Gut microbes have been identified play a role in both health and disease. Surprisingly, we are outnumbered by them which raises questions that has led to several research with interesting results.

1. GUT MICROBES
AND GUT
DISEASE:
INFLAMMATORY
BOWEL DISEASE
SANDRA UNORJI
BIOT 5530
INSTRUCTOR: DR.
SANTIAGO-
VAZQUEZ
1

2. Introduction
• You harbor 100 trillion microbes
2

3. What are Gut Microbes?
Microbes found in the
digestive tract
10-20 trillion cells
Not fully known
90-99% are bacterial.
3

4. How are They Classified?
Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
Actinobacteria
Proteobacteria
4

5. What’s Their Job?
Gut Bacteria Abundant Species Functions
Firmicutes Lactic Acid Bacteria spp,
Clostridia spp
Probiotics, ferment complex
carbohydrate, prevents
translocation of bacteria
Bacteroidetes Bacteroides spp Protects epithelial wall and
develop immune system.
Actinobacteria Bifidobacteria spp Probiotics, Protects host
epithelial cells
Proteobacteria E.coli, Helicobacter
species
Protect microbes against
pathogens and in binding to
intestinal tract
5
Table 1. Roles of Gut bacteria

6. Gut Microbiome at Different Stages of
Life
6Kumar et al., 2016

7. Gut Microbes and Disease
Do they play a role?

8. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
• Abnormal immune response
leading to inflammation of
intestinal tract.
• Symptoms: Diarrhea, weight loss,
abdominal pain.
• Types:
• Ulcerative colitis
• Crohn’s disease
8

9. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
• One of the major cause of
inflammation is an alteration in
the microflora
9
Giovanni A, 2016

10. Phylogenetic analysis of Microbiome in
IBD
10
Frank et. al.
2007.
NI: Non-IBD
UC: Ulcerative Colitis
CD: Chron’s Disease
CON SUB: Control
Subject
IBD SUB: IBD Subject

11. Insights from IBD study with mice
• Proteobacteria, E.coli was
inoculated in IL-10-/- germ
free mice and wild type mice
as control.
• Inflammation was induced in
both mice samples.
11Kim et al, 2005. Sections of the intestine (A) Wild type mice (D) IL-10 -/- germ free mice

12. Treatment of IBD Using Gut Microbes
12
Restoration
of
Microbiome
Pre-biotics
Fecal
Microbial
Transplant
Pro-biotics

13. Treatment of IBD using Gut Microbes
• Pre-biotics: Nutritional substrate used to promote the growth of
potentially beneficial microbes
• Pro-biotics: Live organisms used improve microbial diversity
• Fecal Microbial Transplant: Transfer of fecal bacteria or feces
from a healthy donor to a recipient
• Studies have shown increase in gut microbial diversity and
corresponding improvement of IBD in clinical trials and mouse
models
13

14. Prebiotics: Fructo-oligosaccharide in
Clinical trial
• In a clinical trial, Fructo-
oligosaccharide was
supplemented in diet of
IBD patients for 3 weeks
• Increase in bacteria led to a
subsequent reduction in
disease activity
14Lindsay, J. O(2006). (A) Microbial Diversity (B) Response to Treatment
A
B

15. Probiotics: Lactococcus lactis in Mouse
model
• Lactic acid bacteria, Lactococcus
lactis was engineered to secrete
cytokine IL-10 needed to
regulate inflammation.
• 50% reduction in ulcerative colitis
15
Steidler, L., et al. (2000)

16. Fecal Microbial Transplant: Clinical
Trial
• Treatment rate was 91.8%
in patients with fecal
transplant after 10 weeks.
• Microbiome of patient
looked like that of the
healthy donor
16Van N, et al. (2013)
MicrobialDiversityTreatmentResponse

17. Conclusion
Gut microbes play
significant roles in
both human
health and
disease.
01
Manipulation of these
microbes has great
potential as a
therapeutic option.
02 03
Current studies are
focusing on building
a catalogue of
human gut
microbiome for
better diagnosis.

18. References
• Cantarel, B.L., Lombard V., Henrissat B. (2012). Complex Carbohydrate Utilization by the Healthy Human
Microbiome. Appanna VD, ed. PLoS ONE.7(6):e28742.
• Frank, D. N., St. Amand, A. L., Feldman, R. A., Boedeker, E. C., Harpaz, N., & Pace, N. R. (2007). Molecular-
phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel
diseases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(34), 13780–
13785.
• Kim, Sandra C. et al. (2005). Variable phenotypes of enterocolitis in interleukin 10-deficient mice
monoassociated with two different commensal bacteria. Gastroenterology,128(4), 891 - 906
• Larry S. (2013). Comparison of Microbial Communities in Healthy and IBD patients. Institute Director at
California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology. Retrieved 22 Nov. 2017.
• Lindsay, J. O., Whelan, K., Stagg, A. J., Gobin, P., Al‐Hassi, H. O., Rayment, N., … Forbes, A. (2006). Clinical,
microbiological, and immunological effects of fructo‐oligosaccharide in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gut, 55(3),
348–355. http://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2005.074971
• Nanjundappa, R. H., Ronchi, F., Wang, J., Clemente-Casares, X., Yamanouchi, J., Umeshappa, C. S.,
Santamaria, P. (2017). A Gut Microbial Mimic that Hijacks Diabetogenic Autoreactivity to Suppress Colitis. Cell,
171(3).
• Steidler, L., W. Hans, L. Schotte, S., Neirynck, F. Obermeier, W. Falk, W., Fiers, and E. Remaut. (2000).
Treatment of murine colitis by Lactococcus lactis secreting interleukin-10. Science, 289:1352–1355.
• Van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, Visser CE, Kuijper EJ, Bartelsman
JF, Tijssen JG et al. 2013. Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med.
368(5):407-415.
• Wu, H.-J., & Wu, E. (2012). The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. Gut
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19. THANK YOU!!!
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