This document provides an overview of various therapeutic models used in psychiatric social work. It discusses the crisis intervention model, task-centered model, solution-focused model, problem-solving model, cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoanalysis theory, psychosocial therapy, narrative therapy, family therapy, and transactional analysis therapy. For each model, it describes the historical origins, key concepts and methods. It emphasizes that psychiatric social workers use theoretical knowledge and therapeutic models to effectively support and treat clients with mental illness and their families.

1. Topic Presentation on Therapeutic Models of Psychiatric Social Work
PRESENTER : SAMBITA CHATTERJEE
(MPHIL PSW 1ST YEAR TRAINEE)
SUPERVISED BY : MS. ILORA BARIK SIL
(ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR)
PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORK DEPARTMENT
INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY
CENTER OF EXCELLENCE

2. INTRODUCTION -
 Psychiatric Social work is a specialized type of medical social
work that involves supporting, providing therapy to, and
coordinating the care of people who are severely mentally ill and
who require hospitalization or other types of psychiatric help.
 The theories help psychiatric social workers better understand
complex human behaviors and social environments which
influence their clients’ lives and problems. A good bunch of
theory helps to guide psychiatric social workers by providing
them with a sense of direction , purpose and control.

3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF THERAPEUTIC MODELS -
 Crisis Intervention Model
 Task Centered Model
 Solution Focused Model
 Problem Solving Model
 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
 Psychoanalysis Theory
 Psycho-Social Therapy
 Narrative Therapy
 Family Therapy
 Transactional Analysis Therapy

4. Crisis Intervention Model -
 Historical Origin –
 Smith college offered first summer program in 1918 to train workers in skills
for rehabilitating shell-shocked soldiers.
 Social workers also provided services in the first suicide prevention center,
The National Save a Life League in New York city in 1906.
 In the 1960s, the social worker Lydia Rapoport wrote about the importance of
adapting various clinical intervention modalities such as ego psychology,
learning theory and others to crisis intervention.

5. Crisis Intervention Model -
 Concept - Central ideas borrowed from ego psychology
include –
 life developmental stages,
 psycho social crisis
 coping skills
 defense mechanisms.
 Stages of Crisis –
1. Outcry
2. Denial
3. Working Through
4. Completion or Resolution

6. Crisis Intervention Model -
 Methods –
1. The ACT Model (Assessment, crisis Response and treatment
service Model) - The ACT model is a conceptual, three stage
framework and intervention model that integrates various
assessment with the primary crisis intervention strategies which was
developed by Roberts (2005).
The in the ACT model refers to Triage, crisis,
lethality, trauma assessment and referral to
appropriate community resources.
The in the ACT model refers to the crisis
intervention and immediate response.
The in the ACT model refers to the treatment and
need for follow up services and referrals.

7.  Seven-Stage Crisis Intervention Model – The seven-
stage crisis intervention model by Roberts describes
more completely the stages of crisis intervention. It can
be used with a broad range of crisis. This model is
useful to delineate the specific tasks and strategies
necessary for effective crisis intervention.
Crisis Intervention Model -

8. Crisis Intervention Model -
 Implication –
 The crisis intervention model is applicable to family and group crisis intervention
 Another crisis events, such as child abuse, family violence or criminal offenses, involve demands from
community agencies that a family member change certain behaviors or ways of coping.

9. Task Centered Model -
 Historical Origin –
 Task Centered Model was developed in the early 1970s by
William Reid and Lura Epstein.
 The development of Task Centered Model was highly
influenced by Perlman’s (1957) model for social work practice,
Social Casework: A problem Solving Process, which articulated
the problem-solving process.

10. Task Centered Model-
 Conccept - The Task Centered Model is a short-term,
problem-solving approach to social work practice. It is an
empirical approach to practice. It was developed from
research findings about practice, constructed with concepts.
Task Centered Model has been used at all systems levels
including individuals, families, groups, organizations and
communities.

11.  Methods - The phases of helping in Task Centered Model are usually identified as initial, middle and termination.
 Initial Phase
 Middle Phase
 Termination
Task Centered Model-

12.  Implication to Family and Group Work –
 Family work in Task Centered Model consists of consulting
with more than one family member for the purpose of
resolving problems.
• Group work consists of working with more than one unrelated
person who may share some problem area.
Task Centered Model-

13. Solution Focused Therapy -
 Historical Origin - The model has arisen out of the field of Family
Therapy. Originators include Insoo Kim Berg and Steve De Shazer,
forming the brief family center in Milwaukee, where they worked
with other key figures.
One major influence on Solution Focused
Therapy is the work of the psychiatrist Milton Erickson. Erickson
waws also an influence on the Mental Research Institute (MRI), which
was founded in 1958 by Don Jackson.

14.  Concept – In solution focused therapy clients are viewed as
having the necessary strengths and capacities to solve their
own problems. Because individuals are unique and have the
right to determine what it is they want, the task of the
practitioner is to identify strengths and amplify them so that
clients can apply these “Solutions”.
The systematic basis of solution focused therapy also
means that the context of a particular behavior is more influential
than innate individual characteristics.
Solution Focused Therapy -

15.  Methods – The phases of helping in solution focused
therapy can be described as (De Jong & Berg, 2012)
–
1. Engagement
2. Assessment
3. Goal Setting
4. Intervention
5. Termination
Solution Focused Therapy -

16.  Implication - This model is based on the context of the
relationship for behavior change, solution focused therapy
works well with couples and families. The model emerged
from the family therapy field. It also gives advantages for
family work because it addresses the various types of
relationships that present to the change process.
It also gives advantage to people who
attended groups such as those who have been involved in
criminal offending or substance use.
Solution Focused Therapy -

17. Problem Solving Model -
 Historical Origin –
 The application of the problem-solving model to social work
practice was first suggested by Perlman in her book, ‘Social
Casework: A problem solving process’.
 Perlman’s problem-solving model represented the differences the
two dominant schools of social casework of the time. Perlman had
been trained in the scientifically oriented Freudian or Diagnostic
school of social casework but was attracted to many of the ideas of
the harmonistically oriented Functional or Rankian (Otto Rank)
school of social casework.

18.  Concept – The problem-solving model has been called the
general method of social work because it may be utilized with
individuals, groups, families or communities. The problem-
solving approach can be comprised of four elements namely:
1. Recognizing and formulating a problem
2. Gathering facts that will lead to a solution
3. Testing each proposed solution
4. Deciding upon the course of action
Problem Solving Model -

19.  Methods - The problem-solving process divide into
four phases: 4Ps, 4Rs, 4Ms.
 4Ps – Problem, person, place, process
 4Rs- Roles, Reactions, Relations, Resources
 4Ms – Motivation, Meaning, Management,
Monitoring
Problem Solving Model -

20.  Implication –
 The problem-solving model provide a flexible structure and
general guidelines which helps individuals, families,
groups and communities to solve their problems.
 This approach also contains no assumptions about the
causes and solutions to client problems.
 It helps to develop understanding of each unique client
situations.
Problem Solving Model -

21. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy -
 Historical Origin – In the behavioral tradition, Ivan Pavlov
demonstrated that classical conditioning, B.F. Skinner documented
operant conditioning. Albert Bandura a behaviorist, explored the role
of cognition and how people learn vicariously without having
immediately experience stimulus- response conditioning such as
positive or negative consequences of behavior.
The historical merger has enabled us to
understand various ways that positive and troublesome behaviors are
acquired and potentially changeable.

22.  Concept – Behavioral and cognitive theories will illustrate the
ways in which all human beings learn and perhaps unlearn
thoughts and behavior.
 Behavioral Theory – three general paradigms are included in the
behavioral learning process- classical conditioning, operant
conditioning and social learning theory.
 Cognitive Theory – Cognitive Theorists often use ABC model to
show how cognitive theory clarifies human functioning. In this
model –
1. ‘A’ is an activating event/stimulus which triggers
2. ‘B’, is a person’s thoughts, beliefs about the events
3. ‘C’ is a behavioral or emotional response with consequences.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy -

23.  Methods – Following methods are used in CBT –
1. Goals
2. Therapeutic Alliance
3. Case Formulation
4. Eliciting and rating cognition
5. Determining the validity of cognitions
6. Labelling the distortions
7. Assessment of mood
8. Strategies for modifying cognitions
9. Termination and Relapse
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy -

24.  Implications – CBT is used to treat a wide range of
conditions including:
1. Addiction
2. Anxiety
3. Bipolar Disorder
4. Depression
5. Eating Disorders
6. Panic attacks
7. Personality Disorders
8. Phobias
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy -

25. Psychoanalysis Theory -
 Historical Origin – Psychoanalysis as a system or school of
psychology was the brainchild of Sigmund Freud (1856-
1939). This school put forward altogether different views to
structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism to explain human
behavior. For the first time, this system presented a beautiful
blend of theory and practice. On the practical side it provided
a method known as psychoanalysis for the study of human
behavior and also as a therapy for treating the mentally ill.

26. Psychoanalysis Theory -
 Concept- Freud explaining the structure of the human mind divided it
in two different parts, first by arranging it into three layers as the
conscious, the sub conscious and the unconscious and second three
other components id, ego and super ego.

27. Psychoanalysis Theory -
 Method - PSYCHOANALYSIS AS A THERAPY –
Freud’s theory of psycho-analysis has also contributed a
therapy which has practical technique of treating mental
illness. This therapy involves the following main steps –
1. Establishing Rapport
2. Analysis
3. Synthesis
4. Breaking the rapport

28. Psychoanalysis Theory -
 Implication –
1. It has given a good method for the study of behavior.
2. It has provided a good therapy for treatment of mental illness and abnormal behavior.
3. Freud’s concept of the unconsciousness has helped in understanding the cause of maladaptive
behavior.

29. Psychosocial Therapy -
Historical Origin - In the 1920s, social workers turned to psychology and psychiatry as the new
sciences of the period. The influential Gordon Hamilton furthered the legitimacy and validity of
the psychodynamic theory in social work (Hamilton, 1951). In the decade of the 1950s, Perlman
(1957) developed the problem-solving approach. The beauty of the psychosocial approach as it
continued to develop is that it combined many theories with practice wisdom. In terms of
psychological theories and psychiatric knowledge, the psychosocial approach did not isolate any
contribution.

30. Psychosocial Therapy -
 Concept - Psychosocial theories focus on the nature of self-understanding, social relationships, and the
mental processes that support connections between the person and his/her social world.
 Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial
development, from infancy to adulthood. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results
in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues.

31. Psychosocial Therapy -
 Methods - Types of Psychosocial Treatment –
 Psychotherapy
 Psycho-education
 Self help and support groups
 Psychosocial Rehabilitation

32. Psychosocial Therapy -
 Implication - A major contribution of psychosocial theory is the identification of adolescence as the
period of life when a person formulates a personal identity, a framework of values and commitments that
guide major life choices in the transition to adulthood.

33. Narrative Therapy -
 Historical Origin - In the 1980s by New Zealand-based therapists Michael White and
David Epston, Developed narrative therapy which seeks to have an empowering effect and
offer counseling that is non-blaming and non-pathological in nature.

34. Narrative Therapy -
 Concept - Narrative therapy is a style of therapy that helps people become—and embrace being—an expert in
their own lives. In narrative therapy, there is an emphasis on the stories that you develop and carry with you
through your life.
As you experience events and interactions, you give meaning to those experiences and they, in turn, influence
how you see yourself and the world. You can carry multiple stories at once, such as those related to your self-
esteem, abilities, relationships, and work.

35. Narrative Therapy -
 Methods - There are a variety of techniques and
exercises used in narrative therapy to help people heal
and move past a problematic story. Some of the most
commonly used techniques include the following-
1. Putting together your narrative
2. Externalization
3. Deconstruction
4. Unique Outcomes

36. Narrative Therapy -
 Implication - narrative therapy is a relatively new
treatment approach, there is some evidence that it may
be helpful for a variety of conditions. Mental health
conditions it might help include:
1. Anxiety
2. ADHD
3. Depression
4. PTSD
5. OCD

37. Family Therapy -
 Historical Origin - The formal development of family therapy dates from the 1940s and early 1950s with
the founding in 1942 of the American Association of Marriage Counselors (the precursor of the AAMFT),
and through the work of various independent clinicians and groups - in the United Kingdom. family therapy
truly emerged in the 1970s as a clinical method to address issues of emotional suffering in families.

38. Family Therapy -
 Concept- It is a type of psychotherapy designed to identify
family patterns that contribute to a behavior disorder or
mental illness and help family members break those habits.
Family therapy involves discussion and problem-solving
sessions with the family.

39. Family Therapy -
 Methods - Family therapy uses techniques including:
• Structural therapy - identifies and re-orders the organization
of the family system
• Strategic therapy - looks at patterns of interactions between
family members
• Systemic/Milan therapy - focuses on belief systems
• Narrative therapy - restoring of dominant problem-saturated
narrative, emphasis on context, separation of the problem
from the person
• Transgenerational therapy - transgenerational transmission
of unhelpful patterns of belief and behavior
• Psychoeducation
• Psychotherapy

40. Family Therapy -
 Implication - Family therapy may benefit us and our family by:
• improving communication skills.
• providing skills for coping with challenging situations.
• offering new insight and understanding.
• identifying problem areas within the family.
• providing strategies for handling conflict.
• improving and strengthening relationships.

41. Transactional Analysis Therapy -
 Historical Origin - In the 1950's Eric Berne began to develop his theories of
Transactional Analysis. He said that verbal communication, particularly face to face, is
at the center of human social relationships and psychoanalysis.

42. Transactional Analysis Therapy -
 Concept - Starting-point was that when two people encounter each other, one
of them will speak to the other. This he called the Transaction Stimulus. The
reaction from the other person he called the Transaction Response.
 The person sending the Stimulus is called the Agent. The person who responds
is called the Respondent.
 Transactional Analysis became the method of examining the transaction
wherein: 'I do something to you, and you do something back'.
 Berne also said that each person is made up of three alter ego states:
1. Parent
2. Child
3. Adult

43. Transactional Analysis Therapy -
 Methods - The methods are used in Transactional Analysis are outlined below-
1. Structural Model
2. Contamination of Adult Mode
3. Functional Model

44. Transactional Analysis Therapy -
 Implication –
• It can increase self-awareness.
• It promotes personal reflection.
• It helps people find more effective ways to communicate.
• It can help eliminate unhelpful thoughts, feelings, and actions.
• It can help people take responsibility for their thoughts and actions.

45. Conclusion -
 The blending of theoretical knowledge with the practical aspect of handling clients with mental illness and
their families by the professional psychiatric social workers have reduced the burden of the health care system
and the societies at large. The crucial role of the psychiatric social workers in the increasing mental healthcare
service utilization and its delivery is the need of the hour.

46. Reference
 Theoretical Perspectives for Direct Social Work Practice (3rd Edition) By Nick Coady & Peter Lehmann
 Direct Social Work Practice- Theoretical Perspectives By Joseph Walsh
 Social Work Treatment – Interlocking Theoretical Approaches (6th Edition) By Francis J. Turner

47. Thank You