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iv

ABSTRAK
Plastik adalah antara bahan sisa pepejal yang tidak boleh dilupuskan secara uraian
biologi dan tanpa amalan kitar semula, penggunaan plastik dalam jangkamasa panjang
boleh mendatangkan masalah pelupusan sisa pepejal yang turut melibatkan masalah
kawasan pembuangan sampah. Di Malaysia sisa pepejal plastik yang paling popular
adalah botol-botol plastik yang datang dalam pelbagai bentuk dan warna. Melakukan
proses kitar semula bahan buangan seperti botol plastik secara besar-besaran bukanlah
suatu perkara yang mudah kerana masalah-masalah seperti kepelbagaian jenis bahan
plastik yang digunakan untuk membuatnya. Sebelum proses kitar semula, botol-botol
plastik perlu diasingkan mengikut jenis bahan yang digunakan untuk membuatnya.
Kesilapan pengasingan botol plastik boleh mendedahkan plastik kepada kaedah
rawatan termal yang boleh mengarah kepada perlepasan gas hydroklorik yang
berbahaya kepada kesihatan manusia. Di Malaysia, aktiviti pengasingan kitar semula
dilakukan secara manual dan ini menghadkan kapasiti botol plastik yang boleh dikitar
semula. Justeru, satu kaedah pengasingan automatik pintar diperlukan untuk
menggantikan sistem manual ini. Maka, penyelidikan ini akan memfokus ke arah
pembangunan kaedah pengecaman botol plastik secara automatik yang berasaskan
teknologi penglihatan komputer. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah membina kaedah
pengecaman yang melibatkan tiga modul utama iaitu modul persediaan awal, modul
analisa dan sarian vektor sifat dan modul pengesahan dan pengujian. Skop kajian
dihadkan kepada masalah pengelasan binari iaitu mengelaskan botol plastik samada
dari jenis bahan PET atau BUKAN-PET. PET adalah singkatan untuk Polyethylene
Terephthalate manakala BUKAN-PET adalah singkatan untuk gabungan botol selain
jenis PET iaitu High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) dan Vinyl Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC) dan lain-lain. Modul persediaan awal dibangunkan untuk menangani masalah
kepelbagaian keadaan pencahayaan, bentuk objek, warna dan orientasi objek. Modul
analisa dan sarian vektor sifat pula diperlukan untuk mendapatkan vektor sifat yang
unik, cekap lagi tegar dan kemudiannya digunakan sebagai input kepada modul
pengesahan dan pengujian. Seterusnya, modul pengesahan dan pengujian akan
melibatkan penggunaan alat pengelas rangkaian neural tiruan (RNT) serta pengelas
pembeza lelurus (LD) digunakan untuk menguji dan menentukan perwakilan sifat
vektor terbaik yang boleh menghasilkan keputusan pengelasan yang jitu. Bentuk serta
maklumat warna tekstur botol plastik khususnya lutsinar dan legap merupakan vektor
sifat yang disari. Dengan itu, tiga algoritma sarian vektor sifat dipertimbangkan iaitu
algoritma kod rantaian dan algoritma hakisan separa berasaskan bentuk manakala
algoritma berasaskan warna tekstur pula adalah algoritma analisa warna tekstur silau.
Sejumlah 500 sampel imej botol plastik digunakan untuk tujuan pengujian dan
pengesahan. Selain itu, pelakuran sifat turut dilaksanakan ke atas vektor sifat tersari
untuk meningkatkan keputusan pengelasan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan peratus
ketepatan pengelasan mencapai lebih 80% bagi kedua-dua pengelas LD dan RNT
apabila sifat vektor tunggal digunakan. Bagaimanapun, keputusan yang lebih baik
(>90%) diperhatikan apabila pelakuran sifat dilakukan dan hasilnya, digunakan
sebagai input pengelas LD dan RNT. Kesimpulannya, kajian ini telah berjaya
mencapai fokus dan objektifnya iaitu ke arah membangunkan kaedah pengecaman dan
pengelasan automatik menggunakan teknologi penglihatan komputer.
v

DEVELOPMENT OF FEATURE EXTRACTION METHOD FOR PLASTIC
BOTTLE BASED ON SHAPE AND TEXTURE COLOR FOR
CLASSIFICATION PURPOSES.

ABSTRACT

Plastic is one of the materials that cannot be decomposed biologically and its long
term use could lead to disposal problem which in turn will lead to a bigger problem
involving landfill, if recycling is not practised. The most popular form of plastic solid
waste is plastic bottles that come in various shapes and colours. To recycle solid waste
materials such as plastic bottles, in a massive manner, is not an easy task due to
various problems such as the variability of materials used to produce the bottles. Prior
to the recycling process, all plastic bottles need to be sorted according to the types of
materials used to produce them. Should any mistakes occur during the sorting out
process, the plastic bottles would be exposed to thermal treatments. These treatments
are hazardous to human kinds because of the hydrochloric gas permeated. In
Malaysia, recycling activities are done manually and hence, limits the true capacity of
plastic bottles that can be recycled. Consequently, an intelligent method for automated
sorting is greatly needed to replace the manual sorting system. As such, this research
will focus on the development of an automatic plastic bottle recognition method that is
based on the computer vision technology. The main research objective is to develop a
plastic bottle recognition method that involves three main modules, namely the
preparation module, analysis and feature extraction module and testing and validation
module. The research scope is restricted to a binary classification problem, that is to
classify plastic bottles as either PET or NON-PET bottles. PET is the acronym for
Polyethylene Terephthalate while NON-PET is a combination of other types of bottles
beside PET which are High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Vinyl Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC) the like. The preparation module is developed to overcome variability
problems of lighting, object shapes, colours and object orientation. The analysis and
feature vector extraction module is required in order to obtain unique, efficient and
robust feature vectors that are later used as input for the testing and validation module.
Next, an artificial neural network (ANN) and linear discriminant (LD) classifiers are
used to test and determine the best feature vectors representation that can produce the
most accurate classification results. The shape and colour texture of plastic bottle,
specifically transparent and opaque are the features extracted. As a result, three
feature extraction algorithms were considered in which two are based on shape which
are chain-code algorithm and fraction erosion algorithm while glare colour texture
analysis algorithm is based on colour textures. A total of 500 plastic bottle images
were used for testing and validation. Additionally, feature fusion of the extracted
feature vectors is implemented to further improve classification results. The research
findings showed that when a single feature is used, the classification accuracies for
both ANN and LD classifiers are slightly more than 80%. However, improved results
(>90%) are observed when the feature fusion is implemented and the results used as
input to the ANN and LD classifiers. In conclusion, this research has successfully
achieved its objective to develop an automatic recognition and classification system
using computer vision technology.

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Dpnabstrak

  • 1. iv ABSTRAK Plastik adalah antara bahan sisa pepejal yang tidak boleh dilupuskan secara uraian biologi dan tanpa amalan kitar semula, penggunaan plastik dalam jangkamasa panjang boleh mendatangkan masalah pelupusan sisa pepejal yang turut melibatkan masalah kawasan pembuangan sampah. Di Malaysia sisa pepejal plastik yang paling popular adalah botol-botol plastik yang datang dalam pelbagai bentuk dan warna. Melakukan proses kitar semula bahan buangan seperti botol plastik secara besar-besaran bukanlah suatu perkara yang mudah kerana masalah-masalah seperti kepelbagaian jenis bahan plastik yang digunakan untuk membuatnya. Sebelum proses kitar semula, botol-botol plastik perlu diasingkan mengikut jenis bahan yang digunakan untuk membuatnya. Kesilapan pengasingan botol plastik boleh mendedahkan plastik kepada kaedah rawatan termal yang boleh mengarah kepada perlepasan gas hydroklorik yang berbahaya kepada kesihatan manusia. Di Malaysia, aktiviti pengasingan kitar semula dilakukan secara manual dan ini menghadkan kapasiti botol plastik yang boleh dikitar semula. Justeru, satu kaedah pengasingan automatik pintar diperlukan untuk menggantikan sistem manual ini. Maka, penyelidikan ini akan memfokus ke arah pembangunan kaedah pengecaman botol plastik secara automatik yang berasaskan teknologi penglihatan komputer. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah membina kaedah pengecaman yang melibatkan tiga modul utama iaitu modul persediaan awal, modul analisa dan sarian vektor sifat dan modul pengesahan dan pengujian. Skop kajian dihadkan kepada masalah pengelasan binari iaitu mengelaskan botol plastik samada dari jenis bahan PET atau BUKAN-PET. PET adalah singkatan untuk Polyethylene Terephthalate manakala BUKAN-PET adalah singkatan untuk gabungan botol selain jenis PET iaitu High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) dan Vinyl Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) dan lain-lain. Modul persediaan awal dibangunkan untuk menangani masalah kepelbagaian keadaan pencahayaan, bentuk objek, warna dan orientasi objek. Modul analisa dan sarian vektor sifat pula diperlukan untuk mendapatkan vektor sifat yang unik, cekap lagi tegar dan kemudiannya digunakan sebagai input kepada modul pengesahan dan pengujian. Seterusnya, modul pengesahan dan pengujian akan melibatkan penggunaan alat pengelas rangkaian neural tiruan (RNT) serta pengelas pembeza lelurus (LD) digunakan untuk menguji dan menentukan perwakilan sifat vektor terbaik yang boleh menghasilkan keputusan pengelasan yang jitu. Bentuk serta maklumat warna tekstur botol plastik khususnya lutsinar dan legap merupakan vektor sifat yang disari. Dengan itu, tiga algoritma sarian vektor sifat dipertimbangkan iaitu algoritma kod rantaian dan algoritma hakisan separa berasaskan bentuk manakala algoritma berasaskan warna tekstur pula adalah algoritma analisa warna tekstur silau. Sejumlah 500 sampel imej botol plastik digunakan untuk tujuan pengujian dan pengesahan. Selain itu, pelakuran sifat turut dilaksanakan ke atas vektor sifat tersari untuk meningkatkan keputusan pengelasan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan peratus ketepatan pengelasan mencapai lebih 80% bagi kedua-dua pengelas LD dan RNT apabila sifat vektor tunggal digunakan. Bagaimanapun, keputusan yang lebih baik (>90%) diperhatikan apabila pelakuran sifat dilakukan dan hasilnya, digunakan sebagai input pengelas LD dan RNT. Kesimpulannya, kajian ini telah berjaya mencapai fokus dan objektifnya iaitu ke arah membangunkan kaedah pengecaman dan pengelasan automatik menggunakan teknologi penglihatan komputer.
  • 2. v DEVELOPMENT OF FEATURE EXTRACTION METHOD FOR PLASTIC BOTTLE BASED ON SHAPE AND TEXTURE COLOR FOR CLASSIFICATION PURPOSES. ABSTRACT Plastic is one of the materials that cannot be decomposed biologically and its long term use could lead to disposal problem which in turn will lead to a bigger problem involving landfill, if recycling is not practised. The most popular form of plastic solid waste is plastic bottles that come in various shapes and colours. To recycle solid waste materials such as plastic bottles, in a massive manner, is not an easy task due to various problems such as the variability of materials used to produce the bottles. Prior to the recycling process, all plastic bottles need to be sorted according to the types of materials used to produce them. Should any mistakes occur during the sorting out process, the plastic bottles would be exposed to thermal treatments. These treatments are hazardous to human kinds because of the hydrochloric gas permeated. In Malaysia, recycling activities are done manually and hence, limits the true capacity of plastic bottles that can be recycled. Consequently, an intelligent method for automated sorting is greatly needed to replace the manual sorting system. As such, this research will focus on the development of an automatic plastic bottle recognition method that is based on the computer vision technology. The main research objective is to develop a plastic bottle recognition method that involves three main modules, namely the preparation module, analysis and feature extraction module and testing and validation module. The research scope is restricted to a binary classification problem, that is to classify plastic bottles as either PET or NON-PET bottles. PET is the acronym for Polyethylene Terephthalate while NON-PET is a combination of other types of bottles beside PET which are High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Vinyl Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) the like. The preparation module is developed to overcome variability problems of lighting, object shapes, colours and object orientation. The analysis and feature vector extraction module is required in order to obtain unique, efficient and robust feature vectors that are later used as input for the testing and validation module. Next, an artificial neural network (ANN) and linear discriminant (LD) classifiers are used to test and determine the best feature vectors representation that can produce the most accurate classification results. The shape and colour texture of plastic bottle, specifically transparent and opaque are the features extracted. As a result, three feature extraction algorithms were considered in which two are based on shape which are chain-code algorithm and fraction erosion algorithm while glare colour texture analysis algorithm is based on colour textures. A total of 500 plastic bottle images were used for testing and validation. Additionally, feature fusion of the extracted feature vectors is implemented to further improve classification results. The research findings showed that when a single feature is used, the classification accuracies for both ANN and LD classifiers are slightly more than 80%. However, improved results (>90%) are observed when the feature fusion is implemented and the results used as input to the ANN and LD classifiers. In conclusion, this research has successfully achieved its objective to develop an automatic recognition and classification system using computer vision technology.