This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It covers topics like water distribution and components, movement of body fluids, functions, input/output, regulation during fluid gain/loss, overhydration and dehydration causes and treatment. Water makes up 50-60% of body weight and fluid balance is maintained by the kidneys. Fluids move between intra/extracellular spaces via osmosis, diffusion, filtration and active transport. Key roles include transport medium, medium for reactions, and maintaining temperature, form and acid-base/electrolyte balance. Factors like medical conditions, activity level and age impact fluid requirements and balance.

1. FLUID AND
ELECTROLYTE
BALANCE
CHAPTER - 8

2. WATER
 INORGANIC COMPOUND
 50 – 60% OF BODY WEIGHT
 FLUID BALANCE
 TOTAL SALT
 KIDNEYS

3. DISTRIBUTION
WATER
INTRACELLULAR WATER EXTRACELLULAR WATER
INTRAVASCULAR
EXTRAVASCULAR
• INTERSTITIAL FLUID
• LYMPH
• BRAIN, AQUEOUS HUMOUR,
PERICARDIUM, PLEURAL
CAVITIES

4. COMPONENTS
 CATIONS
 SODIUM
 POTTASSIUM
 CALCIUM
 MAGNESIUM
 CARBONATE

5. COMPONENTS
 ANIONS
 CHLORIDE
 SULPHIDE
 PHOSPHATE
 BICARBONATE

6. MOVEMENT OF BODY
FLUIDS
 OSMOSIS
 DIFFUSION
 FILTRATION
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT

7. FUNCTIONS
 ESSENTIAL CONSTITUENT
 TRANSPORT MEDIUM
 MEDIUM FOR BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
 SOLVENT
 MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE
 FLUIDS IN BODY TISSUES
 MAINTAIN THE FORM AND TEXTURE
 ACID-BASE AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
 SOURCE OF MINERALS

8. REQUIREMENTS
 NO WATER STORAGE
 SURROUNDING TEMPERATURE
 ACTIVITY LEVEL
 FUNCTIONAL LOSSES
 METABOLIC NEEDS
 AGE

9. INPUT
 FLUIDS – 1500 - 1750 ML
 SOLIDS - 600 – 900 ML
 OXIDATION - 300 - 350 ML
TOTAL - 2400 - 3000 ML

10. OUTPUT
 URINE - 1200 – 1500 ML
 PERSPIRATION - 700 - 900 ML
 RESPIRATION - 400 - 400 ML
 FAECES - 100 - 200 ML
TOTAL - 2400 - 3000 ML

11. REGULATION
 FLUID GAIN
 DRY MUCOSA
 INCREASE OSMOTIC PRESSURE
 DECREASE BLOOD VOLUME

12. REGULATION
 FLUID LOSS
 HORMONES
 ADH
 ALDOSTERONE
 ANP

13. ANGIOTENSIN II CAUSES
 VASOCONSTRICTION OF THE
ARTERIOLES
 STIMULATION OF THE RELEASE OF
ALDOSTERONE
 STIMULATION OF THE THIRST CENTRE
 STIMULATION OF TE RELEASE OF MORE
ADH

14. OTHER FACTORS
 DECREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE
 INCREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE
 HYPERVENTILATION
 VOMITTING AND DIARRHOEA
 FEVER, HEAVY PERSPIRATION

15. OVERHYDRATION
CAUSES
 HEART DISEASE
 KIDNEY DISEASE
 LIVER DISEASE

16. SYMPTOMS
 BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE
 DROWSINESS,
 DELIRIUM
 BLURRED VISION
 MUSCLE CRAMPS
 NAUSEA
 VOMITING

17.  ACIDOSIS
 ANEMIA
 CYANOSIS
 HEMORRHAGE
 SHOCK

18. RISK FACTORS
 CHRONIC ILLNESS
 MALNUTRITION
 KIDNEY DISEASES
 MENTAL DISORDERS
 ALCOHOLICS

19. TREATMENT
 INSTRUCTIONS
 DIURETICS
 FLUID RESTRICTIONS

20. DEHYDRATION
 REMOVAL OF WATER
 SERIOUS
 LIFE THREATENING

21. MEDICAL CAUSES
 EXTERNAL CAUSES
 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
 EXPOSURE TO DRY AIR
 SURVIVAL SITUATIONS
 BLOOD LOSS
 DIARROEA
 HYPERTHERMIA
 SHOCK
 VOMITTING

22.  INFECTIOUS DISEASES
 CHOLERA
 GASTROENTERITIS
 SHIGELLOSIS
 YELLOW FEVER

23.  MALNUTRITION
 ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
 EXCESSIVE CONSUMPION OF ALCOHOL
 FASTING
 RECENT RAPID WEIGT LOSS
 REFUSAL TO HYDRATION

24.  OTHERS
 GLYCOSURIA

25. CLASSIFICATION
 MILD – 5%
 MODERATE – 5 – 15%
 SEVERE – 15 – 20%

26. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 EXCESSIVE THIRST
 RESTLESSNESS AND IRRITATION
 DRY SKIN, MOUTH AND EYES
 SUNKEN EYES
 LETHARGY
 DARK SCANTY URINE
 SKIN

27. TREATMENT
 REPLENISHMENT
 ORAL
 IV

28. ORAL
 ORT
 NaCl - 3.5g
 NaHCO3 - 2.5g
 KCl - 1.5g
 GLUCOSE - 20g
 WATER - 1l

29. SYMPTOMS
 HEADACHES
 DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE
 DIZZINESS
 DELIRIUM
 UNCONSCIOUSNESS
 DEATH
 NO URINE OUTPUT

30. PREVENTION
 INTAKE OF PLENTY OF WATER

31. WATER INTOXICATION
CAUSES
 RUNNERS
 DIABETICS
 ECSTASY USERS
 PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS