœž ✑✏❄✀✒✙✗ âœ•âœâ˜…âœźâœ„â„âœ© âƒâ‚â±âłâ‚â±âœâ‚â± €✾âȘ✐✜âœčâłâœœâŽ ✱✞✄✄ âœ•âœâ˜…âœźâœ„â„âœžâœ© ✐✷❫âœș✻✞❊-✜❂❃✜✩ ✑❣✄✟✌ ✌✄✟❆❧✼ âœ‘âœźâœ«âœ•âœŸâœŒ ✌✄✟✄❆✳✟ â”âœ¶âœžâ™Šâ–â†â™Šâœ”âœ‘â™Šâœ”âœźâ™Šâ›âœ© ✔✎♊✑✞♊❖❆♊✍✄❄♊✆✞♊ ✕✀★ ✖✗✠✄✄✑✎ âœâœ„âœĄâ„ ✖✗✌✄✠✄✎ ☛✕✜✄✄✱ ✕✀★ âœ‘âŁâœŸâœ„âœ€âœ± âŁâœ€âœ„âœ ❣✄❜✙✌ ✍✄✜✄✄❄ âœŹâœ„â˜›âœ–âœ„ ✌❄✄✞ ❣✡âœČ
  • 8. ❍  ✁✂ ✄  ☎✆✝✞✟ ✠ ✡☛☛☞ ✌✍ ✉✎✏✑✒✓✎✔✕ ✖✔✗ ✘✙✚ ✓✛✜✱✣ ✈✀✄✊✧★✩ âœȘ✫ ❞ ❡✬✭ âœźâœŻâœ°âœ±âœČ ✳ ✎✔✔✶✷ ✾âœčâœș ✻✌✜✟âœč✿ â€âœ”ââ‚âœ¶âœż âœżâœ” ✟❃ âœżâœ·â„â…âœŸ ❃✔âœč❁✔ ❂✿ ✾❃ ❆ ❇✿❈ ❧❉❂✞❊✔❀ âœżâœ” ✻✔❋❀ âœżâœ¶âœč ●✔■✶ ❏❧✾âœčâœș ●✔❑â–Č✔✔âœč▌◆ â§â‰â–â‚Źâœ”âœ”â—âœ”âœč❉◆ âœ¶âœ”â——â˜â™âšâœžâŻ ●✔■✶ ✶✔◗❘❙❁✔❀ âœżâœ” ●✔❑✶ âœżâœ¶âœč❱ ❇âČ✔❈ â–âœžâœ·â‰âłâœ”âœ·âœ” ✾âœčâœș ❂❋♩ ❃❚✔✶âœč ✶✔◗❘❙❩✟ ●✔❉❑✔âœč❋❀ âœżâœ”âœč ✻✌âœč❂✶✷ âœżâœ¶â€âœč ✞✔❋âœč ❏❬❭ ●✔❑â–Č✔✔âœčâ–Œ âœżâœ”âœč âȘ❑✟ ❚âœč❉ â§â‰âŻâœ”âœč♩ ✶âČ✔âœč ●✔■✶ ââ€âœżâœ” ✻✔❋❀ âœżâœ¶âœč❱ ❇❁❈ ✎✔✔✶✷ âœżâ© ❧❉✻✌✎✔❫✷✔◆ â™Šâœżâœ·âœ” ●✔■✶ ●âČ✔❉❎✷✔ âœżâ© ✶❔✔✔ âœżâœ¶âœč ●✔■✶ ❏❧âœč ●❔✔❫❛❛✔ ❜❀✔♊ ✶âČ✔âœč❱ ❇❝✔❈ ❑âœčâ–Č✔ âœżâ© ✶❔✔✔ âœżâœ¶âœč ●✔■✶ ●✔♄✔❀ ❂✿♩ âŻâœ”â€âœč ✻✶ ✶✔◗❘❙ âœżâ© ❧âœč✞✔ âœżâœ¶âœč❱ ❇➘❈ ✎✔✔✶✷ ✾âœčâœș ❧✎✔❩ ❋✔âœč❁✔âœč❉ ❚âœč❉ ❧❚✶❧✷✔ ●✔■✶ ❧❚✔❀ âœŽâœ”âœŒâœ”âœ·âąâœœâœž âœżâ© ✎✔✔✞❀✔ âœżâœ” ❂❀❚✔❄❛✔ âœżâœ¶âœč âŻâœ”âœč ❊❹❄◆ ✎✔✔◗✔✔ ●✔■✶ ✻✌❑âœčâ–Č✔ ✟✔ ✾❁❄ ✻✶ ●✔❚✔✔❂✶✷ ❧✎✔❩ ✎✔âœč❑✎✔✔✞✔âœč❉ ❧âœč ✻✶âœč ❃✔âœč◆ ♩âœč❧❩ âœ»âœŒâ‚Źâœ”âœ”â—âœ”âœč❉ âœżâœ” ✜✟✔❁ âœżâœ¶âœč âŻâœ”âœč ❚❂❃❋✔●✔âœč❉ ✾âœčâœș ❧t❚✔❀ ✾âœčâœș â‚âœžâŁâ€ ❃✔❉âœč❱ ❇❭❈ ❃❚✔✶❩ â§âœ”âšâœ”â‚â§âœż ❧❉❖✿❱ ❂✷ âœżâ© ❁✔■✶✞â–Č✔✔❋❩ ✻✶❉✻✶✔ âœżâœ” ❹❃✐✾ ❧❚❄âœč ●✔■✶ ââ§âœżâœ” ✻❂✶✶❔✔❛✔ âœżâœ¶âœč❱ ❇❩❈ âœ»âœŒâœ”âœżâąâ‚âœ·âœż ✻✟✔❄✞✶❛✔ âœżâ©â—† ❂❯❧✿âœč ●❉✷❁❄✷ ✾❀◆ ❄❩❋◆ ❀❑❩ ●✔■✶ ✞♠✟ âŻâ©âœž ❃■❉◆ ✶❔✔✔ âœżâœ¶âœč ●✔■✶ ââ§âœżâœ” ❧❉✞❚✔❄❀ âœżâœ¶âœč âœ·â‚Źâœ”âœ” âœ»âœŒâœ”â‚â›âœ”âšâœ”âłâœ” ✾âœčâœș ✻✌❂✷ ❑✟✔✎✔✔✞ ✶âČ✔âœč❱ ❇❯❈ âœžâ– â™Łâœ”â‚â€âœż â‘âąâ‚â——â˜âœżâœ”âœč❛✔◆ ❚✔❀✞✞✔❑ ●✔■✶ â™Łâœ”â€âœ”âŻâ„â€ âœ·â‚Źâœ”âœ” ❧❫❊✔✶ âœżâ© ✎✔✔✞❀✔ âœżâœ” â‚âœžâœżâœ”â§ âœżâœ¶âœč❱ ❇❄❈ â§âœ”âœžâ„âŻâ‚â€âœż ❧❉✻❂✐✔ âœżâ‰â‰âœ”âœč ❧❫✶❂❔✔✷ ✶âČ✔âœč ●✔■✶ ❂❃❉❧✔ ❧âœč ❑q✶ ✶❃âœč❱ ❇r✔❈ ❅✟❂s✷❁✷ ●✔■✶ ❧✔❚q❂❃✿ ❁❂✷❂✞❂❊✟✔âœč❉ ✾âœčâœș ❧✎✔❩ ❔✔âœčâłâœ”âœ”âœč❉ ❚âœč❉ ââœœâœżâ——âœ”â„ âœżâ© ●✔âœč✶ ❜✇①❀âœč âœżâœ” â§âœ·âœ·â‘Ą ✻✌✟✔❧ âœżâœ¶âœč◆ ❂❯❧❧âœč ✶✔◗❘❙ ❂❀✶❉✷✶ ❜✇①✷âœč ❃❫♊ ✻✌✟✜❀ ●✔■✶ ââœ»â‹â‚â‘ąâŠ âœżâ© ❀④❄ ❏⑀âœșâ­âœ”â‘ŁâœŸâœ”âœč❉ âœżâœ”âœč ❊q ❧✾âœčâœș❱ ●✔■✶ ❇❘❈ ✟❂❑ ❚✔✷✔❆❂✻✷✔ ✟✔ â§â‰âœ¶â”âœ”âœż ❃■◆ ❩❃ ✞◗✔❄ ❧âœč ❭✔■❑❃ ✞◗✔❄ âœ·âœż âœżâ© ●✔✟❫ ✞✔❋âœč ●✻❀âœč◆ âœŸâ‚Źâœ”âœ”â‚â–â‚Źâœ”â‚âœ·â—† âœâœ”â‹âœż ✟✔ ✻✌❂✷✻✔⑄✟ âœżâœ”âœč ❂â–Č✔❔✔✔ ✾âœčâœș ●✞❧✶ ✻✌❑✔❀ âœżâœ¶âœč⑩
  • 9. ❱ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✞ ✐✟✠✡☛☞✠✌ ✐✟✍✎✠✏✌✠ ✱❞❞ ✶ ❄❧✑✒✓ ✔✕✖✑✓ ❞✗ ✕✘✙✚ ✛✜✱ âœŁâœ•âœ€âœ‘â„âœ„âœ‘âœ‘âœ±âœŠ ✶ ✧âœČ✧ ★✩✠âœȘ✌ âœ«âœâœŹâœ âœŒ ☛✠ ✭✼✯✏ ✧ ✧âœČ✷ ♄✟✰âœȘ ☛✳ ✐✟✎✫✎ ✷ ✧âœČ✾ ♄✟✰âœȘ ✏✔âœč âœș✻✌✠✜✭✟ ✿✠❀★ ❁✌☛✠ ✭✠✐✌ ❂ ✧âœČ❂ ✭✠✐✌ âœ­âœ”âĄ âœżâœ«âœŒâœ«âƒâ„âœŽâœŽâœ  ❅ ✧âœČ❆ ★✠✩✠âœȘ✫✌☛ âœ©âĄâœȘ✠✔❇✌ ✏✔âœč ✫✌âœȘ✭ ✧✧ ✧âœČ❈ ▌✠❉❊❋✌ ☛✠ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ âœ«âœ©â—âœ âĄâœŽ ✧✷ ✧âœČ❅ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ ❍✰âœȘ✭✠✌ ✿✠❀★ âœżâœ âœ«âœŒâœâ˜› ❍✰âœȘ✭✠✌ ✧✾ ✧âœČ■ âœ­âœ âœ”ââ‘âœ©âĄâ˜›âŠâœâœŒâœ  ✿✠❀★ ✭✠✔❏★ ❍✰âœȘ✭✠✌ ✧❂ ✧âœČâ–Č âœâœŸâœ«âœŽâƒâœ âœŽâ‘âœ©âĄâ—†âœ â‹âœŒ ✧❆ ✧âœČ✧❖ âœâ‹âœ â‰â‚Źâœ«â˜›âœȘâœ âœ”âœ­âœłâ‹â——âœł ✿✠❀★ âœâ‹âœ â‰â‚Źâœ«â˜›âœȘâœ âœ”âœ­âœłâœ«â‹â——â˜› ✐✫★☛❏✌ ✧❈ ✱❞❞ ❘ ❙❄✛✑✄✑✘ ❞✗ â§âšâ„âŻâœ“âœ‘ ❘❱ ✷âœČ✧ âœżâœâœâ˜…âœ­âœ âœ«âœŒâœâ˜› ☛✌✠ ✷❈ ✷âœČ✷ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ ✭✠❉▌❏ ✷■ ✷âœČ✾ ❝✠✔★ ✏✔âœč ✐★✭✠✌✠✻❑✭✠❉▌❏ ✏✔âœč ✫✏☛✠✩ ☛✳ ✐âČâłâšâ©âœ âŹâœ«âœ­ ✞✷ ✷âœČ❂ âœźâœ â‚Źâ–Œâ——âœ âœ”â‡âœŒ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ ✏✔âœč âœ«ââŁ ❝✠✔★ ✭✠❉▌❏ ❂✧ ✷âœČ❆ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ ✏✔âœč ✡✏✠❡❋✭ âœȘâœ âĄâœ«â­âœ â˜›âœłâœȘ ✭✠❉▌❏ ☛✳ âœżâœ âœ”â˜… ❂❂ ✷âœČ❈ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻ ☛✠ ✡✏✠❡❋✭ âœȘâœ âĄâœ«â­âœ â˜›âœłâœȘ ✭✠❉▌❏ ❂❅ ✱❞❞ âȘ r❫✕✑❎❚ ❞✑ ✕❔✗❛❞❄✄✑ ✱✕❚ ❔✘✄✑❜✑✛✑❎❀ ✛❮❚ ✣✑✕❩rr✑ ♠♩ ✾âœČ✧ âœŽâœŻâœâœ âœ”âĄ ☛✠ ✏âœșâœłâœŸâ˜›â˜…âœŒâœ  ✡âœȘâœ âœ”âĄ ✿✠✏❃âœȘ☛ ✼❀♣ ❈■ ✾âœČ✷ âœżâœ âœâœŽâœŸ âœ©âœ â˜…âœŒâœ âœł ☛✳ ââœˆâœâœ«âœŻâœ  ❈■ ✾âœČ✾ ✿✠q✠✻✫✌☛ âœżâœ âœâœŽâœŸâ‘âœ«âœŒâœȘ✭✎☞✠✠ âœżâœ âœâœŽâœŸâœ©âœ â˜…âœŒâœ âœłâ˜›âœ âœâœŽâœŸâœ­âœ âœŒâœâœs✐ ❅❖ ✾âœČ❂ ✧❖❖ ✩✔ âœżâœ«q✠☛ ✐★✭✠✌✠✻❑t✭✠❡☛ ✏✠❏✔ âœŽâœŻâœâœ âœ”âĄ ☛✠ ✌✠✭☛★✌✠ ❅✾ ✾âœČ❆ âœŽâœŻâœâœ âœ”âĄ ✏✔âœč â‚Źââœ”âœĄâ‹â——âœ â‰âœ«âœŒâ˜› ✫✏✉âœȘ✠✩ ✎☞✠✠ âœżâœ âœâœŽâœŸâ‘âœ©âœ â˜…âœŒâœ âœł ❅❈ ✾âœČ❈ â‚Źââœ”âœĄâ‹â——âœ â‰âœ«âœŒâ˜› ✫✏✉âœȘ✠✩ ✿✠❀★ âœŽâœŻâœâœ âœ”âĄ ✏✔âœč ✐✟☛✠★ ✇s,p,d,f ①❏✠❉☛② ❅❅ ✾âœČ❅ âœŽâœŻâœâœ âœ”âĄ ✏✔âœč âœș✻✌✠❑qâœ âœ­âœ âœ”â‘ą âœ­âœ”âĄ ✿✠✏④✎✎✠ ■❖ ✱❞❞ â‘€ ❄✑❧✑✒✔✓❞ âœŁâœ‘â‘„âšâœâœ‘âœ“ r⑩✑✑ âœŁâœ‘âœ”âœ„âœ•âž â§âšâ„âŻâœ“âœ‘ ⑧❱ ❂âœČ✧ ★✠✩✠âœȘ✫✌☛ ✿✠❝❡qâœ âœŒâ˜›âœłâ˜›âœ â‰âœ©âœ”ââ‘ââŹâ‚Źâœ© ✿✏q✠✠★✌✠✠ â–Č❈ ❂âœČ✷ ✿✠âœȘ✫✌☛ âœȘ✠ ✏❀⑚✻✎ âœ©âĄâœȘâœ âœ”â‡âœł ✿✠❝❡q✠ ✧❖✧ ❂âœČ✾ ✿✠❝❡q✠ ⑩✠❄❏ ✧❖✷ ❂âœČ❂ âœ©âĄâœȘ✠✔❇☛✎✠ ☛✠✔❃✠ â‚Źââœ”âœĄâ‹â——âœ â‰âœŒ âœȘ✻❶✭ â‘©âœ«âœŽâ˜›âłâœ âœŸâœŒâœ  âœ«âœ©â—âœ âĄâœŽ ✧❖■ ❂âœČ❆ âœ©âĄâœȘ✠✔❇☛✎✠ ✿✠❝❡q✠ âœ«âœ©â—âœ âĄâœŽ ✧✧✷ ❂âœČ❈ âœ©âĄâ˜›â˜…âœŒâœ  ✧✧❈
  • 10. âœčâœČ✌ ✈ ✁✂✄☎ ☎✆ ☎ ✁✝✞ ✟✠ ✶✷✔ âœčâœČ✜ ✝❧✡ ✁☛ ☎☞✌ ✁✍✎✏❧ ✂ ✑☎ ✈✂ ✑✈ ✒✟ ❧✒✟ ✈ ✓✟✔ ✡ ✶✷âœč âœčâœČ✟ ❣ ✕✖✗ ✒✘✡ ✈ ✓✟✔ ✡ ✶✷✻ ✱✙✙ âœș é✚✛ ✙✜ âœąâœŁâœ€âœ„âœŠâœŠâœ±âœ§ ★✾★ ✩âœČ✶ ✈✟✠✏ âœȘ✈✂ ✑☎ ✓✫ âœ¶âœŹâœ· ✩âœČ✷ ➮✭❧☞✌ ➮✘ ✼ âœ¶âœŹâœč ✩âœČ✬ ✈✟✠✏ âœȘ✈✂ ✑☎ ✓✫ ✓✡ ❧ ➮✭❧☞✌ ✈✯✌ ✒✯✌ ✁✰✌  âœ¶âœŹâœč ✩âœČâœč ①✳✝☞✌ ✈✄✮✿   âœ¶âœŹâœč ✩âœČ✩ ①✳✝ ✄✒❀ ✁✡✌❧ âœ¶âœŹâœ© ✩âœČ✻ ✈ ❁❂ ✼ ①✳✝ ✝❧☞☎✏✂  âœ¶âœŹâœŸ ✩âœČ✌ ①✳✝ ✒✟ ☎  ✈✂ ✑①✁✠☎ ✁✝✞ ✟✠ ✶âœč✶ ✩âœČ✜ ✈ ❁❂ ✼ ❃✌✄❣ ✏ ✝✒ âœâœ„â„âœ«âœĄ ✶âœč✷ ✩âœČ✶✔ ❅✄ ✈✄✮✿   ✶âœč✻ ✱✙✙ ❆ ❇❈❉✩❊❋●✙✜ ★âœș★ ✻âœČ✶ ➮✭❧ ①✁✠☎☞âœȘ✈✄✮✿   ✶✩✷ ✻âœČ✷ ✈✡✑❍✌ ✒① ✶✩✩ ✻âœČ✬ ■U ❏✄✟ ■H ☎  ❧ ✎✡ ❞ ✄✒❀✫ ✒✏☞✁❧✁✠ ✶✩✟ ✻âœČâœč ✈✁☛ ✁✰✌  ✄✒❀ ✁✫❏ ❏✟✿ ✳❑✎☞ ✎✁✏✄✠✼✡â–Č ■ r H ✈✁☛ ✁✰✌  ❏✟✿ ✳❑✎☞ ✶✻✶ ✻âœČ✩ ✁✄✁☛ ❱ ❍☎ ✏ ☎☞ ✈✁☛ ✁✰✌ ✈ ✒✟ ✄✒❀ ✁✫❏ ❏✟✿ ✳❑✎☞ ✶✻✻ ✻âœČ✻ ✎✄✠❞❍✄▌✠✠  ✶✌✔ ✻âœČ✌ ✁①◆✘❖ ➮✘ ✼âœȘ✎✁✏✄✠✼✡ ❏✄✟ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✶✌âœč ✱✙✙ ◗ â˜âœŠâ™âœ›âœŠâœŁâœ€âœ„âœŠâœŠ ★❚❯ ✌âœČ✶ ☛  ✳✁✠☎ ✎❱✰❧ ✒✟ ❧✒✟ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✶✜✶ ✌âœČ✷ ✏ ✝ ✌✁✡☎ ✎❱✰❧ ✒✟ ❧✒✟ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿  âœȘ①✁✠☎ ✝ €✌ ✶✜âœč ✌âœČ✬ ✏ ✝ ✌✁✡☎ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ☎  ✁✡✌❧ ✠✿   ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✁✮✿ ✏ ✟☎ ✶✜✻ ✌âœČâœč ✝❧ ✟① ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✶✜✟ ✌âœČ✩ ✁✄✭ ❧ ✟① ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✶✟✶ ✌âœČ✻ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✁✮✿ ✏ ✟☎ ✄✒❀ âœˆâœĄâœ‘âœŽâ±âœŒÂ âœ’â‘  ✶✟✷ ✌âœČ✌ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✁✮✿ ✏ ✟☎ K, ✈✁☛ ✁✰✌  ☛  ①✎❀✫ Q ✠✿   ✁①◆✝ ➮✘ ✼ G ❧✒✟ ✝✟✓✟❡ ✶✟✩ ✌âœČ✜ ✝ €✌ ☎ ✒ ✎❱☛  ✁✄✠ ☎✏✡✒ ✄ ✫✒ ☎ ✏☎ ✶✟✻ ✌âœČ✟ âœâœ„âœ«âœŒâœĄ ❧✒✟ ✈ ✌✁✡☎ ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✷✔✔ ✌âœČ✶✔ âœˆâ‚Źâœ«â–Č ✆  ✏☎ ❏✄✟ ✫✄✂  ✷✔✔ ✌âœČ✶✶ âœˆâ‚Źâœ«Â âœ’âœŸ ❏✄✟ ✆  ✏☎ ✒✟ ☎  ✈ ✌✡✡ ✷✔âœč ✌âœČ✶✷ ✓✎❀✏âœȘâœâœ„âœ«âœŒâœĄ ✷✶âœč ✌âœČâœ¶âœŹ ✈❑✎✁✄✫✒✌ ✫✄✂  ✒✟ ☎☞ ✁✄✫✒✌✠  ✝ €✌ ✄✮✿   ✷✶âœč ✐❋âČ❋❳✩❈❹ ❩❩âœș ♠❬✩âČ❉✩❭✩ ❩✞❚ ✱âȘ❫❎❉❋❔✊✙✊ ❩❛âœș ✐❜âČ✙ ✐✊❝❀✛ ❘✊❉❊❄✜ I-IV xii
  • 11. ✱   ✶ ❜✁✂✄✄☎✆✝✞✟✠✠✡☎✆✝☛☞✌✞☞✍✎✏ t✑☎✡☎✆✝✒☎✒✓☞✔✡✕☞✆✖☞☞✆✗✘✆✗✙✁☞✠✡✒☎✚☞✡☎✆✝✘❡✛☎✄☞✆✁✘✜✁☎✆✗✝✱✆✣✏ ĂŠâœ€âœ âœ„âœ‘âœ„âœ‘âœĄâœžâ˜ŽâœŠâœ§â˜žâ˜žâœžâ˜žâœ†âœ—â˜Žâœ†âœâœžâœ’âœ“â˜žâ˜…âœ•â˜žâœ©â˜žâ˜žâœ†âœ—âœ„âœ‘âœ€âœ â˜žâ–âœ â˜žâœ„âœ™âœâ˜Žâœ†âœ—âœâœąâœ†âœŁâœ ✍✌☞✧☞☞✆✐✄☞✆✄✛☎☞✆✗âœȘâœ â˜žâœ«âœ’âœąâœ„â˜žâœ†âœ—âœžâ˜žâœ«âœ™âœ’âœ˜âœŹâœ©â˜žâ˜žâœ†âœ—âœ˜âœ†âœ—â˜Žâœąâœ‘â™Šâœ­âœ„âœ„âœ™âœâ˜Žâœ†âœ—âœâœąâœ†âœŁâœ SI âœžâ˜žâœˆâ˜žâœ™âœ˜â˜žâœ–â˜žâœ„â˜žâœ†âœ—âœ„â˜žâœ†âœâœ’âœ™âœ“â˜žâ˜žâœ’âœźâ˜žâœ„âœ„âœ™âœâ˜Žâœ†âœ—âœâœąâœ†âœžâ˜žâœ«âœ™âœâ˜žâœ˜â˜žâœ”âœ âœ„âœ â˜žâœâœŻâœ âœ°âœČâœ„â˜Žâœ°âœâœłâœâœŽâ˜Žâ™Šâ˜…âœ”âœĄâ˜žâœ†âœ—âœ„â˜žâœ†âœâœŽâ§âœ‘â˜›âœ·âœ„âœ™âœâ˜Žâœ†âœ—âœâœąâœ†âœŁâœ â˜Žâœ«âœšâ˜žâœ’âœĄâœ„âœŽâœâœ—â˜Žâœ†âœâœ„âœĄâœ„â˜žâœâœŻâœ â˜žâœ†âœąâœžâ˜žâœ«âœ™âœâœ—â–âœ â˜žâœžâ˜žâœ†âœ—âœâœ™âœâœ™â˜…âœąâœ’âœ©â˜žâœ„âœ‘âœ âœâœŻâ§â˜žâ˜…âœĄâœ„âœ™âœâ˜Žâœ†âœ—âœâœąâœ†âœŁâœ ✍✒✙✞☞✰✷✄☞✞☞✫✙✠✧☞☞✧☞♊✄☞✘✆✗ âœ’âœ“â˜žâœ”âœĄâœ„â˜žâœŠâœâœźâœč✄✙✁☎✆✗✝✱✆✣✏ âœâ˜žâœ§â˜žâ™Šâœ„âœžâœ—âœ„âœ’âœĄâœˆâ˜žâ™Šâœ’âœ™âœ„âœ„âœ™âœâ˜Žâœ†âœ—âœâœąâœ†âœŁâœ âœ“â˜žâ˜žâœ«âœ’âœ„âœ„âœ™â˜žâœ’âœžâ˜žâœ â˜žâœ†âœ—â˜Žâœ†âœâœ˜â˜žâœ–â˜žâœ„â˜žâœ†âœ—âœ„â˜žâœ†âœ‚âœ„âœâœŻâœ©â˜žâ˜žâ˜…âœ‘âœâœ†âœŒâœŽâœâœ™âœ‘âœâœŻâœ©â˜žâ˜žâ˜…âœ‘âœ˜âœ†âœ—âœșâœâ˜žâœ—âœ„âœ’âœ™âœ„âœ„âœ™âœâ˜Žâœ†âœ—âœâœąâœ†âœŁâœ ✙☞✁☞✠✒✡✄✁✗✠☞✆tâœĄâ˜Žâœ†âœâœ’â˜Žâœ’âœ“â˜žâœ”âœĄâœ’âœĄâœ âœ˜â˜žâœ†âœ—âœ„âœ‘âœ€âœ â˜žâ–âœ â˜žâœ„âœ™âœâ˜Žâœ†âœ—âœâœąâœ†âœŁâœ âœâœ™âœ˜â˜žâœ©â˜žâœ°ĂŠâœ€âœ âœ˜â˜žâœĄâœȘâœžâ˜žâœ«âœâœ„âœâœ™âœ˜â˜žâœ©â˜žâœ°ĂŠâœ€âœ âœ˜â˜žâœĄâœȘâœžâœ©â˜žâœ°âœŒâœŻâœ€âœ âœ˜â˜žâœĄâœžâ˜žâœ«âœ™âœâœŽâœ–â˜žâœŒâœŻâœ€âœ âœ˜â˜žâœĄâœ„âœ‘âœâ˜žâœ§â˜žâ™Šâœ„âœ„â˜žâ˜›âœ„â˜žâœâ˜Žâœ†âœ—âœâœąâœ†âœŁâœ ✘☞✆★ ✞☞✫✙ ✘☞✆★✙ âœŒâœŻâœ€âœ âœ˜â˜žâœĄâœŽâœâœŒâ˜žâœ†âœ— ✄☞ â˜Žâœ©â˜žâ™ŠâœĄâœ„âœ™âœâ˜Žâœ†âœ—âœâœąâœ†âœŁâœ âœ’âœ„âœâœ‘âœ â˜žâœ«âœ’âœąâœ„â˜Žâœ†âœâąâ˜žâœčâœ„âœ’â˜Žâœ’âœ“â˜žâœ”âœĄâœ„âœ›â˜Žâ˜žâœ†âœ—âœ„â˜žâœŒâœŻâœ€âœ âœ˜â˜žâœĄâœŽâœâœŻâœ’âœ„âœžâ˜žâœ„âœâœ’âœ™âœ„âœ’â˜…âœ„âœ„âœ™âœâ˜Žâœ†âœ—âœâœąâœ†âœŁâœ 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  • 12. 2 ❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ✞✟✠✡☛ ☞✌✍✠☛ ✌✎✏ ☞✟✑✠✒✓✠✎✒ ✔✠ ✕✡✠✌✖✠☞✞✔ ✗✘✡✠✎✙ ✚✠✛✟✚ ☞✌✍✠☛❱ â˜›âœ âœœâœąâœŁâœ€âœ“âœ’âœ„âœ  ✩✠✛✞ âœŒâœ’âœâœ§âœĄâ˜…âœ©âœž ✘âœȘâœ«âœ âœŹâ˜› ✟✭✼✯✠ ☞✌☞✰✠✱☛ âœČ✠✎✄✠✠✎✒ ✚✎✒ ✖✠✎✓✠ ✖✛❡ âœžâœ âœłâœ©âœŽâœŁâœĄ âœŠâœ”âœ âœ¶âœ•âœĄâœŒâœ·âœ”âœ âœ  ✚✎✒ ✚✖✾✌✘★âœč✠✶ ✡✠✎✙✭✠☛ âœ—âœŒâœ¶âœžâœ”âœ âœŽâœ’âą âœČ✠✠✞✠✎✒❱ ✩④✬✠✎✒❱ ✬✌âœč✠✠✎✒❱ ✞✒✙✠✎✒❱ âœșâœ–âœ»âœŹâœ”âœ âœŽâœ’âą ✭✌✠✩✠✎✒❱ ✟✠âœșâœ»â˜›âœ âœŽâœ’âą âœŠâœ˜âœšâœ âœŒâœ¶âœ”âœ âœŽâœ’âą Ăšâœ âœ âœ“âœ»âœŠâœ âœŽâœ’âą ☞✚✜ ✟✠✓✻✊✠✎✒ ✓✔✠✠ âœŠâœ±âœĄ ✔✠âœș✶☞☛✔ ✩✠✛✞ ✩✔✠âœș✶☞☛✔ ✞✟✠✡☛✠✎✒ ✟☞✖✓ ☛✌✣☛ ✟✠✚✙âœȘ✣ ✌✎✏ ☞☛✚✠✶âœč✠ ✚✎✒ ✬✙✎ ✞✠✟✠✡☞☛✔ ✗♠✠✎✙✠✎✒ ✔✠ ✖✛❡ ✚✠☛✌ ✌✎✏ âœŒâœŁâœŒâ˜›âœ€âœ·âœ“âœž ✔✠✎ âœżâ€âœ«âœ  ✗❁✠☛✎ ✖✎✓✻ âœ°âœ âœ âœŽâœŒâ˜›âą âœ·âœŒâœ âœ·âœ”âœĄâœ€ ✟✻☞✌✟✠ ✔✣ ✌✷✓✻❧❀ ✩✠✛✞ âœŠâœ±âœĄ ✟✠✚✙âœȘ✣ ✔✣ ✩✠✌✯✡✔✓✠✩✠✎✒ ✔✠✎ ✘★✞✠ ✔✞☛✎ ✚✎✒ ✞✟✠✡☛ ☞✌✍✠☛ ☛✎ ✚✖✾✌✘★âœč✠✶ ✰✠★☞✚✔✠ ☞☛✰✠✠✐✶ ✖✛❡ ☞✌☞✰✠✱☛ âœ—âœŒâœ¶âœžâœ”âœ âœŽâœ’âą âœŒâœŁâœŒâœ âœčâœ âœ»â˜›âœ âœŻâœ âœ”âœ âœŽâœ’ ✓✔✠✠ âœ”âœŁâœ©â˜›âœ âœŻâœ âœ”âœ âœŽâœ’ ✔✣ ✗✾✠✚ ☞✔✷✚✠✎✒ ✔✠ ✗❂✫ ✷✓✞ ✘✞ ✗❃✘✠✭☛ ✐✟✌✎✏ ❄✌✬✒✓ ✗✭✠✖✞âœč✠ ✖✛✒❡ ✐✟✣ ✘âœȘ✔✠✞ ✌✛✏✱✟✞ ✔✣ ☞✫☞✔❃✟✠ ✚✎✒ ✘âœȘ✰✠✠✌✣ âœŠâœ âœ›âœłâœ â˜žâœŸâœĄâœ â€ ❜✌✛✟✎❅ â˜žâœŸâœŸâœ§âœŹâœ â˜žâœ©â˜› ✓✔✠✠ âœ©âœ›â†âœŸâœ âœŽâœŹâ‡ ✩✠✛✞ ❧✜❈✟ ✟✎ ✙âœȘ✷✓ ✞✠✎☞✙✡✠✎✒ ✌✎✏ ✗✘✫✠✞ ✖✎✓✻ ✗✘✡✠✎✙ ✚✎✒ ✩✠☛✎✌✠✬✣ âœŠâœ âœ›âœłâœ â˜žâœŸ ❧☞✌✜✠✎✔✠✠✐✶☞✚☞✜☛ (AZT) ✟✭✼✯✠ ✩☛✎✔ âœŒâœŁâœŒâ˜›âœžâœČ✠✔ âœŠâœ âœ›âœłâœ â˜žâœŸâœĄâœ â€ ✘✠✛✟✠✎✒ ✩✠✛✞ ✘âœȘ✠âœčâœ âœŁâœ€âœŸâœȘ✠✎✓✠✎✒ ✟✎ ✘âœȘ✠✧✓ ✡✠ ✟✒✯✬✎☞✳✠✓ ✔✣ ✙✐✶ ✖✛✒❡ ✞✠✟✠✡☞☛✔ ☞✟✑✠✒✓ âœ°âœ âœŹâœŁâœ€âœ°âœ âœ â€â˜žâœ“ ✖✠✎☛✎ ✌✎✏ âœș✠✭ ✩âœș â˜žâœŒâ˜žâœŻâœ âœłâœ© ✫✻✒âœș✔✣✡❱ â˜žâœŒâ™ âœ»âœ“âœŁâœĄ ✩✠✛✞ ✘âœȘ✔✠✯✠✣✡ ✙✻âœčâœ âœŸâœšâœ¶âœĄâœ»â†âœ“ ✘✭✠✔✠✶ ✟✒✯✬✎☞✳✠✓ ✔✞☛✠ ✟✒✰✠✌ ✖✠✎ ✙✡✠ ✖✛❱ ☞✌✟✌✎✏ âœ˜âœâœŹâœ·âœŒâžâœ˜ âœŠâ˜žâœ“âœ«âœ âœŹâœ” ☞✟✞✎☞✚✔❱ âœŸâœ»âœ«âœ âœŹâœ” âœșâœ–âœ»âœŹâœ”âą ✘âœȘ✔✠✯✠✣✡ ✘✏✠✐âœș✞ ❜✓✒✓✻❇ ✟✭✼✯✠ ✘✭✠✔✠✶ ✟✒✯✬✎☞✳✠✓ ☞✔❧ ✌✠ ✟✔✓✎ ✖✛✒ ✩✠✛✞ ❁✠✎✟ âœŠâœŒâœ·âœ”âœ âœŁâœĄ ✘✭✠✔✠✠✎❉ ✔✠✎ âœŹâŠâœ âœ» ❞✘ ✚✎✒ ☞✌✔☞✟✓ ☞✔✡✠ ✌✠ ✟✔✓✠ ✖✛❡ ☞✘❋✬✎ ✌✻✏❋ ✌✳✠✠✎❉ ✚✎✒ ✞✟✠✡☛ âœŻâœ âœ âœ·âœ„âœ  ✔✣ ✟✖✠✡✓✠ ✟✎ âœ˜âœĄâœ âœ¶âœŒâœžâœč✠✣✡ ✘âœȘ✭★✳✠âœč✠ ✟✎ ✟✒âœș✒☞✟✓ ✌✻✏❋ ✙✒✰✠✣✞ âœŸâœšâœ·âœĄâœ âœŠâœ âœŽâœ’ ✔✠✎ ✔✠✘✏✣ ✟✣✚✠ ✓✔ â˜žâ˜›âœĄâœ’â˜žâœ„âœ âœ“ ☞✔✡✠ ✌✠ ✟✔✠ ✖✛❡ ✗✭✠✖✞âœčâœ âœ·âœŒâžâœ˜â…âœŸâœšâœ“âœ âœ˜âœšâœ’âœœâœŹ (stratosphere) ✚✎✒ ✊✠✎✌✠✎☛ ✩✌âœČ✠✡ (Ozone depletion) ✗❃✘✱☛ ✔✞☛✎✌✠✬✎ ❧✌✒ âœ˜âœĄâœ âœ¶âœŒâœžâœč✠✀✘âœȘ✭★✳✠✔ ❆✬✠✎✞✠✎●✬✠✎✞✠✎ ✔✠âœșâœ¶â˜›âą ✊✔✠✠✶✓❈ ✟✣❍❧✘✏❍✟✣❍ (CFC) ✟✭✼✯✠ ✘✭✠✔✠✠✎❉ ✌✎✏ ☞✌✔■✘ âœŸâœ˜âœâœŹâœ“âœ âœ˜â˜…âœŒâœ¶âœ” ✟✒✯✬✎☞✳✠✓ ✔✞ ☞✬✡✎ ✙❧ ✖✛✒❱ ✘✞✒✓✻ ✩✰✠✣ ✰✠✣ âœ˜âœĄâœ âœ¶âœŒâœžâœč✠ ✔✣ ✩☛✎✔ âœŸâœšâœ·âœĄâœ â§â€ ✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✭✠✎✒ ✌✎✏ ☞✬❧ ✙✒✰✠✣✞ âœ«âœ»â˜›âœ âœ›âœ“âœŁ âœș☛✣ ✖✻✐✶ ✖✛✒❡ ❧✎✟✣ ✖✣ ❧✔ âœŸâœšâœ·âœĄâœ  ✙âœȘâœŁâ˜›âœ€âœ–âœ âœ—âœŸ ✙✛✟✠✎✒ âœâœŒâœ›âœŸâœŽâ…âœšâœŽâœ”âœ âœ›â˜›âą ✔✠âœș✶☛ ✜✠✐✩✠❏❆✟✠✐✜ ✩✠☞✭❇ ✔✠ ✘âœȘâœș✒✟☛ ✖✛❡ ✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✭✠✎✒ ✔✣ ✰✠✠✌✣ ✘✣☞❑✱✡✠✎✒ ✌✎✏ ☞✬❧ âœŒâœ›âœŒâœ€âœžâœ âœŸâœ âœĄâ˜žâ˜›âœ” ✘âœȘ☞â–Č✡✠✩✠✎✒ ✔✣ âœŸâœšâ–Œâą ✞✟✠✡☛✠✎✒ ✌✎✏ ✕✡✠✘✔ ✷✓✞ ✘✞ ✗❃✘✠✭☛ ✖✎✓✻ ❧✒✌✠✐✚✠✎✒ ✔✠ ✗✘✡✠✎✙ ✩✠✛✞ ☛✌✣☛ ✚✠✎✖✔ ✘✭✠✔✠✠✎❉ ✔✠ ✗❃✘✠✭☛ ✌✻✏❋✎✔ âœș✠✛☞✑✔ âœ«âœ»â˜›âœ âœ›â˜žâœ“âœĄâœ â€ ✖✛✒❡ ❧✎✟✣ âœ«âœ»â˜›âœ âœ›â˜žâœ“âœĄâœ âœŽâœ’ ✔✠ ✟✠✚☛✠ ✔✞☛✎ ✌✎✏ ☞✬❧ ✖✚✠✞✎ ✭✎✯✠ ✓✔✠✠ âœŠâœ±âœĄ ☞✌✔✠✟✯✠✣✬ ✭✎✯✠✠✎✒ ✔✠✎ âœšâœŽâœŸâœ âœŒâœŁ ✩✠✛✞ âœŸâœźâœŒâ˜›âœ âƒâœšâœ” ✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✭✠✎✒ ✔✣ ✩✠✌✯✡✔✓✠ ✖✛❡ ◆❖€ ◗❘❙❚ âŻâ± âČâ˜âłâšâ© ✩✘☛✣ ✘★✌✶ ✔âœČ✠✠✩✠✎✒ ✟✎ ✩✠✘ ✈✭âœȘ✕✡❬ ✯✠❭✭ ✟✎ ✘☞✞☞✫✓ ✖✛✒❡ ✔✠✎✐✶ ✰✠✣ âœŒâœ·âœ“âœ»âą ☞✌✟✔✠ ✭âœȘ✕✡✚✠☛ ✖✠✎✓✠ ✖✛ ✩✠✛✞ ✌✠✎ ✷✔✠✠☛ ❊✠✎✞✓✣ ✖✛❱ ♄âȘ❫❎ ✔✖✬✠✓✣ ✖✛❡ ✖✚✠✞✎ ✩✠✟✘✠✟ ✔✣ ✟✰✠✣ ✌✷✓✻❧❀ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ❔✠✞✠ âœș☛✣ ✖✠✎✓✣ ✖✛✒❡ ✗✭✠✖✞âœč✠ ✌✎✏ â˜žâœŹâ§â…âœ˜âœ»âœ·âœ“âœ”âą ✔✬✚❱ âœ˜âœŽâ˜žâœ±âœŸâœŹâą âœŒâœŹâą âœŒâœ âœĄâœ»âą ✟✰✠✣ âœŒâœŁâœŒ ✩✠☞✭ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ✟✎ âœș☛✎ ✖✠✎✓✎ ✖✛✒❡ ✩✠✘ ✌✠☛✓✎ ✖✛✒ ☞✔ ✐☛ ✟✰✠✣ ✔✠ ✭âœȘ✕✡✚✠☛ ✖✠✎✓✠ ✖✛ ✩✠✛✞ ✡✎ ✷✔✠✠☛ ❊✠✎✞✓✣ ✖✛✒❡ ✩✠✘ ✡✖ ✰✠✣ ✌✠☛✓✎ ✖✛✒ ☞✔ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ✔✣ ✓✣☛ ✰✠✠✛☞✓✔ ✊✌✷✔✠✠❧❀ ✟✒✰✠✌ ✖✛✒❅ ❁✠✎✟❱ ✭âœȘ✌ ✩✠✛✞ ✙✛✟❡ ✐☛ ✓✣☛✠✎✒ ✊✌✷✔✠✠✊✠✎✒ ✚✎✒ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ✌✎✏ ❊✠✩✔✀✔âœč✠✠✎✒ ✔✠✎ ☞✫✄✠ ❛❍❛ ✚✎✒ âœ­âœŻâœ âœ âœ¶âœĄâœ  ✙✡✠ ✖✛❡ ââŁâ€âŠ ♩♣♩ qrst✉ ✇①② ⑱r⑀⑄ â‘Šâ‘€t ⑧s⑹ ⑩❶rrs⑹ ⑩❷ ❞âč②âș❻rr ❁✠✎✟✠✎✒ ✚✎✒ ✡✎ ✔âœč✠ ❧✔✀✭★✟✞✎ ✌✎✏ âœș✖✻✓ ✘✠✟ â–Č✚âœș✑ ❞✘ ✟✎ âœ•âœĄâœŒâ˜žâœ·âœ”âœ âœ“ ✞✖✓✎ ✖✛✒❡ ✡✎ âœș✖✻✓ ✙☞✓✯✠✣✬ ☛✖✣✒ ✖✠✎✓✎❡ ✭âœȘ✌✠✎✒ ✚✎✒ ✔âœč✠ ✘✠✟✀✘✠✟ ✖✠✎✓✎ ✖✛✒❱ ☞✘✏✞ ✰✠✣ ✡✎ ✙☞✓ ✔✞ ✟✔✓✎ ✖✛✒❱ ✬✎☞✔☛ ❁✠✎✟✠✎✒ ✡✠ ✭âœȘ✌✠✎✒ ✔✣ ✩✘✎âœČ✠✠ ✙✛✟✠✎✒ ✚✎✒ ✔âœč✠ âœș✖✻✓ ✭★✞✀✭★✞ ✖✠✎✓✎ ✖✛✒❡ ✌✎ âœș✖✻✓ ✩✠✟✠☛✣ ✓✔✠✠ âœ“âœŽâŒâœ âœŁ ✟✎ ✙☞✓ ✔✞ ✟✔✓✎ ✖✛✒❡ ✔âœč✠✠✎✒ ✔✣ ✐☛ âœ•âœĄâœŒâœ·âœ”âœ âœ âœŠâœ âœŽâœ’ ✌✎✏ ✔✠✞âœč✠ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ✔✣ ☞✌☞✰✠✱☛ ✊✌✷✔✠✠✊✠✎✒ ✌✎✏ â˜žâ˜›â‘Łâ˜›â˜žâœŹâ˜žâœâœ âœ“ ✩☞✰✠✬âœČ✠âœč✠ ✖✠✎✓✎ ✖✛✒❅ (i) ❁✠✎✟ ✔✠ â˜žâ˜›â˜žâœŻâœ«âœ“ ✩✠✡✓☛ ✩✠✛✞ â˜žâ˜›â˜žâœŻâœ«âœ“ ✩✠✔✠✞ ✖✠✎✓✠ ✖✛❡ (ii) ✭âœȘ✌ ✔✠ â˜žâ˜›â˜žâœŻâœ«âœ“ ✩✠✡✓☛ ✖✠✎✓✠ ✖✛❱ ✘✞✒✓✻ ✩✠✔✠✞ â˜žâ˜›â˜žâœŻâœ«âœ“ ☛✖✣✒ ✖✠✎✓✠ ✖✛❡ ✌✖ ✗✟✣ ✘✠✄✠ ✔✠ ✩✠✔✠✞ ✬✎ ✬✎✓✠ ✖✛❱ ☞✌✟✚✎✒ ✗✟✎ ✞❜✠✠ ✌✠✓✠ ✖✛❡ (iii) ✙✛✟ ✔✠ ✩✠✡✓☛ ✡✠ ✩✠✔✠✞ ✌✻✏❋ ✰✠✣ â˜žâ˜›â˜žâœŻâœ«âœ“ ☛✖✣ ✞✖✓✠❡ ✌✖ ✗✟ ✘✠✄✠ ✌✎✏ ✩✠✡✓☛ ✚✎✒ ✘★✞✣ ✓✞✖ ✘✏✛✬ âœŒâœ âœ“âœŁ ✖✛❱ ☞✌✟✚✎✒ ✗✟✎ ✞❜✠✠ ✌✠✓✠ ✖✛❡ ✓✠✘ ✩✠✛✞ ✭✠âœș ✔✣ âœ˜â˜žâœžâ˜žâœ·âœ”âœ â˜žâœ“âœĄâœ âœŽâœ’ ✌✎✏ ✘☞✞✌✓✶☛ ❔✠✞✠ ✭âœȘ✕✡ ✔✣ ✐☛ ✓✣☛ ✊✌✷✔✠✠✊✠✎✒ ✔✠✎ ❧✔✀✭★✟✞✎ ✚✎✒ ✘☞✞✌☞✓✶✓ ☞✔✡✠ ✌✠ ✟✔✓✠ ✖✛❡
  • 13. 3❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ✞✟ ✆✠✡☛ ☞✌✍ ✎✆✏✁❄✑✁✁✒✓ ①✔✕ ①✔✕ ❇❩✖❧ ♄⑹♊ ①✗❧ ❇❛✘❩ ❇✘❩ ✙ ✙ ✙ ✙✙ ✙ ✙ ✙ ✙✙✙ ✙ ✙ ✙✙ ✙ ✙ ✙ ✙✙ âœšâœ›âœœâœ›âœąâœŁâœ€âœŁâœ› ✄✊ ✧✛★✚ ✩✛★ ✩âœȘ✜ ✩âœȘ✫★ ✬âœȘ ✭✼ ✯✰✭ ✜★✱ ✬✐âœȘ✭✐✀âœČ✀ ✼✛★ âœłâœ›âœ€âœ› ✼✮ ✔✛✎âœȘ ✯✰✭ ✩✛★ ✩âœȘ✜ ✩âœȘ✫★ ✬âœȘ ✭✼ âœ©âœŽâœšâœ¶âœŁ âœ·âœ­âœ›âœžâœŹâœč ✔✭âœș✻✛✛ ✜★✱ ✬✐âœȘ✭✐✀âœČ✀ ✼✛★ âœłâœ›âœ€âœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ ✜✚✭★✟ ✐✭✬âœȘ✶✀ âœ”âœâœˆâœ›âœâœżâœŁâœ› ✜★✱ ✩✎✚ ✩✛★ ✧✱❀✛ ✩âœȘ✫★ ✬âœȘ ✭✼ âœŻâœ°âœâœ­âœ€ ✼✛★✩âœȘ ✯✰✭ ✜★✱ ✬✐âœȘ✭✐✀âœČ✀ ✼✛★ âœłâœ›âœ€âœ¶ ✼✮ ✔✛✎âœȘ ✔✐❁✊ ✧✱❀✛ ✩âœȘ✫★ ✬âœȘ ✯✰✭ ✳✜✩âœȘ ✧✛★✚ ✜★✱ ✬✐âœȘ✭✐✀âœČ✀ ✼✛★ âœłâœ›âœ€âœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ âœș✻✛â–Č❂ ✣✛ ❃❀❄★ âœș✀âœȘ ✬âœȘ ✯✰❅✣ ✩✛★ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✣✛ ❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœČ ✭★✟ ●✬ ✜★✱ ✭✩✶âœČ❍✀ ✐✩✣✛ ✳✛ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ âœœâœąâœźâ˜…âœ± ✔✛✎âœȘ ✔✛✩★ ✐❱■✛ ❏❑▌ ✭★✟ ✔✫❊✚✛âœȘ â—†âœŹâ–âœâœ­âœˆâœ›âœ›âœâœłâœ€ ✐✩✣✛ ✳✛ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ €◗❘❙ âšâŻâ± âČâłâšâ© ❬❭ âȘâ«âŽâ”âŹâœââ­ âœ”âœ›âœŹâœ­â˜…âœŸ âœ”âœ›âœšâœŹâœ›âœš ◆✬✐âœș✻✛✀ ✔✐❁✊✛✱❉✛ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœČ ✐✜❆❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ ✭★✟ ✐❂✄♠ ✳❂ ✜★✱ âąâœ¶âœ«âœ¶ ✩✛ âœâœ­â‚âœŁâœ«âž ✼✭✛❞ ❱✛✣ âœ”âœ›âœâœŻ ✚✈✛✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✐✊✚✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✜★✱ ✯✛★ ✣✛ ✔✐❁✊ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœČ ✔✻✛✭✛ ❡✛❣✩ ✐✊✚✶ ✈✛✶ âœ”âœ«âŠâœŹâœ›âœ€ ✜★✱ ◆✬✐âœș✻✛✀ ✼✛★ ✚✊✀★ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✊✛★✜âœČ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✚✜✛✱✩✶ ✣✛ ✐✭✞✛✜✛✱✩✶ ✼✛★ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ ✐✊✚✶ ✚✜✛✱✩✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✜★✱ ❡✛❣✩ âœ„âœŠâ–âœŻâ–Č✚âœȘ★ ✜★✱ ✬â–Č❈✛âœČâœ€âœŁâœ› ✐✜✐❆✀ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ± ✔✛✎âœȘ ✬â–ČâœȘ★ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✩✛ âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœ« ✄✊ ✚✜✛✫ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€âœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ ✔✀❀ ♣✳❂ ✜★✱ âąâœ¶âœ«âœ¶ ✩✛ âœâœ­â‚âœŁâœ«q ✔✛✎âœȘ ♣✼✭✛q ✚✜✛✱✩✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✭★✟ ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✜✚✭★✟ ✐✭✬âœȘ✶✀ ✐✭✞✛✜✛✱✩✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✜★✱ âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœ« ✬â–ČâœȘ★ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✜★✱ ✄✊ ✚✜✛✫ âœ«âœźâœ¶âœ± âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€âœ›âœŒ ✊✈✛✶❖✊✈✛✶ ✀✛★ âœâœ­âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ« âĄâœ›âŁâœŠâœ›â˜…âœ± ✩✛★ ✔❂✩❖✔❂✩ ✯★r✛✛ ✳✛ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ ✭★✟ ✐❂✄ âąâœ¶âœ«âœ¶ ✔✛✎âœȘ ✫✜✊ ✀✻✛✛ ✯✛❂ ✭★✟ âœŻâœ›âœ«âœ›â˜…âœ± ✔✛✎âœȘ âœ©âœ±âœŻâœ©âœ¶ âœ·âœŹâœ°âœ›âœŁâ€ s✛★❣★ ✭✱✟✊❀❄âœč ✭★✟ ✊❈✛✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✐✭✞✛✜✛✱✩✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ âœ”âœ›âœŹ âœ”âœŹâœ«â˜… âœŻâœŽâœâœ«âœŠ âœłâœ¶âœ­âœ« ✜★✱ ✬✰✣❊t✀ ✐✜❆❈✛✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✊✜âœČ âœ”âœąâœŁ ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛✛★✱ ✭★✟ ❃✛âœȘ★ ✜★✱ ✚✛★❱ ✚✊✀★ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✣✼✛✉ ✣✼ ❃✀✛✫✛ â—†âœâąâœ€ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ©âœ› ✐✩ ✐✊✚✶ ✐✜❆❈✛ ✭★✟ âĄâœ›âŁâœŠâœ›â˜…âœ± ✩✛★ âœźâœ›âœ»âœ› ✚★ s✛✫✫★❞ ✐✿âœșâŁâ‚âœ«âž ✔✛✚✭✫ âœ”âœ›âœâœŻ ✈✛✛✎✐✀✊ âœâœ­âœââœŁâœ›â˜…âœ± ✭★✟ â—†âœŹâœŁâœ›â˜…âœ© ✇✛âœȘ✛ ✔❂✩ ✐✩✣✛ ✳✛ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ ❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœ›â˜…â‘Ą ✭★✟ âœ”âœâœˆâœ›â‚â‘Łâœ›âˆâœ› ✐✜❆❈✛✛★✱ ✚★ âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ« âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ◆✫✊✛ âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœ« âœâœ«âœâ‰âąâœ€ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€âœ› ✼✮❞ ✳❃✐✩ ✐✜❆❈✛✛★✱ ✜★✱ ❡✛❣✩ ✐✊✚✶ ✈✛✶ âœ”âœ«âŠâœŹâœ›âœ€ ✜★✱ ◆✬✐âœș✻✛✀ ✼✛★ ✚✊✀★ âœźâœŽâœ± ✔✛✎âœȘ ◆✫✊✛ âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœ« âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ« ✼✛★ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ ✀✛✉❃✛❞ âąâœ›âœ‰âœŻâœ¶âž ✚✛★✫✛❞ ✳❂❞ ⑀❂â–Č✩✛★✚ âœ”âœ›âœâœŻ ❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœ›â˜…â‘Ą ✭★✟ ✭❊✟s ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ⑀❂â–Č✩✛★✚ ✜★✱ ✩✛❃âœČ✫❞ âœźâœ›âœœâ€â‘„âœ›â˜…âœłâœ« ✔✛✎âœȘ ✔✛⑊tâœšâœ¶âœłâœ« ✄✊ âœâœ«âœâ‰âąâœ€ âœ”âœ«âŠâœŹâœ›âœ€ ✜★✱ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✜✚✜★✱ âœ”âœąâœŁ ❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœ›â˜…â‘Ą ✊✶ ✀âœȘ✼ âœâœ«âœâ‰âąâœ€ âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœ« âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€âœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ ❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœČ ✭★✟ âœšâœ±âĄâœ›âŁâœŠâœ›â˜…âœ± ✩✛★ ✚✛✜✛✱✣ ✈✛✛✎✐✀✊ âœâœ­âœââœŁâœ›â˜…âœ± ✇✛âœȘ✛ âœŹâ‘§âœ»âœ›âœ­â‘šâœŸ âœ«âœźâœ¶âœ± ✐✩✣✛ ✳✛ ✚✊✀✛✌ ❉✛❊❋ âœŹâœŻâœ›âœ»âœ›âœ›â˜…â‘Ą ✩✛★ âœŹâŠâœ«â€ ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✀✻✛✛ âœŁâœ›âœŽâœâœ©âœŠâœ›â˜…âœ± ✜★✱ ✭✩✶âœČ❍✀ ✐✩✣✛ ✳✛ ✚✊✀✛ âœźâœŽâœŒ ✐✊✚✶ ✀⑩✭ ✜★✱ ✄✊ âœźâœ¶ ✬✰✩✛âœȘ ✭★✟ ✩❈✛ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✣★ ✩❈✛ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊ ✣✛ ✔❈✛❊ ✼✛★ ✚✊✀★ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ âœ”âœ›âœŹ âœ”âœŹâœ«âœ¶ ✐✬s❂✶ âœŠâ‘Łâœ›âœ›âœ”âœ›â˜…âœ± ✚★ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊✔✛★✱ ✔✛✎âœȘ ✔❈✛❊✔✛★✱ ✚★ ✬✐âœȘâœâąâœ€ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ±âœ©â˜…âž ❂★✐✊✫ âœ”âœ›âœŹ ◆✫✭★✟ ❃✛âœȘ★ ✜★✱ ✄✊✊❖▌ ✜★✱ ✐✭âœș✀✛âœȘ ✚★ âœŹâ¶â„â˜…âœ±âœ©â˜…âœŒ ✚✛★✐❀✣✜❞ âœźâœ›âœœâ€â‘„âœ›â˜…âœłâœ«âž ✔✛⑊tâœšâœ¶âœłâœ« ✀✛✉❃✛❞ âąâœ›âœ‰âœŻâœ¶âž âœ”âœ›âœâœŻ ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✭❊✟s ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✜✫ ✚❃ ✜★✱ ✄✊ âœźâœ¶ ✬✰✩✛âœȘ ✭★✟ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âž ✬âœȘ✱✀❊ âœâœ­âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ« ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊ âœ„âœŠâ–âœŻâ–Č✚âœȘ★ ✚★ âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ« âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✚✛★✐❀✣✜ ✔✻✛✭✛ ✀✛✉❃★ ✳✮✚★ ✭❊✟s ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✜★✱ ✄✊❂ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊ ❡✛❣✩ ✊❈✛✛★✱ ✭★✟ ●✬ ✜★✱ ◆✬✐âœș✻✛✀ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âž ✳❃✐✩ ✭❊✟s âœ”âœąâœŁ ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✜★✱ ✯✛★ ✣✛ ✔✐❁✊ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊ âœšâœ±âœŁâœ›â˜…âœâœłâœ€ ✼✛★✩âœȘ ◆✚ ✀⑩✭ ✭★✟ ✔❈✛❊ ❃✫✛✀★ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✔✀❀ âœźâœ›âœœâ€â‘„âœ›â˜…âœłâœ«âž âœ«âœ›âœœâŁâ‘„âœ›â˜…âœłâœ« ✀✻✛✛ ✔✛⑊tâœšâœ¶âœłâœ« ✩✎✚✛★✱ ✜★✱ ✜✫ ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✔❈✛❊ ◆✬✐âœș✻✛✀ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âž ✳✛★ âœżâœœâ‰âœ›â€ ✜✫✭★✟ ✯✛★❖✯✛★ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊✔✛★✱ ✭★✟ âœšâœ±âœŁâœ›â˜…âœłâœ« ✚★ ❃✫✀★ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✜✚★ ✐❱■✛ ❏❑❷ ✜★✱ ✐✯r✛✛✣✛ âœ©âœŁâœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ €◗❘❙ ❚❯❾ âč❜âș❭❝❭❻❌❭❜❟ âŒâ­âżâœ ❌❝❭❻❌❭❜❟ ❬❭ ➀➁➂âč❝❭ ✳❃ âœâœˆâœ›âœąâœ« ✀⑩✭✛★✱ ✭★✟ ✯✛★ ✣✛ ✯✛★ ✚★ ✔✐❁✊ ✬âœȘ✜✛❈✛❊ âœšâœ±âœŁâœ›â˜…âœâœłâœ€ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€â˜… âœźâœŽâœ±âž ✀❃ âœŁâœ›âœŽâœâœ©âœŠ ✩✛ ✄✊ ✔❈✛❊ âœŹâœ°âœ›âžƒâœ€ âœźâœ›â˜…âœ€âœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ ✳❂❞ âœ”âœœâœ›â˜…âœâœ«âœŁâœ›âž ✩✛❃âœČ✫❖❀✛✜✔✛⑊t✚✛✜❀❞ âąâœ¶âœ«âœ¶ âœ”âœ›âœâœŻ âœŁâœ›âœŽâœâœ©âœŠâœ›â˜…âœ± ✭★✟ ✭❊✟s ◆✯✛✼âœȘ❈✛ âœźâœŽâœ±âœŒ ✳❂ ✔✛✎âœȘ ✩✛❃âœČ✫ ❀✛✜✔✛⑊t✚✛✜❀ ✭★✟ ✔❈✛❊✔✛★✱ ✩✛★ ✐❱■✛ ❏❑➄ ✜★✱ âœâœ«â—âœâœŹâœ€ ✐✩✣✛ âœ©âœŁâœ› âœźâœŽâœŒ
  • 14. 4 ❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ❱✞✟✠ ✡☛☞ t✌ ✍✎✏✑ ✒✎✓✔✕ ✖✎✗✍✎✘✙✚✎✗✖ ✛✜✱ âœâœŁâœŽâœ€âœâœŽâœœâœ„ ✒✎ ✩✕✧★✣✎ ✈✩âœȘâœ«âœŹ ✭✼✯✰ ✱âœČ✳ ✎✔✶ âœ·âœŹâœžâœ©âœ© âœčâœș ✻✌ âœœâœŹâœŸ ✿âœș ✈❀✩❁ ❂✬❃ âœ·âœ©âœŹ âŁâœ©â„â…â†âœ©âœŹâœ»âœ« âœȘ❇❂✩❀✩❁ ✈✩❈❇ ✿âœș ✈✩❉❊❋●✻✫ âœȘ❇❂✩❀✩❁ ❍âœȘâœč■❏✩❑ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❃❈â–Č ❄❋● âœȘâ–Œâœș✩❇◆ âœșâœ©â–â‚Źâœ« ❅✩❄✈✩❉❊❋✩❄❅ âœœâœŹâœŸ ✈❀✩❁ ❂✬❃ ✈✩❉❊❋●✻✫ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœ·âœ©âœŹ âœȘ❇❂✩❀✩❁ âœșâœ©â–â‚Źâœ« âœœâœŹâœŸ ✿âœș âœȘ❇❂✩❀✩❁ ❋✬ â‹âƒâ™Šâœ©âœŹâœč✻❑ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃â–Č ✈❑◗ âœčâœș❋● ♊✩❈âœč❘âœș ❂✬❃ âœč✜âœč❙✩❚✫ â‘âŻâœœâœ©âœŹâƒ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœȘ❇❂✩❀✩❁ ✿âœș âœč✫âœč❱âČ❑ ✈✩❈❇ âœč■❏✩❇ ✈✫❁âœȘ✩❑ ❂✬❃ ❍âœȘâœč■❏✩❑ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃â–Č ♩❣ ✈✫❁âœȘ✩❑ âœčâœș❋● ♊✩❈âœč❘âœș âœș✩ ✈âœčâ™âœ©âœŒâœ©âłâœ©âœč❀✩âœș ❘❁❀✩ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœ© ❣❈â–Č â„â‹âœœâœŹâœŸ ❋✩❏✩ ❣● âœčâœș❋● ♊✩❈âœč❘âœș âœœâœŹâœŸ â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚â‚Ź ââ‹âœœâœŹâœŸ â©âœ©âŹâœș â‘âŻâœœâœ©âœŹâƒ âœœâœŹâœŸ â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚âœ©âœŹâ­ ❋✬ âœč❙✩❚✫ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃â–Č ââœ·âœ©âŁâ‡â€âœ© âœœâœŹâœŸ âœčâœŒâœżâ§ âŁâœ©â„â…â†âœ©âœŹâœ»âœ« ✈✩❈❇ ✈✩❉❊❋●✻✫ ❘❈❋✬❃ ❣❈❃◆ âœȘ❇❃❑❁ ââœ«âœœâœŹâœŸ â‹âƒâ™Šâœ©âœŹâœ»âœ« ❋✬ ❖✫✩ ♊✩❈âœč❘âœș◆ âœˆââœ©âœ©â‚Źâ‘â‘  ✻✌ ✿âœș ✷▌✜ ❣❈â–Č ♩❣ ❙✩● ✻✩✫✫✩ â‡âœ©âœŹâČâœș âŁâœ©âœŹâ˜âœ© âœčâœș âŁâœ©â„â…â†âœ©âœŹâœ»âœ« ✿âœș â‘âœŹâœ» (pop) Ăšâœœâœč✫ âœœâœŹâœŸ ❋✩❏✩ ✻✌❑● ❣❈ ✈✩❈❇ ✈✩❉❊❋●✻✫ âœ·âŁâœ« ❂✬❃ â‹âŁâœ©â™Šâœș âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘â— ❣❈◆ âœȘ❇❃❑❁ ✻✌ âœș✩ ❍âœȘâ™Šâœ©âœŹâ˜ ✿âœș ✈âœčâĄâœ«â±âœ©âœ©â‚âœș âœœâœŹâœŸ âȘâœȘ ❂✬❃ âœčâœș♊✩ ✻✩❑✩ ❣❈â–Č â„â‹âœœâœŹâœŸ ✈âœč❑âœč❇❊❑ âœčâœș❋● ♊✩❈âœč❘âœș âœœâœŹâœŸ â©âœ©âŹâœșâœ©âœŹâƒ âœșâœ©âœŹ ❙✩✩❈âœč❑âœș âœč✜âœčâšâ™Šâœ©âœŹâƒ ❫✩❇✩ ❋❇✌ âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©âœ©âœŹâ­ ❂✬❃ âœȘ❎❏✩✜①✟ âœ«âŁâ—âƒ âœčâœș♊✩ ✻✩ ❋âœș❑✩ ❣❈â–Č ❍❚❣✬❃ âœȘ❎❏✩✜①✟ âœșâ‡âœ«âœŹ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœčâœŒâœż ❇✩❋✩♊âœč✫âœș âœč✜âœčâšâ™Šâœ©âœŹâƒ âœș✩ âœȘâ–Œâ™Šâœ©âœŹâ˜ âœș❇✫✩ âœȘ❅✐❑✩ ❣❈â–Č ❔❛❜ ❝❞❀❊ ♠♄♣ qrs✉✇②⑱ â‘Łâœ‰â‘€â‘„ ⑩⑧⑹✉ â‘Ąâœ‰â‘©â‘§ âœȘâ–Œâ¶â™ŠâœŹâœș âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©â‚Ź âœœâœŹâœŸ âœč✜âœčâ±âœ©â·âŹ ♊✩ ✈âœčâ™âœ©âœŒâœ©âłâœ©âœč❀✩âœș â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚â‚Ź âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃â–Č ❄✫ â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚âœ©âœŹâ­ âœșâœ©âœŹ âœ·âœ©âœŹ âœœâ˜âœ©âœŹâ­ ❂✬❃ âœœâ˜â—â‚Źâžâ‘ âœčâœș♊✩ ✻✩ ❋âœș❑✩ ❣❈❧ âčâșâș❻❌❜❟ ❿➀➁âș➂➃➄ ✈✩❈❇ ➅âș➆âș➇❌➈❟ ❿➀➁âș➂➃➄â–Č âčâșâș❻❌❜❟ ❿➀➁âș➂➃➄ âœœâœŹ â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚â‚Ź âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃◆ âœčâœ»âšâŁâœŹâƒ âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©â‚Ź âœș● âœȘ❣âČ✩✫ ♊✩ â‹âƒâ©âœ©âŹâœ« âœșâœ©âœŹ âœȘâœč❇✜âœč❑€❑ âœčâœș✿ âœč❖✫✩ ❂✩âœȘ✩ ♊✩ âœ·âœŹâœžâœ©âœ© ✻✩ ❋âœș❑✩ ❣❈â–Č ❙✩✩❈âœč❑âœș â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚âœ©âœŹâ­ âœœâœŹâœŸ ✜❁✟➉ ââœ·âœ©âŁâ‡â€âœ© ❇❃❘◆ ❘❃❹◆ ❘✌✫✩❃âœș◆ ❊✜❏✩✫✩❃âœș◆ ❩✩✫❶✜ ✈✩âœč✷ ❣❈❃â–Č ❇✩❋✩♊âœč✫âœș â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚âœ©âœŹâ­ âœșâœ©âœŹ ❂✩âœȘâœ«âœŹ ♊✩ âœ·âœŹâœžâœ©âœ«âœŹ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœčâœŒâœż ❇✩❋✩♊âœč✫âœș âœȘâœčâ‡âœœâ‘â‚Źâœ« âœș✩ âŁâœ©âœŹâœ«âœ© ✈✩✜❱♊âœș âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœ© ❣❈â–Č âœč✜âœč❙✩❚✫ âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©âœ©âœŹâ­ âœș● ✈âœčâ™âœ©âœŒâœ©âłâœ©âœč❀✩âœș ✈âœč❙✩âœčâžŠâ™Šâœ©âœżâž‹ âžŒâœ»âˆâ‹âœŹ – ✈➍✌❑✩◆ âłâœ©âœ©â‡â‘âœ©â—† ✷✩➎❑✩ ✈✩âœč✷➏ ➅âș➆âș➇❌➈❟ ❿➀➁âș➂➃âș➐➑ âœœâœŹâœŸ ââœ·âœ©âŁâ‡â€âœ© ❣❈❃â–Č ✷▌➒♊ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœˆâœ«âœŹâœș â˜ââ€âœ©âšâ‚â‚Ź âžŒâœ»âˆâ‹âœŹ – âœŒâƒâ–âœ©â„â‚Źâ—† âłâœ©âœŹâž“âœ©âœȘ✟✌◆ ✈✩♊❑✫ ✈✩âœč✷➏ ❂✩➓✩✩❶❂âœș âœȘ▌❞âœč❑ âœœâœŹâœŸ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœŹ ❣❈❃â–Č âœčâœș❋● ❂✩➓✩✩❶❂âœș âœȘâ–ŒâœŹâłâœ©â€âœ© ♊✩ ❂✩âœȘ✫ âœșâœ©âœŹ âœșâœ©âœŹâ„â‚Ź ❋❃✞♊✩ ✈✩❈❇ ââ‹âœœâœŹâœŸ ❖✩✷ âœœâŁ ❄âœșâœ©â„â‚Ź âœč✌✞✩âœș❇ âœč✫âȘâœčâœȘ❑ âœčâœș♊✩ ✻✩❑✩ ❣❈◆ âœčâœ»â‹â‚âœŹâƒ ❍❋✬ ❂✩âœȘ✩ ❘♊✩ ❣❈â–Č ââœ·âœ©âŁâ‡â€âœ© âœœâœŹâœŸ âœčâœŒâœżâ§ âœčâœș❋● âœș❂❇✬ âœș● âœŒâƒâ–âœ©â„â‚Ź âœșâœ©âœŹ 6 m âœč✌✞✩âœș❇ ❖❑✩♊✩ ✻✩ ❋âœș❑✩ ❣❈◆ âœčâœ»â‹â‚âœŹâƒ ➔ ✿âœș ❋❃✞♊✩ ❣❈ ✈✩❈❇ m ❂●❬❇ âœșâœ©âœŹ ➒♩❊❑ âœș❇❑✩ ❣❈◆ âœ»âœ©âœŹ âœœâŁ ❄âœșâœ©â„â‚Ź ❣❈◆ âœčâœ»â‹â‚âœŹâƒ âœŒâƒâ–âœ©â„â‚Ź ✫✩âœȘ● ❘❄€ ❣❈â–Č âœč✜❱✜ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœč✜âœč❙✩❚✫ â™âœ©âœ©â˜âœ©âœŹâƒ ❂✬❃ ❂✩âœȘ✫ âœș● âœ·âœ©âœŹ âœč✜âœč❙✩❚✫ âœȘ→âœč❑♊✩➋❧ âžŁâœˆâƒâ˜â–ŒâœŹâœ»â— âœȘ→âœč❑↔ (the English System) ✈✩❈❇ ➣❂●âœč❬❆âœș âœȘ→âœč❑↔ (the Metric System) âœȘ▌♊❁❊❑ âœș● ✻✩❑● ❣❈â–Č ❂●âœč❬❆âœș âœȘ→âœč❑◆ âœ»âœ©âœŹ ↕✩❃❋ ❂✬❃ âœˆâž™âœ©â‡âŁâœœâ—âƒ ❱✩❑✩➛✷● âœœâœŹâœŸ ââŻâœ©â‡âœ©â†’ ❂✬❃ âœč✜âœșâœč❋❑ ❣❁❄€◆ ✈âœčĂšâœ©âœș ❋❁âœčâœœĂšâœ©âœ©âœ»âœ«âœș ❏✩●◆ âŠâ™Šâœ©âœŹâƒâœčâœș âœœâŁ ✷❱✩❂✌✜ âœȘ▌❀✩✩✌● âœȘ❇ âœˆâœ©Ăšâœ©âœ©âœč❇❑ ❏✩●â–Č ✜❈➜✩âœč✫âœșâœ©âœŹâƒ âœ«âœŹ ✿âœș â‹âœœâ‚Źâ‚âœ©âšâ™Š ❂✩✫âœș âœȘ→âœč❑ âœș● ✈✩✜❱♊âœș❑✩ ✈✫❁❙✩✜ âœș●â–Č ✿✬❋● ✿âœș âœȘ→âœč❑ ❋✫① ➝➞➔➟ ❂✬❃ âœȘ▌■❑❁❑ âœș● ❘❄€◆ âœč✻❋âœș● âœč✜■❑❎❑ âČâČâœ©â‚Ź ✫●âČ✬ âœș● ✻✩ ❇❣● ❣❈â–Č ➠➡➱➡➠ ➀➄➊➄➧➄➚➩ ➧➫ ➭➩➯âžČ➄➳➔➞âžș➫➻ âžŒâžœâžŸâžŻ (SI) ❂✩➓✩âœșâœ©âœŹâƒ âœș● âœˆâƒâ‘â‡âœ©â‚Źâ·âŹâ†â—â™Š âœȘ→âœč❑ ➌↕✩❃❋●❋● ❂✬❃ Le System In- ternational d'Units), âœčâœ»â‹âœŹ â‹âƒâłâœ©âœŹâœȘ ❂✬❃ S.I. âžŒâœżâ‹âžšâœˆâœ©â„â‚Źâžšâž âœșâŁâœ© ✻✩❑✩ ❣❈◆ âœșâœ©âœŹ ❋✫① ➝➞➔➟ ❂✬❃ ❙✩✩❇ ✈✩❈❇ ❂✩âœȘ âœœâœŹâœŸ âĄâ™Šâœ©â‡âŁâœœâœŹâƒ â‹âœœâ‚ŹâžȘâ‹âžâ‚âœŹâœŒâœ« (conference Generale des Poios et Measures, CGPM) ❂✬❃ ■✜●❞❑ âœčâœș♊✩ ❘♊✩ ❏✩✩â–Č CGPM ✿âœș ❋❇âœș✩❇● ❋❃■❏✩✩ ❣❈◆ âœč✻❋âœș✩ ❘➙✫ ✿âœș ❇✩❋✩♊âœč✫âœș â‹â‚âž¶âœ©âˆâ‘âœŹ ➌âœčâœ»â‹âœŹ ➃âžč➘➅ ➎❌➅➎âș➘âžč âœș❣❑✬ ❣❈❃ ✈✩❈❇ âœč✻❋âœȘ❇ ❋✫① âžâž·âžŹâžź ❂✬❃ âœȘ✬âœč❇❋ ❂✬❃ âŁâ– â‘âœ©âłâœ©â‡ âœčâœș✿ ❘✿➏ âœœâœŹâœŸ ✈❃❑❘€❑ âœčâœș♊✩ ❘♊✩â–Č SI âœȘ→âœč❑ ❂✬❃ ❋✩❑ âœˆâœ©Ăšâœ©âœ©â‡ ❂✩➓✩âœș ❣❈❃â–Č ❄❚❣✬❃ ❑✩âœč✌âœș✩ ➝➚ ➝ ❂✬❃ ❋➱âČ●❖→ âœčâœș♊✩ ❘♊✩ ❣❈â–Č ♩✬ ❂✩➓✩âœș ❋✩❑ âœˆâœ©Ăšâœ©âœ©â‡â™âœ©âž±â‘ ✜❈➜✩âœč✫âœș ❇✩âœčâ±âœ©â™Šâœ©âœŹâƒ ❋✬ ❋❃❖❃âœčĂšâœ©â‘ ❣❈❃â–Č ✈❚♩ ❙✩✩❈âœč❑âœș ❇✩âœč❱✩ âžŒâœ»âˆâ‹âœŹ – ❘âœč❑◆ ✈✩♊❑✫◆ ❩✩✫❶✜ ✈✩âœč✷➏ ❄✫ ❇✩âœčâ±âœ©â™Šâœ©âœŹâƒ ❋✬ ➒♊❁❶âœȘ❚✫ âœș● ✻✩ ❋âœș❑● ❣❈❃â–Č SI âœˆâœ©Ăšâœ©âœ©â‡ ❂✩➓✩âœșâœ©âœŹâƒ âœș● âœȘâœčâ‡â™âœ©âœ©â·âœ©âœ©âœżâž‹ ❑✩âœč✌âœș✩ ➝➚✃ ❂✬❃ ✷● ❘❄€ ❣❈❃â–Č SI âœȘ→âœč❑ ❂✬❃ ✈âœȘâœœâ¶â™Šâœ©âœŹâ­ ✈✩❈❇ ✈âœȘâœœâ‘â‚Źâœșâœ©âœŹâƒ âœșâœ©âœŹ ➒♩❊❑ âœșâ‡âœ«âœŹ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœčâœŒâœż âœȘâž±âœœâ‚ŹâœŒâĄâœ«âœ©âœŹâƒ âœș✩ ❍âœȘâ™Šâœ©âœŹâ˜ âœčâœș♊✩ ✻✩❑✩ ❣❈â–Č ❄❚❣✬❃ ❑✩âœč✌âœș✩ ➝➚❐ ❂✬❃ ❋➱âČ●❖→ âœčâœș♊✩ ❘♊✩ ❣❈â–Č â„âœ«â‚âœŹâƒ ❋✬ ✜❁✟➉ ❇✩âœčâ±âœ©â™Šâœ©âœŹâƒ âœș✩ âœȘâ–Œâ™Šâœ©âœŹâ˜ ❣❂ ❄❋ âœȘ❁■❑âœș ❂✬❃ âœș❇✬❃❘✬â–Č ➠➡➱➡❒ âźâ°Ăâž»âž€âž„Ă âž­âž„Ă‘âžČ Ă’âž„âž„âžČ âœčâœș❋● âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©â‚Ź âœș✩ ✷▌➒♊❂✩✫ ❍❋❂✬❃ ❍âœȘâœč■❏✩❑ ✷▌➒♊ âœș● ❂✩➓✩✩ ❣❈◆ ✻❖âœčâœș âœčâœș❋● ✜■❑❁ âœș✩ ❙✩✩❇ ❍❋âœȘ❇ âœŒâ˜âœ«âœŹâœœâœ©âœŒâœ© â˜âĂ“â¶âœœ ❖✌ ❣❈â–Č âœčâœș❋● âœȘâœ·âœ©ââœ©â‚Ź âœș✩ ✷▌➒♊❂✩✫ âœč■❏✩❇ âŁâœ©âœŹâ‘âœ© ❣❈◆ âœȘ❇❃❑❁ ❍❋âœș✩ ❙✩✩❇ â˜âĂ“â¶âœœ ❂✬❃ âœȘâœčâ‡âœœâ‘â‚Źâœ« âœœâœŹâœŸ âœș✩❇❀✩ ✿âœș ■❏✩✩✫ ❋✬ âœ·âž±â‹â‡âœŹ ■❏✩✩✫ âœȘ❇ ✈✌❘âžȘ✈✌❘ âŁâœ©âœŹ ❋âœș❑✩ ❣❈â–Č ✈✩âœȘâœșâœ©âœŹ ❄✫ âœ·âœ©âœŹâœ«âœ©âœŹâƒ â±âœ©âž›âœ·âœ©âœŹâƒ âœœâœŹâœŸ âœȘâ–Œâ™Šâœ©âœŹâ˜ âœȘ❇ âœčâœœâ±âœ©âœŹâ·âœ© Ăšâ™Šâœ©âœ« ❇✞✩✫✩ âČ✩âœč❣✿â–Č ÔÕ Ö× ØÙ×Ú (H2O) Ö×ÛÜÝ Þ×ßØ×àáñ×ßÞ Ö× ØÙ×Ú (CO2)
  • 15. 5❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ✞✟ ✆✠✡☛ ☞✌✍ ✎✆✏✁❄✑✁✁✒✓ r✔✕✖✗✔ ✘✙✘ ✚✔✛✔✜ ✱✔✔✣✕r✗ ✜✔✕✀✔✄✔✊ ✚✔✣✜ ✧★✩âœȘ✫ ✬✔✭✔✗ ✈✼✯✼✰ ââœźâœźâœ±âœČ✳✮ ✰✼âœČâœ”âœź ✰✼âœČâœ”âœź ✶✷✞ âœČâœčâœș âœ»âœŒâœłâœœâœŽ SI âĄâœźâœŸâœźâœŽ ✮✼ ✿✼❡ SI âĄâœźâœŸâœźâœŽ ✮✼ âœ»âœŒâœłâœœâœŽ ②❀❁❂❃❄ l ❅❆❇❈ m ♄❉❊❋❅❂● m ❱■②❂❏❑❉❂❅ kg ❧❅❋ t ❧❏â–Č❀▌◆ s ❱â–Č❖€◗❘❙❂❈❂ I âšââŻâ±â†â‹âˆ A ➮âČ❅❂❑❱◗■ T â–Čââ–Œâąâ™Šâ–Č● K â——â‚â±âłâ… ❱♄❂✐❂❄ ■❆ ❅❂❹❂❂ n ❅❂❏② mol â©â‹â‚ââąâ——âŹâ——â†â–Č❉◗❂ Iv â–Čââ–Œâ­â—†ââ‘Ąâ‚ cd r✔✕✖✗✔ ✘✙âȘ SI ✚✔✛✔✜ ✬✔✭✔✗✔âœȘ❫ ✗❮ â”âœ•âœœâœąâœ”âœ”â›âœ”âœ”âœâœŠ ââžâŁâ€âŠâ™  â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł qt✉✇ ❱❉■❂①❂ ⑱❂❈❂ ❱●â–Č❂❄◗❘ ❅❏❀ ❚■ ❧❏â–Č❀▌◆ â–Č❏▌ ④ ⑀⑄⑄⑊⑄⑀⑧⑚⑩ ❧❅❋ â¶â€â——âˆâ‚â‘Ą ❅❏❀ ◗❋ ❱■❚ ❑❚ ❱✐❂ ■❆ ②❀❁❂❃❄ ❚■ ❅❆❇❈ ❷❞âč âș❻❌❜q❀❟ â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł âżâ™Łââ€âž€âžâ»â€q ➂❱■②❂❏❑❉❂❅➃ ♄❉❊❋❅❂● ■❂ ❅❂❹❂■ ❷❞âč ❋❷ ❶❀◗❈❂❄âČ❇➄❆❋ ❅❂●■ ❱■②❂❏❑❉❂❅ ♄❉❊❋❅❂● â–Č❏▌ ❁❈❂❁❈ ❷❞âč ➅q❜ â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł ➅➀➆❞➇➈ ❚■ ❧❏â–Č❀▌◆ ❧❆❱➉❋❅ – 133 â±âˆâ…â‚âžŠâ‚â‚Ź ■❆ ❅➋② ❶â–Č➌✐❂❂ â–Č❏▌ ♄❂❏ â¶âąâ——â§âž‹âžâ… ➌◗❈❂❏❀ â–Č❏▌ ❁❆➎ ❷❂❏●❏ â–Č❂②❏ ❧❀❳❅➊❂ â–Č❏▌ ❧❀❑◗ ❱â–Č❱■❈➊❂ â–Č❏▌ ➏➐ ➏➑ ➒➓➐ ➔➔→ ❶❂â–Č◗❂❏➣ ■❆ ❶â–Č❱❙ ❷❞âč âżâž†â†”â†•âž™âž›âžœâ€âœ‡â€ â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł âžâž€âżâžžâžŸâœâœ‡ ❚■ âšââąâŻâ±â‹âˆ â–Č❷ ❱➌✐❂❈ ❱â–Č❖€◗❘❙❂❈❂ ❷❞➠ ➉❂❏ ❱●â–Č❂❄◗❘ ❅❏❀ ➐ ❅❆❇❈ ♄➋❈❆ ❱❈ ❱➌✐❂◗ ♄❂❏ ❶●❀◗ ②❀❁❂❃❄ â–Č❂②❏ ❧❅❂❀◗❈ ❚â–Č❀ ●❑➊❋ â¶â—â‚Źâ±â‰âžŒâœâ‚ ■❂❇ â–Č❂②❏ ➎❂②■❂❏❀ â–Č❏▌ ❁❆➎ ❱❉â–Čâ‚âąâ·â—— ❷❂❏●❏ ❱❈ 2 10–7 ❭❋➋❇● â±â‰âąâ—— ❅❆❇❈ ②❀❁❂❃❄ ■❂ ❁② âžĄâžąâ±â­â— ■❈◗❆ ❷❞âč ➀➄qâ€âžâżâž™â™Ł ➙❀➟➊q â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł âž†âž€âž‡âżâž§âž†âŸ â–Čââ–Œâąâ™Šâ–Č●➠ ➮âČ❅❂❑❱◗■ ◗❂❱ ■❂ ❅❂❹❂■➠ ➉② â–Č❏▌ ❱❹❂■ âžšââ™„â‚Ź â–Č❏▌ ➮âČ❅❂❑❱◗■ ◗❂❱ ■❂ ➩ ➫➭➯âžČâž©âžł â–Č❂➔ ➾❂❂❑ ❷❂❏◗❂ ❷❞âč ➟âș❀âžș❀♠ ♣t q❀s❀❀ â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł q❀➀❝ ➐➻ ❅❂❏② ❱■❧❆ ❱●■❂❋ ❅❏❀ ❱♄❂✐❂❄ ■❆ â–Č❷ ❅❂❹❂❂ ❷❞➠ ❱➉❧❅❏❀ ❅➋② ■➊❂❂❏❀ (elementary entities) ■❆ ❧❀➌❋❂ ➡◗●❆ ❷❆ ❷❂❏◗❆ ❷❞➠ ❱➉◗●❆ →➻→➐➑ kg ■❂❁❄● ❬➐➑ ❅❏❀ âžĄâ±âąâžŒâœâ‚â—— â±âˆâ…â‚âžŠâ‚â‚Źâ¶â‚ââ€ ■❆ ❧❀➌❋❂âč ❃❧■❂ ❧❀â–Č❏▌◗ ❅❂❏② (mol) ❷❞âč ➑➻ ➉❁ ❅❂❏② ■❂ ❱❉❋❂❏❑ ❱■❋❂ ➉❂◗❂ ❷❞➠ ◗❁ ❅➋② ■➊❂❂❏❀ ■❂❏ ❃❀❱❑◗ (specify) ■❈●❂ âžŽâ‚âąâ·âš ❱■ ❋❏ â±âˆâ…â‚âžŠâ‚â‚Źâž  â¶âžŠâ‚â‚Źâž  ❶❂❋●➠ âƒâ‘Ąââžœâ‡âž„â‚âžŸâ—âž  ❶✐❂â–Č❂ ❶❭❋ ■➊❂❂❏❀ â–Č❏▌ ❱â–Č❱①❂âČ❇ ❧❅➋❷ ❷❂❏ ❧■◗❏ ❷❞❀âč âșt➚➙âžȘ➙t➆❻➙❀ â™Łâ€ q❀sâ€â™Ł ➆➀➇➶➈➀❝❀ ➂â–Čââ–Œâ­â—†ââ‘Ąâ‚âžƒ ❱■❧❆ ♄❆ ❑❃❄ âąâ™„â‘ â‚â‚ ❅❏❀ 540 1012 ❷❇❘➉❄ ❶❂â–Čâžč❱➘❂ â–Č❂②❏ ❧❉❂❏◗ ■❆ â©â‹â‚ââąâ——âŹâ——â†â–Č❉◗❂ ❷❞➠ ➉❂❏ ➡❧ âąâ™„â‘ â‚â‚ ❅❏❀ ➩ ➳➷➯ â–Č❂❇ â±â‰âąâ—— ❱➌❇❈❏❱◆❋● ■❆ ❱â–Č❱■❈➊❂❬◗❆â–Č❉◗❂ ■❂ ❚■â–Č➊❂❆❄❋ ❱❉■❂①❂ ➡➱❧➬➉◗ ■❈◗❂ ❷❞âč
  • 16. 6 ❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ❡✞✟✠ ✡☛☞ ✌✞✍✎✏✑✒ ❡✞✠✓✞☛✔ ✓✞ ✕✠✖✌✗✞✘✞ t✙✚✛ ✜✱✣ ✀✄✛✊✛ t✛ ✧★✩✛ âœȘ✙✫ âœŹâœ›âœ­âœ›âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ ✩✛ ✧✰✱ âœČâœąâœłâœŁâœłâœŽâœ›âœ”âœ¶ ❫✩✷✞ âœčâœș✯ ✻✱✩✌ âœąâœłâœŁâœœâœ›âœ›âœ”âœ›âœ›âœč✟ ✚✬✩ âœș✼✿ ✚✛❀✛❁✚✛❀✛ ✱✳✣âœșâœłâœ„â‚âœ„ âœȘâœ›âœźâœ„âœŒ âœȘ✙✯❣ t✀ ✜✛✌ ✱âœč âœłâœšâƒâœ›âœŻâœ„âœ›âœźâœŻ âœ©âœ›âœź â„âœąâœ±âœ›âœ©âœŁ âœłâœ©âœšâœŒ ✳âœșâœŽâœ›âœźâœ”âœ› âœŹâœ›âœ­âœ›âœ© âœș✼✿ âœŹâœ›âœąâœ± ✩✌ ✊❀✛✛❀✛❂✄✛ ✬✼✯ âœŠâ€âœ›âœźâœ”âœ¶ âœș❅✳❃ ✩✌ ❆❇❂✫ âœŹâœŒâœ¶âœŁ ✚✯✳❧✛ âœČ✚✱❈ ❉❊❋● ✬✼✯ âœȘââœ„âœ›â– âœ›âœłâœŁâœ„âœž âœș✼✿ ✚❏❍✩ ❏✼✮✛ ✻✚ âœŹâœ›âœ­âœ›âœ© ✩✌ â„âœ›âœ™âœąâœ§âœ›âœłâœŁâœ© âœąâœłâœŁâœœâœ›âœ›âœ”âœ›âœ› ✬✼✯ ✱✳✣âœș✄❂✱ âœ©âœŁâœ±âœź âœș✼✿ ✳✰âœč ✚âœȘâœŹâœ„ âœȘ✛✼ ❆âœč❣ âœœâœ›âœ›âœŁâœ„ ✚✳âœȘ✄ ✱❑â–ČâœŠâœźâœ© â„âœ›â§âœ›â˜…âœłâœ±âœ© â„âœ›âœ™â–Œâœ›âœźâ†âœŒâ—†âœ„ ❏✼✮✛ ✬✼✯ âœč✩ âœŁâœ›âœ”âœ¶â–âœŒâœŠ âœŹâœ›âœąâœ± ✳âœșâ‚Źâœ›âœ± âœšâœŻââ€âœ›âœ›âœ± âœČNMI ❁ âœ±âœźâœŽâœ›âœ±âœ° âœŹâœŒâœ¶â–âœ›âœźâœ°âœ›â——t✌ â‡âœŻâœłââœ¶âœâœŠâ˜âœ¶âœž âœȘ✙✫ t✛✼ âœŹâœ›âœąâœ± âœș✼✿ âœŹâœ›âœ±âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ ✩✌ ââœźâ™âœ›âœœâœ›âœ›âœ° âœ©âœŁâœ„âœŒ âœȘ✙❣ ✩âœȘ ✳tâšâœŹâœźââœ›âœŁâœŒ ✱❇❂ âœłââŻâœ°âœŒ âœłââ€âœ›âœ„ âœŁâœ›âœ”âœ¶â–âœŒâœŠ âœœâœ›âœ›âœ™âœłâœ„âœ© ✱❑✩✛✼❆✮✛✛✰✛ âœČNPL âœ±âœźâœŽâœ›âœ±âœ° âœłâœąâœżâœłâœ‰âœ›âœ©âœ° âœ°âœ™âœ€âœ›âœźâœŁâœźâœ¶âœŁâœŒâœž âœ©âœ›âœź ❏✌ ❆❇❂ âœȘ✙❣ ❇✚ ✱❑✩✛✼❆✮✛✛✰✛ ✬✼✯ âœŹâœ›âœąâœ± âœș✼✿ âœŹâœ›âœ­âœ›âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ âœș✼✿ ❄✛❧✛✛✣ ✄❀✛✛ ✐✩★â–Čâœąâ±âœ± âœŹâœ›âœ­âœ›âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ âœ©âœ›âœź ✱❑✛âČ✄ âœ©âœŁâœ±âœź âœș✼✿ ✳✰âœč ✱❑✩✛✼❆ âœłâœ±â§âœ›âœ›â‚âœłâœŁâœ„ âœłâœ©âœč tâœ›âœ„âœź âœȘ✙✯ ❄✛✙✣ âœŹâœ›âœąâœ± âœș✼✿ âœŁâœ›âœ”âœ¶â–âœŒâœŠ âœŹâœ›âœ±âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ ✩✌ ââœźâ™âœ›âœœâœ›âœ›âœ° ✩✌ t✛✄✌ âœȘ✙❣ âœłâœ±âœłâœŽâœ§âœ„ ❄âœș✳❧✛ âœș✼✿ ✀✛❏ ❇✱ âœŹâœ›âœ±âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ ✩✌ ✄★✰✱✛ ✳âœș✮âœș ✩✌ ❄❱✊ âœŁâœ›âœ”âœ¶â–âœŒâœŠ âœŹâœ›âœ±âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ âœș✼✿ â„âœŻâœ„âœŁâœ›â‚âœ”âœ¶â–âœŒâœŠ ❳✩❘✣✛✼ ✬✼✯ âœąâ‘âœłâœ„âœłâœ”âšâœ„ âœŹâœ›âœ±âœ©âœ›âœźâœŻ âœș✼✿ ✚✛❀✛ ✩✌ t✛✄✌ âœȘ✙❣ râ©âŹâ­âȘ❩ ❎❔❛ SI ❝❞❬r âąâ€âŠ ââ™ â™„â™Šâ™Łr ❝qs✈❭✇① ⑥⑹④⑀⑄ ⑊⑧⑚⑩❶❷❞ âčâș⑚❻❌❜ 10–24 âœŠâœ›âœźâŸâœ¶âœ›âœź y 10–21 t✼âČâœ¶âœ›âœź z 10–18 âœčâœźâœ¶âœ›âœź a 10–15 âœąâœźâœżâšâœ¶âœ›âœź f 10–12 âœłâœąâœ©âœ›âœź p 10–9 âœ±âœ™âœ±âœ›âœź n 10–6 ✬✛❇❿✛✼ ➭ 10–3 âœłâœŹâœ°âœŒ m 10–2 âœšâœźâœŻâœ¶âœŒ c 10–1 âž€âœźâœšâœŒ d 10 âž€âœźâœ©âœ› da 102 âœȘâœźâŸâœ¶âœ›âœź h 103 âœłâœ©âœ°âœ›âœź k 106 ✬✼❆✛ M 109 ❆✌❆✛ G 1012 âœ¶âœźâœŁâœ› T 1015 âœąâœźâœ¶âœ› P 1018 âœč❟✚✛ E 1021 tâœźâœ¶âœ› Z 1024 âœŠâœ›âœźâœ¶âœ› Y ➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➄➄➈➄ ➉➅➊ ➋➌➍➎ ➁➏➄➐➄➑ ➒➅➓ ➏➂➔➃➉➄→ ➒➅➓ ➣➋↔➄➌ ➃➐➄➄➐➄➑➁↕➌ ➉➄➁→ ➒➅➓ ➋➈➙ ➒➛➇➈➅➋➜➄➌ ➝➞➈➄ ➟➋➠➡➄ ➹➀➄➊ ➌➄ ➧➁➃➄➅➆ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫ ➯âžČâžłâž” ➾âžș➻ ➌➜➟➚âžȘ➶âžč➘➮ âž·âžŹâžšâž˜ ➹➛➍➄ ➝➄➋➈➌➄ ➹➀➹ ➉➅➊ ➋➏➃➄ ➆➃➄ ➩➛➟ ➏➂➔➃➉➄→ ➌➄ SI ➉➄➡➄➌ ➱➋➌➈➄➅➆➂➄➉✃ ➩➛➟ ➁↕➊➝➞ ➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➄➄➈➄ ➉➅➊ ❐➍➒➅➓ ❒➄➅❼➅ ➉➄➡➄➌ ➱➆➂➄➉✃ ➟1 ➋➌➈➄➅➆➂➄➉ = 1000 ➆➂➄➉➩ ➌➄ ➁➂➃➄➅➆ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➟ ❰➃➄➅➊➋➌ ↕➄➍➄➃➋→➌ ➣➋Ï➄➋Ð➃➄➣➄➅➊ ➉➅➊ ↕➄➍➄➃➋→➌ ➁➏➄➐➄➄➅Ñ ➌➎ ➐➄➄➅ÒÓ➎ ➉➄➡➄➄ ➌➄ ➩➎ ➧➁➃➄➅➆ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫ ÔÕÖ×Ø ➣➄➃➝→ ➒➅➓ ➉➄➡➄➌ ➈ÙÚ➄❐➑ ➒➅➓ ➉➄➡➄➌ ➩➄➅➝➅ ➩➛➊➫ ➣➝Û SI ➁Ü➋➝ ➉➅➊ ➣➄➃➝→ ➌➄ ➉➄➡➄➌ m3 ➩➄➅➝➄ ➩➛➟ ➁↕➊➝➞ ↕➄➍➄➃➋→➌ ➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➄➄➈➄➣➄➅➊ ➉➅➊ ❐➝→➅ ➣➋↔➄➌ ➣➄➃➝→➄➅➊ ➌➄ ➧➁➃➄➅➆ →➩➎➊ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫ ➣➝Û ➣➄➃➝→ ➌➄➅ ➣➄➉ ➝➄➛↕ ➁↕ cm3 ➃➄ dm3 ➒➅➓ ➉➄➡➄➌➄➅➊ ➉➅➊ ➔➃❰➝ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫ ➏➂➒➄➅➊ ➒➅➓ ➣➄➃➝→ ➌➄➅ ➉➄➁→➅ ➒➅➓ ➋➈➙ ➁➂➄➃Û ➋➈❼↕ (L) ➉➄➡➄➌ ➌➄ ➧➁➃➄➅➆ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➟ ➹➄➅ SI ➉➄➡➄➌ →➩➎➊ ➩➛➫ 1L = 1000 mL ➣➐➄➒➄ 1000 cm3 = l dm3 ➋➠➡➄ âžąâž€Ă ➉➅➊ ➣➄➁ ❐→ ➍➊Ú➊↔➄➄➅➊ ➌➄➅ ➣➄➍➄→➎ ➍➅ ➏➅Þ➄ ➍➌➝➅ ➩➛➊➫ ➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➄➄➈➄ ➉➅➊ ➏➂➒➄➅➊ ➃➄ ➋➒➈➃→➄➅➊ ➒➅➓ ➣➄➃➝→ ➌➄➅ ➉➄➁→➅ ➒➅➓ ➋➈➙ ➣➊➇➄➄➊➋➌➝ ➋➍ß➈Ò↕➼ à➃á↕➅❼➼ ➋➁➁➅❼ ➣➄➋➏ ➌➄ ➧➁➃➄➅➆ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫ ➣➄➃➝→➉➄➁➎ ñ➈➄ã➌ ➌➄ ➧➁➃➄➅➆ Ă€âž„âž ➣➄➃➝→ ➌➄ ➋➒➈➃→ Ú→➄→➅ ➒➅➓ ➋➈➙ ➋➌➃➄ ➹➄➝➄ ➩➛➫ ➉➄➁→ ➒➅➓ ❐→ âž§âžâžŒâ†•Ă„âž„âž„âž…âžŠ ➌➄➅ ➋➠➡➄ ➹➀Ê ➉➅➊ ➋➏Þ➄➄➃➄ ➆➃➄ ➩➛➫
  • 17. 7❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ✞✟ ✆✠✡☛ ☞✌✍ ✎✆✏✁❄✑✁✁✒✓ ❄✔✕✖✗ ❱✘✙✚ âœ›âœœâœąâœŁâœąâœ€ ✘✱ âœ„âœąâœŠâœ§â˜… ✩✙★âœȘ✫ ✛✬❱✭ âœźâœ˜âœąâœźâœ€ ✯✱✰✭✩ ✘✱ âœœâœŹâœ±âœ°âœČ✱✩ ❣✱âœȘ✭✱ ❣✳✮ âœŻâœ­âœ” âœ„âœąâœŠâœ§â˜… ★âœȘ✫ SI âœČ✱❡✱✘ ✼✙ âœ›âœŹâœ˜âœąâœ¶ âœ›âœŹâœąâœ·âœ­ ❱✘✾ âœč✱ ✙✘✭âœȘ ❣✳❧ – âœ„âœąâœŠâœ§â˜… ✘✱ SI âœČ✱❡✱✘ = âœș ✻ ❊✌ ♠ ✰✱ kg m–3 ✰❣ âœČ✱❡✱✘ â€âŁâœœâœ­ â€âœŸâœżâœą ❣✳✮ âœ¶âœ™âœąâœ°âœŠâ âœ›âœŹâœąâœ°âœ” âœ„âœąâœŠâœ§â˜… ✘✱âœȘ g cm–3 âœČâœȘ❧ ✱✰❂✭ ✘✶✭âœȘ ❣✳❧❃ âœč❣✱❅ âœœâœŹâœ±âœ°âœČ✱✩ ✘✱âœȘ ❆✬✱âœČ (g) âœČâœȘ❧ âœŻâœąâœłâœ¶ ✯✱✰✭✩ ✘✱âœȘ cm3 âœČâœȘ❧ ✱✰❂✭ ❱✘✰✱ âœč✱✭✱ ❣✳✮ r✔❇ ✭✱✛ ✘✱âœȘ âœČ✱✛✩âœȘ ★âœȘ✫ ✭✚✩ ✙✱âœČ✱❈✰ ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ ❣✳❧ – °C â‰âąâœŸâ†âœŹâœš ✙âœȘ❱❊✙✰✙❋❃ °F â‰âąâœŸâ†âœŹâœš âœ›âœ«âœąâœ¶âœȘ✩❣✱✼●❋ âœŻâœąâœłâœ¶ K ❉★âœȘâœ«âąâŠâ˜…âœŠâ‹âœŽ ✰❣✱❅ K ❉★âœȘâœ«âąâŠâ˜…âœŠâ‹ SI âœČ✱❡✱✘ ❣✳✮ ✼✩ ✛✳âœČ✱✩✱âœȘ❧ ✛✶ âœŻâœąââœąâœąâąâœ¶âœ­ ✭✱✛âœČ✱❱✛✰✱âœȘ❧ ✘✱âœȘ ❱❞❡✱ ■❏❑ âœČâœȘ❧ ❱✜â–Č✱✱✰✱ ❆✰✱ ❣✳✮ âœ™âœąââœąâœąâœ¶â–Œâœąâœ­âœ°âœą ✙âœȘ❱❊✙✰✙ ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ ★✱♩âœȘ ✭✱✛âœČ✱❱✛✰✱âœȘ❧ ✘✱âœȘ 0° ✙âœȘ 100° ✭✘ ✯❧◆✱✱❧❱✘✭ ❱✘✰✱ âœč✱✭✱ ❣✳❃ âœč❣✱❅ ✰âœȘ ✜✱âœȘ✩✱âœȘ❧ ✭✱✛ ❖âœČâ—†âœąâœ” âœč♩ ★âœȘ✫ ❱❣âœČ✱❧✘ âœŻâœąâœłâœ¶ ❂★✣✱✩✱❧✘ ❣✳❧✮ âœ›âœ«âœąâ‚Źâœ¶âœȘ✩❣✱✼● ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ ✘✱âœȘ 32°F âœŻâœąâœłâœ¶ 212° ★âœȘ✫ âœČ❍✰ ✱✰❂✭ ❱✘✰✱ âœč✱✭✱ ❣✳✮ ✼✩ ✜✱âœȘ✩✱âœȘ❧ ✛✳âœČ✱✩✱âœȘ❧ ✛✶ ✭✱✛ ✞✘◗✜❘✙✶âœȘ ✙âœȘ ❱✩❙✩❱♩❱â–Č✱✭ ❚✛ âœČâœȘ❧ ✙❧❀❧❱❍✱✭ ❣✳❯ ❱ âČ❳ ❚ ❳ ❩ ❬ ❭ âȘ ❫❎ ❔ ★âœȘâœ«âąâŠâ˜…âœŠ ✛✳âœČ✱✩✱ ✙âœȘ❱❊✙✰✙ ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ ✙âœȘ ✼✙ âœ›âœŹâœ˜âœąâœ¶ ✙❧❀❧❱❍✱✭ ❣✳❯ ❛ ❜ ❝❀ ✐ ♄♣qst✉ ✰❣ âœč✱✩✩✱ âœˆâąâžâœ˜âœ¶ ❣✱âœȘ❆✱ ❱✘ 0°C ✙âœȘ ✘âœČ ✭✱✛ â‰âœŻâœŁâœąâœąâœ€âœ­âœ‡ âźâ–Œâœąâœąâœ§âœČ✘ âœČ✱✩❋ ✙âœȘ❱❊✙✰✙ ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ ✛✶ ✭✱âœȘ ✙❧①✱★ ❣✳❃ ✛✶❧✭✜ ★âœȘâœ«âąâŠâ˜…âœŠ ✛✳âœČ✱✩âœȘ ✛✶ ✭✱✛ ✘✱ âźâ–Œâœąâœąâœ§âœČ✘ âœČ✱✩ ✙❧①✱★ ✩❣✚❧ ❣✳✮ ②⑱④ ⑀⑄⑊⑧ ⑀⑚⑩ ❶❷⑧❷❞âčâșâșâ‘„ âœ¶âœ™âœąâœ°âœŠ ★âœȘ✫ ✯❍✰✰✩ âœČâœȘ❧ ✯✩âœȘ✘ â€âœąâœ¶ ❣âœČâœȘ❧ ✛✬✱✰✱âœȘ❱❆✘ âœŻâœąâ…âœ˜âœŸâœżâœąâœȘ❧ ★âœȘ✫ ✙✱✣✱ ✙✱✣✱ âœ™âœłâ»âœąâ§âąâœ­âœ˜ â†â–ŒâœąâœŠâœąâœŻâœąâœȘ❧ ✛✶ âąâ˜…âžâœąâœ¶ âœ˜âœ¶âœŠâœą ❣✱âœȘ✭✱ ❣✳✮ ✙❧â–Č✰✱✯✱âœȘ❧ ✘✱ âœ™âœ¶â™Šâœ­âœą ✙âœȘ ✙❧❞✱♩✩ âœ˜âœ¶âœŠâœą ✭✣✱✱ âœŻâœąâ…âœ˜âœŸâœżâœąâœȘ❧ ✘✱âœȘ ✰✣✱✱◗ ✙❧①✱★ ❱✩❱◆❞✭✭✱ ★âœȘ✫ ✙✱✣✱ âœ°âœŁâœąâœąâœŁâœąâœ€ âœ›âœŹâŒâœ­âœœâąâœ­ ✘✶✊âœȘ ★âœȘ✫ âœŻâœŁâœąâœ€âœ›â˜â–Œâœąâœ€ ✭✶✚★âœȘ✫ ①✱✚ ❣✳❧✮ ✼❈❣✚❧ âœČ✭✱âœȘ❧ ✛✶ ✩✚❞âœȘ âąâ˜…âŒâœ­âœąâœ¶ ✙âœȘ âąâ˜…âžâœąâœ¶ ❱✘✰✱ âœč✱ âœ¶âŁâœą ❣✳✮ âœâŸâżâž€ ➁➂➃ ➄➅➆➇➈ ➉➅➊ ➋➆➌➇ ➉➍➈➊ ➎➊➏ ➐➎➐➑➅➒➈ ➓➅➔➅➉ →➣↔↕ ➙➛➜ ➝➞➟➠➡ ➹➞➀➥➄ ➊➄➧ ➚➊➚➩➞➫➥ ➭➀➯âžČ➳➞ →➣↔↕ ➙➛➔ ➠➞➀ ➊➄➧ ➚➩➞➫➥➞➚➩➞➫➥ ➀âžș➹➞➥➞➄➻ ➊➞➌➄ âž âžžâž€âžąâžžâž€âžœ
  • 18. 8 ❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ❧✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✡✍✎ ❱✏✑✒✓✔✕✒✖ ✗✒ ✖✘✙✚ ✛✜✱✣✒ ✖✒✀✄ ✩✓✧ ✖✒★✒✏ ✏✘ âœ€âąâœšâœ©âœ’âœ’âœȘ✒✒ âąâœ„âąâœŁâœ«âœŹ ✏✚✄✓ ✩✓✧ âœ€âœŁâœ«âœ’âœŹâœ­ âœŠâœźâœŻâœ’âąâœ„âœâœ’âœ“âœ° ✄✓ ✛✰✜✩✒✱âœČ✖✒★✒✏✒✓✰ ✏✘ ✈✒✩✣✗✏✬✒ âœˆâœ„âœłâœ©âœ’âœŠ ✏✘✮ ✬✒❱✏ ✛✩✒✘ ✖✒✀✄âœČ✔✀✏✚✶✒✒✓✰ ✏✒✓ âœ–âœ’âœ„âœâœ˜âĄâœŹ ❱✏✗✒ ✷✒ ✛✩✓✧✾ ✖✘✙✚âœČâœčâœș✻✒✓✰✎ ❱✩✣✑✓âœȘ✒✘✗ ✬✳✑✒✈✒✓✰ ✈✒❱✜ ✔✀✏✚✶✒✒✓✰ ✏✒✓ ✔✄✊✓✧ âąâœ„âœ–âœ’âœ±âœŹâœ’âœˆâœ’âœ“âœ° ✌✒✚✒ ✈✰✣✒✒✰❱✏✬ ❱✏✗✒ ✔✗✒ ①✼✮ ✬✒❱✏ ✩✓ âąâœŠâœŁâœŠâœ›âœ„âœ˜âœ— ✖✒✀✄ ✜✓ ✛✩✓✰✧✮ âœ€âœšâœ°âœŹâœł ✜✄✖✓✰ ✛✓ ✀✕✐✗✓✏ ✔✀✏✚✶✒ ✏✒✓ ❱✏✛✘ ✛✰✜✩✒✱ ✩✓✧ ✛✒✀✓✟✒ âœ–âœ’âœ„âœâœ˜âĄâœŹ ❱✏✗✒ ✔✗✒ ✿✒✒✾ ✛✄✭ ❀❁❁❂ ✛✓ ✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✏✒ ✖✒✄✏ ❱✏✑✒✓✔✕✒✖ ①✼✮ ✷✒✓ Ú✒❄✛ ✩✓✧ ✛✓❅✕✓✛ ✖✓✰ â†âœ‘âœ“âąâœ™âœ„âœ–âœČâœœâąâœšâąâœș✗✖ (Pt-Ir) ❱✛❱✑✰âœș✚ ✩✓✧ ✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✩✓✧ ♄✀ ✖✓✰ âœ€âąâœšâœ©âœ’âœ’âąâœȘ✒✬ ❱✏✗✒ ✔✗✒ ①✼✮ ✷✒✓ ✩✒✒✚ ✬✿✒✒ ✖✒✀✄ ✩✓✧ âœˆâœ°âœŹâœšâœ’âœ±âœȘ✙❇✘✗ ❈✗❉✚✒✓ ✖✓✰ ❊✏ ①✩✒❅✰✜ ❱âœș❈❅✓ ✖✓✰ ✚❋✒✒ ①✳✈✒ ①✼✾ ✜✛ ✖✒✄✏ ✩✓✧ ❱✑❊ Pt-Ir ✏✘ ❱✖❞●✒✒✬✳ ✏✒ ✫✗✄ ❱✏✗✒ ✔✗✒✮ ❍✗✒✓✰❱✏ ✗① âœšâœ’âœ›âœ’âœ—âąâœ„âœ âœˆâąâœ©âœ’âąâ– âœ—âœ’ ✩✓✧ âœ€âœ•âąâœŹ ✈✩✚✒✓●✒✘ ①✼ ✈✒✼✚ ✈❱✬ ✜✘❏✒✱ ✏✒✑ ✬✏ ✜✛✊✓✧ ✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✖✓✰ ✏✒✓✜✱ âœ€âąâœšâœŠâœŹâœ±âœ„ ✄①✘✰ ✈✒❊✔✒✾ ✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✩✓✧ ✄❊ ✖✒★✒✏ ✩✓✧ ❱✑❊ âœŠâœźâœŻâœ’âąâœ„âœâœ”âœ¶âœ’ âœ€âœ•âœ—âœâœ„âœŁâœ’âœ˜âœ‘ ①✼✰✾ ✜✛✊✓✧ ❱✑❊ ✈✒✩✒✓✔✒✜✕✒✓ ❱❣✿✒✚✒✰✏ ✏✒ âœ—âœżâœ’âœ’âœżâœ’âœ±âœ€âœšâœ âąâœ„â—âœ’âœ’âœ±âœšâœ¶âœ’ ❱✏✗✒ ✷✒ ✚①✒ ①✼✾ ❊✏ âœ€âœ•âąâœŹâœœâœŁâœ’âœ± ✏✘ âœ›âœłâœ€âąâœšâœ©âœ’âœ’âąâœȘ✒✬ ✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✖✓✰ âœ€âœšâœ–âœ’âœ¶âœ’âœłâœˆâœ’âœ“âœ° ✏✘ ✛✰❋✗✒ ✩✓✧ âœ—âœżâœ’âœ’âœżâœ’âœ± ✖✒✀✄ ✀✚ ✜✛ ✄❊ ✖✒✄✏ ✀✚ ✏✒✗✱ ✩✓✰✧❱✜✕✬ ①✼✾ ❊✓✛✘ ❊✏ âœ€â‘âąâœŹâœŽ âąâœ·âœ›âœ–âœ“âœ° ✈❱✬❱✩✣✒✳❑ ❱✛❱✑✏✒â–Č✄ ✩✓✧ ❱■❣✙✑ ✩✓✧ ✀✚✖✒✶✒✊✘✗ ❏✒✄✐✊ ✏✒✓ ❊❍✛âœČ✚✓ ✌✒✚✒ ✖✒✀✒ âœ·âœ’âœŹâœ’ ①✼✮ ✏✘ ✣✒✳❑✬✒ ❀▌◆ ✖✓✰ ❊✏ ✈✰✣✒ ①✼✾ ✜✛✓ ✈✩✒✘ ✬✏ ✖✒✄✏ ✩✓✧ ♄✀ ✖✓✰ ❣✩✘✏✒✚ ✄①✘✰ ❱✏✗✒ ✔✗✒ ①✼✾ ✈✒✼✚ ✩✒✘ âœ€â‘âąâœŹâœ—âœ’â– ①✼✰✮ âœ€âœšâœ°âœŹâœł ✜✄✖✓✰ ✛✓ ✏✒✓✜✱ ✩✒✘ âœ€â‘âąâœŹ ✈✩✒✘ Pt - Ir âœčâœș✻ ✩✓✧ âąâœŠâœâ‚Źâœ€ ✩✓✧ ♄✀ ✖✓✰ âœ›âœ–âœżâœ’âœ± ✄①✘✰ ①✼✾ ❊✓✛✘ ✈✒✣✒✒ ✏✘ ✷✒ ✛✏✬✘ ①✼ ❱✏ âœŠâœŹâœ±âœ–âœ’âœ„ ✜✣✒✏ ✖✓✰ ✏✒✓✜✱ âœ›âœ–âœłâąâœ«âœŹ âœŠâœźâœâąâ‚Źâœ€âœ ✖✒✄✏ ❱✩✏❱✛✬ ❱✏✗✒ ✷✒ ✛✩✓✧✔✒✾ ✈✒✚✰✩✒ ✖✓✰ 0°C (273.15 K) ✀✚ ✚❋✒✘ ❊✏ Pt-Ir âœčâœș✻ ✀✚ ✜✒✓ âąâœ„âąâœŁâœ«âœŹ âąâœ«â——âœ’âœ“âœ° ✩✓✧ ✖●✗ ✏✘ ✑✰❅✒✜✱ ✏✒✓ ❘✖✘✙✚❙ âœ€âąâœšâœ©âœ’âœ’âąâœȘ✒✬ ❱✏✗✒ ✔✗✒ ✿✒✒✾ ✛✄✭ ❀❂❚▌ ✖✓✰ ✖✘✙✚ ✏✘ ✑✰❅✒✜✱ ✏✒✓ ❱■❆✙✒â–Č✄ ✑✓✷✚ (Laser) ✛✓ âœ”âœâœ›âąâœ·âœ±âœŹ âœ€âœ•âœâœ’âœŁâœ’ ✏✘ ✬✚✰✔âœČâœœâœźââœ—âœ± ✏✒ 1.65076373106 âœ”âœłâœ„âœ’ ✖✒✄✒ ✔✗✒✾ âœ—âŻâąâœ€ ✗① ❊✏ âœˆâœ›âœłâąâœŠâ—âœ’âœ’âœ·âœ„âœ ✛✰❋✗✒ ✿✒✘✮ â±âœŠâœ§âœŹâœł ✗① ✖✘✙✚ ✏✘ ✀❉✊✱ ✛①✖❱✬ ✑✰❅✒✜✱ ✏✒✓ ✛①✘ ♄✀ ✖✓✰ âœœâœŁâœ’âœ’âœ±âœŹâœ˜ ①✼✾ ✛✄✭ ❀❂❁② ✖✓✰ CGPM ✌✒✚✒ ✖✘✙✚ âœ€âœłâœ„âœ€âœ±âąâœšâœ©âœ’âœ’âąâœȘ✒✬ ❱✏✗✒ ✔✗✒✮ ✷✒✓ âąâœ„âœŠâœ’âœ±âœŹ ✖✓✰ âœ€âœ•âœâœ’âœŁâœ’ ✌✒✚✒ ❀âČâłâ‚â‚âšâ©â‚âł ❬❭❁ ✛✓✩✰✧âœș ✖✓✰ ✬✗ ✏✘ ✔✜✱ ✜❉✚✘ ①✼✾ ✑✰❅✒✜✱ ✈✒✼✚ ✜✕❃✗✖✒✄ ✏✘ âœ©âœ’âœ’â–âąâœŹ ✈❄✗ âœ©âœ’âœ’âœźâąâœŹâœ ✚✒❱✣✒✗✒✓✰ ✩✓✧ ❱✑❊ ✩✒✘ ✛✰✜✩✒✱ ✖✒✄✏ ①✼✾ âȘ❫❎❫âȘ ❔❛❜❝❀❊♠ â™Šâ™Łâ”qrs❊ t✉✇⑱④ â‘€â‘„â‘Šâœ‡â‘Ł ⑧t⑚✇⑩✇❶❷✇❞âč ❷✇âșt ❷⑩✇❶❷✇❞âč ⑄❞❻ â·âŒâ‘ąâ‘ąâ‘Ł ✉❾ ✉âč❜âč⑀❌✇❟ ❿âș➀ â‘€âžâ‘Łâ‘„âžâ» â·âž‚â‘ąâč❟ ➃⑹ ➄➅➆⑱⑹✇④ âżâœ‡âžâŸâž ❿âșâč ❷✇âșt â·âž‚â‘ąâ‘€âŒâœ‡âžƒ ✉âč➇⑱✇ âżâœ‡âžâŸâžˆ ❿âș➉ ❷❟➊ ⑀➃✉➈ t✉✇⑱④⑩ ➃✇❾ 2g ❿✇➋➌➍✇❾➁④ ⑄❞❻ ❷⑩✇❶❷✇❞âč ⑄❞❻ ⑀➎➏ ➐➐➑➀ ➑➒➒➀ ➒➒➒➀ ➒➒➒➀ ➒➒➒➀ ➒➒➒➀ ➒➒➒➀ ➒➒➒ ➁âș✉➈ ❜➌➓➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇ ⑱✇ ❿✇➋➌➍✇❾➁④ ⑧t⑚✇⑩✇❶ ⑄❞❻ ➄➅➆⑱⑹✇④ ⑄❞❻ ⑀➎➏ ➒➔➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒➒→➐➐ g ➁âș✉➈ ➣✇❾↔➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇ ⑄❞❻ ✉✇↕✇ ➃✇⑹ ➃t④✇ ⑧➌➓ ✉➃❟✇ ❿âș➉ ➋✉➈ ⑧➅➃✇t ➙➎✇âč➃ â‘€â‘Łâ‘ąâŸâœ‡âč➃➀ ⑧➅➃✇➛✇ ➃✇ ⑄❞➜➀ ➃⑩✇✇❞âč ⑧t ❷✇⑄❞➛✇ ❷✇⑀➄ ⑹❾âč ➝✇➈ ➮⑧t ⑀➄➏ ➜➏ ⑧⑀t⑚✇⑩✇ ⑄✇➎➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇➏➞ âżâœ‡âžâŸâžˆ ❿âșâč➉ ➏➃ ➟✇⑩✇ ⑄❞❻ ⑀➎➏ âž‹âŸâ‘Łâžˆ ✉✇t➈ ➛✇➠➡⑱✇❾âč ⑄✇➎➈ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ➃✇❾ â‘€âžŽâž‡âœ‡â‘Łâœ‡ ❷✇âșt â‘€âžœâ‘Łâ‘Łâœ‡ ⑹➱✇❾➄✇t ➎➜ ✉➃❟✇ ❿âș➀ ⑧tâč❟❶ ➋④ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ⑄❞❻ ✉✇↕✇ ✉t➎ âžœâ‘€â‘©âœ‡âŸâžˆâ‘ą â‘§âž…âž€âœ‡âžŽâ‘Ł ➄➁âș✉❾ – ➁✇❾➌➓④✇➀ ➩✇↔✇④✇➀ ➜❶⑩✇✇ ➃t④✇ ⑱✇ ➝✇✇➜ ➄❾④✇➧ ✉➀⑚❶➀ ➏➃ âž€â¶â‘Łâœ‡âș❟➈ ❿âș➉ ➮⑧t ➄➈ ➜➋➹ â‘€âžƒâžĄâżâžˆâč ➄✇❾ ⑧➅➃✇t ➃➈ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ➃✇❾ ❷✇⑧ ⑀➎⑀➇✇➏ ❷✇âșt ➩④⑧t ➃✇❞➋➫ ➝✇➈ âžœâ‘€â‘©âœ‡âŸâžˆâ‘ą â‘§âž…âž€âœ‡âžŽâ‘Ł ➃➈⑀➁➏➀ ❟✇⑀➃ ❷✇⑧ ✉❿➈ ⑧➅➃✇t ✉❾ ⑱❿ ✉⑹➭ ✉⑄❞âč❻ ⑀➃ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ⑄❞❻ ✉✇↕✇ âžƒâœ‡â‘ąâž« ➃t④✇ â‘„âžŻâŸâ¶âŸâžŠ â‘€âžƒâŸâ‘Łâœ‡ ➃⑀âžČ④ ❿âș➉ ➋✉ ➃⑀âžČâ‘Łâœ‡âž‹âž« ➃✇❾ ➋④ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ⑄❞❻ ⑀➎➏ â‘„âșâ‘Šâœ‡â‘€â‘Łâžƒâž€ â·â†•âœ‡âœ‡âž«âŸâžł ➀t➊✇✇❟✇âč➃➈ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑄❞❻ âž©â‘§â‘ąâœ‡âžâžœ ➔✇t✇ ❿➎ â‘€âžƒâ‘ąâœ‡ ➁✇ ✉➃❟✇ ❿âș➉ ➋✉ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑹❾âč ⑀➃✉➈ ➝✇➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇ ➃✇❾ N 10n ⑄❞❻ ➾⑧ ⑹❾âč ⑀➎➇✇✇ ➁✇❟✇ ❿âș➀ ⑀➁✉⑚❞âč n ➀t➊✇✇❟✇âč➃ ❿âș➉ ➋✉➃✇ ⑹✇④ âŒâœ‡â‘Łâœ‡âž‚â‘šâžƒ ⑱✇ âžș⑩✇✇➂⑚➃ ❿✇❾ ✉➃❟✇ ❿âș ❷✇âșt N ➃✇ ⑹✇④ →➔➒➒➒➔➔➔ ❷✇âșt ➻➔➻➻➻➔➔➔ ⑄❞❻ â‘šâŒâ‘ą ➃✇❞➋➫ ➝✇➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇ ❿✇❾ ✉➃❟➈ ❿âș➉ N ➃✇❾ ⑀➌⑀➁↔ ↔⑚➫ ➃t❟❞ ❿âșâč➉ ❷❟➊ â‘„âșâ‘Šâœ‡â‘€â‘Łâžƒ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑹❾âč 232.508 ➃✇❾ 2.32508 102 ⑄❞❻ ➾⑧ ⑹❾âč ⑀➎➇✇✇ ➁✇❟✇ ❿âș➉ âŒâ‘ąâœ‡â‘Ł ➄➈⑀➁➏ ⑀➃ ➏❾✉✇ ⑀➎➇✇❟❞ ✉⑹⑱ ➄➛✇⑚➎⑄ ➃✇❾ ➄✇❾ ➯↕✇✇④ ❜✇➋➚ ❷✇❞t ➎❾ ➁✇⑱✇ ➜⑱✇ ❿âș ❷✇âșt â‘„âșâ‘Šâœ‡â‘€â‘Łâžƒ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑹❾âč â‘„âż ➄➑➧ →➒ ➃✇ ➀t➊✇✇❟✇âč➃ ❿âș➉ ➋✉➈ ⑧➅➃✇t ➒➔➒➒➒→➐ ➃✇❾ 1.6 10–4 ➃➈ ❟t❿ ⑀➎➇✇✇ ➁✇ ✉➃❟✇ ❿âș➉ ⑱❿✇➞ ➏❾✉✇ ➃t❟❞ ✉⑹⑱ ➄➛✇⑚➎⑄ ➃✇❾ ➀✇t ➯↕✇✇④ ➄✇➋➹ ❷✇❞t ➎❾ ➁✇⑱✇ ➜⑱✇ ❿âș ❷✇âșt â‘„âșâ‘Šâœ‡â‘€â‘Łâžƒ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑹❾âč (–4) ➀t➊✇✇❟✇âč➃ ❿âș➉ â‘„âșâ‘Šâœ‡â‘€â‘Łâžƒ ✉âčâ‘„âžâ»âŸâ‘Ł ⑹❾âč âž†â‘ąâžŒâŸ ✉âčâž‡â‘ąâœ‡â·âœ‡âžâč ⑧t âžœâ‘€â‘©âœ‡âŸâžˆâ‘ą â‘§âž…âž€âœ‡âžŽâ‘Ł ➃t❟❞ ✉⑹⑱ ❿⑹❾âč â‘€â‘Łâžœâ‘Łâ‘€âžŽâ‘€âž‡âœ‡âŸ ❜✇❟✇❞âč ➃✇❾ âŒâ‘ąâœ‡â‘Ł ⑹❾âč t➇✇④✇ âž€âœ‡â‘€âżâžâ€“ ➟➚âžȘ➶➶ âžč➶➘➷ âžŹâž¶âž¶âžŸ ➟➷➱➶ ➋④ ➄✇❾ ➃✇⑱✇❾➹ ⑄❞❻ ⑀➎➏ ➀t➊✇✇❟✇âč➃➈ ✉âč➇⑱✇ ⑄✇➎❞ ⑀④⑹⑚ ➎✇➜➠ âżâœ‡âžâŸâž ❿âșâčâč➉ ➁âș✉❾ – ✃ ❐ ✃ ❐ ❒❼ ❒❼ ❒❰ ÏÐÑ ÒÓ ÑÐÔ ÒÓ Õ ÏÐÑ ÑÐÔ ÒÓ Õ ÏÐÑ ÑÐÔ ÒÓ Õ Ö×ÐÑØ ÒÓ Õ ÖÐ×ÑØ ÒÓ Ù ÙÛ Û Û Û Û Û
  • 19. 9❄ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✄ ✞✟ ✆✠✡☛ ☞✌✍ ✎✆✏✁❄✑✁✁✒✓ ✈✔✕✖ ✷ ✗ ✷ ✗✟✘✜ ✶✙ ✚✘âœș ✶✙ ❂ ✟✘✜ ✚✘âœș âœ¶âœ™Ă— ✛ ✛ ✛ ✜ ✱✣ âœ€âœłâœ„ ✩✳✧ ★✔✩ âœȘ✫ ✬âœč✭✼✯ âœ°âœŻâœ± ✌✫ ✬✭âœč✼✯ âœ°âœŻâœ± râœČ✔✔ ✮ ✞✻ ✿ ❀ ❀ ❀❁ ❁ ❃ ❄ ❄ ❅ ➊❆ ❅ ➊❇ ❈❉❊ ❋● ❍ ❈❉❊ ■❉■ ❋● ❍ ●❉❏❑●❑ ❋● ■❉■ ❋● ❍ ❏❉❑●❑ ❋● â–Č â–Č â–Œâ—†â–â‚Ź ◗❘❙◆ ❚◆❯❘ ❱◆âČ◆❙◆ ❜❳ ❚✔❩ âŹâœ”â­âœ”â©âȘ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ âžâĄâ›â© âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ âŹâœ”â© ❜❱ ❞✐❬✔✖ â”â›â€âœ”âłâœ” ❞❊❧r✔ ❡✕ â”âŹ â™ âłâ«â©âŽ ♄✖♊✔✔r✔❣❬ ❱♣✔❳ âĄâœ”â©âŁq â™ âąâ«â©âŽ s✔❹ âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ âŹâœ”â© t✔❩❊❧✔ ❭✔ ♩✔✉✔❭✔ t✔ ❱❬r✔ ❡✕q ✈r✇ 6.65 104 ✈✔✕✖ 8.95 103 ❬✔ ❭✔❩① âŹâœ–âłâ© ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ âžâĄâ›â© ♠❳❬✔ ♄✖♊✔✔r✔❣❬ ❱♣✔❳ âŹâœ–â«â©âŽ ❜❱ ❞✐❬✔✖ ❔❛❀✔✔ t✔r✔ ❡✕② 6.65 104 + 0.895 104 âœâąâ«â©âŽ s✔❹ âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ âŹâœ”â© ❜❱ ❞✐❬✔✖ t✔❩❊❧✔ t✔ ❱❬r✔ ❡✕② (6.65 + 0.895) 104 = 7.545 104 ❜❱⑱ ❞✐❬✔✖ ❚✔❩ âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ âŹâœ”â© â­âœ”â©âŁ ♩✔✉✔❭✔ t✔ ❱❬r✔ ❡✕② 2.5 10–2 – 4.8 10–3 = (2.5 10–2 ) – (0.48 10–2 ) = (2.5 – 0.48) 10-2 = 2.02 10–2 ④⑀⑄⑀⑊ ⑧⑚⑩⑚❶❷ ❞âč❷ ❞✐âșâ­â©âŹ âžâœâœ”â­âœ”â©â”â‘ âŹ ♣✔❞❳ â™Łâ©âŁ ❫❻❎❌ ❳ ❫❻❎❌ âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔ ✈❫❜❭ âĄâœ”â©r⑱ âĄâœ•âŸ ❞✖❣r❻ âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł âąâšâœ•â« ❞❔✖❜✔❻➀ ✈✔✕✖ ❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁❞✖❬ âĄâœ”â©âłâ© â™„âœ”â”âĄâq ts ➂✔⑱ ❡♣ ♣✔❞❳ ❬⑱ s✔r ❬✖r❩ âĄâœ•âŁâŸ rs ❞❔✖❜✔❻➀r✔ ✈✔✕✖ ❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁ âŹâœ”â© ➂✔⑱ ➃❭✔❳ â™Łâ©âŁ ✖❀✔✔ t✔r✔ ❡✕q ➄➅➆➇➈➉➋➌➈ â”âŹâąâ‘ą ➂✔⑱ ✖✔❔❜✔ ❫❩❎ â”â«â”âž‚âœ”âžâł â™Łâœ”âžâłâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎ ❱✔♣⑱➎❭ âŹâœ”â© ➏❭➐r ❬✖r⑱ ❡✕q ❞✖❣r❻ ➑➒➈➈➒➈➓➄➆➔➌➈ â”âŹâąâ‘ą ❔❫❔❜✔→✉ âžâœâœ”â­âœ”â©â”â‘ âŹ ♣✔❳ ❫❩❎ â«âœ”âžŁrâ”â«âŹ ♣✔❳ âąâ© â™Łâ©â› âœ–â€âœ”âłâ© âŹâœ”â© ➏❭➐r ❬✖r⑱ ❡✕q ♠❹✔❡✖❿✔ ❫❩❎ â”â›ââ‘Ą ❭❔❚ â”âŹâąâ‘ą âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł ❬✔ ❱❡⑱ ♣✔❳ 2.00 g ❡✕ ✈✔✕✖ ❝❬ ❔❫↔✔âœČ✔⑱➁ ↕❬➙ ❚✔❩ ♣✔❞❳ ❬✖r✔ âĄâœ•âŸ â™ âąâ© 1.95 g ✈✔✕✖ 1.93 g âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł ❞✐✔➎r âĄâœ”â©r❩ ❡✕❣q ââŹâž›âšâžœâąâœ–â© ❫❩❎ sâĄâ»r ❞✔❱ âĄâœ”â©âłâ© ❫❩❎ ❬✔✖❿✔ ❭❩ ♣✔❳ ❞❔✖❜✔❻➀ âĄâœ•âŁâŸ ❞✖❣r❻ ❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁❞✖❬ ❳❡⑱❣ ❡✕❣q ❹➜❱✖✔ ❔❫↔✔âœČ✔⑱➁ ↕❀✔➙ ❜➍❡⑱❣ ❚✔❩ â™Łâœ”âžâłâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ 1.94 g ✈✔✕✖ 2.05 g âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł ❞✐✔➎r ❬✖r✔ ❡✕q ❭❩ âšâœ”â©âłâœ”â©âŁ âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł ❳ r✔❩ ❞❔✖❜✔❻➀ ❡✕❣ ✈✔✕✖ ❳ ❡⑱ ❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁❞✖❬q râ‘ąâąâœ–â© ❔❫↔✔âœČ✔⑱➁ ↕①➙ âŹâœ”â© ❜❳ â™Łâœ”âžâłâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ 2.01 g ✈✔✕✖ 1.99 g âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł ❞✐✔➎r âĄâœ”â©r❩ ❡✕❣q ❭❩ ♣✔❳ ❞❔✖❜✔❻➀ ➂✔⑱ ❡✕❣ ✈✔✕✖ ❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁❞✖❬ ➂✔⑱q âœâąâ© râœ”â”â›âŹâœ” 1.4 â™Łâ©âŁ ❔❚❀✔✔❝ ①❝ ➝❞ âąâ© ✈✔✕✖ ✈✔❱✔❳⑱ âąâ© ❱♣➞✔ t✔ ❱❬r✔ ❡✕q âžâœâœ”â­âœ”â©â”â‘ âŹ ❭✔ âžâ”âœ–âŹâ”â›r â™Łâœ”âłâœ”â©âŁ â™Łâ©âŁ âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔ âŹâœ”â© ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ ❬⑱ âąâŁâ€â­âœ” ➟✔✖✔ ➏❭➐r â”âŹâ­âœ” t✔r✔ ❡✕q ➠➈➒➈➓➔ ➡➱➔ ❫❩ ✈âœČ✔➁❞➜❿✔➁ ✈❣❬ âĄâœ”â©r❩ âĄâœ•âŁâŸ t✔❩ â”âłâ”âœâ™„r ➝❞ âąâ© ➀✔r âĄâœ”â©âŁq âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔ âŹâœ”â© ➏❭➐r âŹâœ–âłâ© ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ âžâĄâ›â© â”âłâ”âœâ™„r ✈❣❬ ❔❛❀✔❩ t✔r❩ ❡✕❣ ✈✔✕✖ âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔ ✈❣❬ âŹâœ”â© âœˆâŁâ”r♣ ✈❣❬ ❫❩❎ ➝❞ â™Łâ©âŁ ❔❛❀✔✔ t✔r✔ âĄâœ•âŸ ✈âœČ✔✔➁r➄ ❭❔❚ ❡♣ â”âŹâąâ‘ą âžâ”âœ–âżâœ”âœ”â™Ł âŹâœ”â© 11.2 mL ❫❩❎ ➝❞ â™Łâ©âŁ â”â›â€âœ”â©âŁâŸ r✔❩ ❡♣ ❭❡ ❱♣➞r❩ ❡✕❣ â”âŹ 11 â”âłâ”âœâ™„r ✈✔✕✖ 2 âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„r ❡✕ râœČ✔✔ âœˆâŁâ”r♣ ✈❣❬ â™Łâ©âŁ ±1 ❬⑱ âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔ âĄâœ”â©â‘ â‘ąq ❭❔❚ ❫❻❎❌ ✈✔✕✖ ❳ sr✔❭✔ ①❭✔ âĄâœ”â©âŸ r✔❩ âœˆâŁâ”r♣ ✈❣❬ â™Łâ©âŁ âąâšâœ•â« ±1 ❬⑱ âœˆâ”âłâ”âœâ™„rr✔ â”âłâ”âĄr ♣✔❳⑱ t✔r⑱ ❡✕q ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ âŹâœ”â© â”âłâžƒâœ”âœ”âžâ”âœ–r âŹâœ–âłâ© ❫❩❎ ❫❻❎❌ â”âłâ­â™Ł ❡✕❣q t✔❩❟ ❭❡✔➩ ❔❚❝ t✔ âœ–âĄâ© ❡✕❣ – (1) ❱➂✔⑱ ①✕✖➛❜✔➜➍❭ ✈❣❬ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âĄâœ”â©r❩ ❡✕❣q ♠❹✔❡✖❿✔ ❫❩❎ â”â›ââ‘Ą 285 cm â™ŁâŁâ© r⑱❳ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ✈✔✕✖ 0.25 mL â™Łâ©âŁ ❚✔❩ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❡✕❣q (2) ❞✐âœČ✔♣ ①✕✖➛❜✔➜➍❭ ✈❣❬ âąâ© âžâĄâ›â© âœˆâœ”âłâ© ❫✔❛❩ ❜✔➜➍❭ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ❳❡⑱❣ âĄâœ”â©r❩q ââ©âąâ© ❜✔➜➍❭ ❫❩❎❫❛ âšâœâœ”â™Łâ›â« ❬⑱ â”âžŁâœČ✔❔r âŹâœ”â© sr✔r❩ ❡✕❣q ✈r ✇ ➧➚➧➩ â™Łâ©âŁ ❫❩❎❫❛ ❝❬ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ✈✔✕✖ ➧➚➧➧➫➭ â™Łâ©âŁ ❚✔❩ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❡✕❣q (3) ❚✔❩ ①✕✖➛❜✔➜➍❭ âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎ ♣➃❭ â”âžŁâœČ✔r ❜✔➜➍❭ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âĄâœ”â©r❩ ❡✕❣q ✈r✇ ➭➚➧➧➫ â™Łâ©âŁ ♄✔✖ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❡✕❣q (4) â”âŹâąâ‘ą ✈❣❬ ❬⑱ ❹✔❜âȘ ✈✔❩✖ ❭✔ ✈❣r â™Łâ©âŁ âœˆâœ”âłâ© ❫✔❛❩ ❜✔➜➍❭ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âĄâœ”â©r❩ âĄâœ•âŁâŸ ❞✖❣r❻ â™ âłâ«â©âŽ ❔❛❝ ❜✔r➁ ❭❡ ❡✕ â”âŹ ❫❩ âšâœâœ”â™Łâ›â« ❬⑱ ❹✔❜âȘ ✈✔❩✖ â”âžŁâœČ✔r âĄâœ”â©âŁq ♠❹✔❡✖❿✔ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ ➧➚➭➧➧ â™Łâ©âŁ r⑱❳ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ âĄâœ•âŁâŸ ❞✖❣r❻ âšâœâœ”â™Łâ›â« â”â«âĄâ‘ąâł âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ â™Łâ©âŁ ❹✔❜âȘ ✈✔❩✖ ❫❩❎ ❜✔➜➍❭ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ❳❡⑱❣ âĄâœ”â©r❩q ♠❹✔❡✖❿✔ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ ➯➧➧ â™Łâ©âŁ ❫❩❎❫❛ ❝❬ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❡✕q ❭↔❔❞ ➯➧➧➹ â™Łâ©âŁ r⑱❳ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❡✕ râœČ✔✔ ➯➧➧➹➧ â™Łâ©âŁ ♄✔✖ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❡✕q ââ©âąâ‘ą âąâŁâ€â­âœ”âœˆâœ”â©âŁ âŹâœ”â© â«âœ•âž€âœ”â”âłâŹ âąâŁâ«â©âŽr❳ â™Łâ©âŁ ❞✐❚❔❜✔➁r ❬✖❳✔ ♠❞❭❻➐r âĄâœ”â©r✔ ❡✕q ❡♣ ❝❬ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ ✈❣❬ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ ➯➧➧ âŹâœ”â© 1 10 2 , ❚✔❩ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ 1.0 10 2 ââ«âŁ r⑱❳ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ 1.00 10 2 ❔❛❀✔ ❱❬r❩ ❡✕❣q (5) â«âžŁrâ»âœˆâœ”â©âŁ ❬⑱ â”â‘ âłrâ‘ąâŸ ♠❹✔❡✖❿✔ ❫❩❎ ❔❛❝ ➭ â‘ â©âŁâšâœ”â©âŁ ❭✔ ➭➧ âœˆâŁâŠâœ”â©âŁ â™Łâ©âŁ ❱✔âœČ✔➁❬ âœˆâŁâŹâœ”â©âŁ ❬⑱ âąâŁâ€â­âœ” ✈❳❣r âĄâœ•âŸ âžâ­âœ”âŁâ©â”âŹ ❭❩ âšâœ”â©âłâœ”â©âŁ ❡⑱ ❭âœČ✔✔âœČ✔➁❞✖❬ âąâŁâ€â­âœ”ââžŠ ❡✕❣ ✈✔✕✖ âœâžâĄâ©âŁ âšâœâœ”â™Łâ›â« â”â›â€âœ”âŹâœ– â™ âąâ«â©âŽ s✔❹ ✈❳❣r ❜✔➜➍❭ â”â›â€âœ”âŹâœ– ➏❭➐r â”âŹâ­âœ” t✔ ❱❬r✔ âĄâœ•âŸ 1 2 ✈✔✕❱r (g) ❌✔âžČ✔ ❬ 1.95 1.93 1.940 ❌✔âžČ✔ ❀✔ 1.94 2.05 1.995 ❌✔âžČ✔ ① 2.01 1.99 2.000 âžłâžˆâž„âž”/g ➾âžș➻➌➜âžș ➟➚âžȘ ➶âžșâžč➜➘➎âžș➷➏ âžœâžź ➱➻✃❐âžș❒❼➾âžș ➶âžș❰✃ ÏÐâžșâžșÐâžșÑ➾âžș ➜âžș ➻ÒÓ➱Ôâžș