Running head: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE 1
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE 9
Antimicrobial Resistance
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Date
Antimicrobial Resistance
An antimicrobial resistance tends to take place when a series of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change when they are subjected to antimicrobial remedies. The typically certified treatments for microbes include the antibiotics, antivirals, antimalarial, anthelmintic and antifungals (Sanchez-Esquivel, & Demain, 2015). However, some organisms have mutated and developed resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Such organisms have been branded the name superbugs. With the development of antimicrobial resistance genes, these microorganisms have become a problem since medicines are ineffective and thus the body of an individual becomes prone to attacks.
A few critical aspects of concern characterize antimicrobial resistance. First, antimicrobial resistance has threatened the effective prevention and medication of the ever-increasing range of antimicrobial infections (Sanchez-Esquivel, & Demain, 2015). This point has been achieved through the process of mutation, where microorganisms have developed resistant genes towards antibiotics. The variation has made people life risky since medication has been perceived to be less effective. Second, the antimicrobial resistance is increasingly becoming a common threat to the public health. The extreme global spread is drawing attentions from a diversity of nations making several government sectors and society engage in costly action to prevent the pandemic. Thirdly, the threat has compromised certain areas of the public health. The less existence of effective antibiotics is jeopardizing the success of surgery operations and chemotherapy. Fourth, medical expenses for patients with resistance infections require are extremely high that is, costly (Sanchez-Esquivel, & Demain, 2015). This has been a problem since a vast percentage of these patients are unable to cater for such expenses. Lastly, the resistance towards drugs is complicating the fight against problematic infections like HIV and malaria.
While antimicrobial resistance results because of the choice pressure that is placed on vulnerable microbes by the use therapeutic agents, a diversity of public and administrative resources and factors add to the occurrence and spread of the resistance. For instance, in most of the world's developed countries, a contributing factor to antimicrobial resistance is the over-prescriptions by doctors of antimicrobials, especially the antibiotics, even in the nonexistence of the specific signs and symptoms (Keen, & Montforts, 2012). Such low-quality medical skills from physicians are in most cases nurtured by diagnostic uncertainties, lack of the necessary knowledge concerning optimal therapies, lack of the opportunity to conduct a patient follow-up and the patient demand. In fac ...
The items in this were adapted from the following Bennis, W.B, Sp.docx
Running head ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE 1.docx
1. Running head: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ON
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE 1
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ON ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE 9
Antimicrobial Resistance
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Date
Antimicrobial Resistance
An antimicrobial resistance tends to take place when a series of
microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
change when they are subjected to antimicrobial remedies. The
typically certified treatments for microbes include the
antibiotics, antivirals, antimalarial, anthelmintic and antifungals
(Sanchez-Esquivel, & Demain, 2015). However, some
organisms have mutated and developed resistance to
antimicrobial drugs. Such organisms have been branded the
name superbugs. With the development of antimicrobial
2. resistance genes, these microorganisms have become a problem
since medicines are ineffective and thus the body of an
individual becomes prone to attacks.
A few critical aspects of concern characterize antimicrobial
resistance. First, antimicrobial resistance has threatened the
effective prevention and medication of the ever-increasing
range of antimicrobial infections (Sanchez-Esquivel, & Demain,
2015). This point has been achieved through the process of
mutation, where microorganisms have developed resistant genes
towards antibiotics. The variation has made people life risky
since medication has been perceived to be less effective.
Second, the antimicrobial resistance is increasingly becoming a
common threat to the public health. The extreme global spread
is drawing attentions from a diversity of nations making several
government sectors and society engage in costly action to
prevent the pandemic. Thirdly, the threat has compromised
certain areas of the public health. The less existence of
effective antibiotics is jeopardizing the success of surgery
operations and chemotherapy. Fourth, medical expenses for
patients with resistance infections require are extremely high
that is, costly (Sanchez-Esquivel, & Demain, 2015). This has
been a problem since a vast percentage of these patients are
unable to cater for such expenses. Lastly, the resistance towards
drugs is complicating the fight against problematic infections
like HIV and malaria.
While antimicrobial resistance results because of the choice
pressure that is placed on vulnerable microbes by the use
therapeutic agents, a diversity of public and administrative
resources and factors add to the occurrence and spread of the
resistance. For instance, in most of the world's developed
countries, a contributing factor to antimicrobial resistance is the
over-prescriptions by doctors of antimicrobials, especially the
antibiotics, even in the nonexistence of the specific signs and
symptoms (Keen, & Montforts, 2012). Such low-quality medical
skills from physicians are in most cases nurtured by diagnostic
uncertainties, lack of the necessary knowledge concerning
3. optimal therapies, lack of the opportunity to conduct a patient
follow-up and the patient demand. In fact, such problems add up
because most antimicrobial agents are readily available and can
be purchased and consumed without a physician's prescriptions.
Similarly, human behavior is another aspect that does play a
part in supporting antimicrobial resistance. For instance, the
abnormality where many patients conduct a self-medication and
fail to comply with the recommended treatments or a physician's
advice. Failure to comply results when we probably forget to
take our medications that are, discontinuing medication the
moment we think we are starting to feel better. Inadequate
dosing, unnecessary dosing, and inappropriate dosing have
always characterized self-medication (Li, Elkins, & Zgurskaya,
2016). However, in some nations, the issue of non-compliance
and self-medication are exaggerated because the significant
amounts of the existing antimicrobials are poorly produced,
expired or sometimes counterfeit. In fact, any antimicrobial
with one of these three is significantly ineffective.
Besides, a multiple of practices in some hospitals adds to the
problem of antibiotic resistance. Undeniably, hospitals are
exclusively the productive basis for breeding a variety of
resistant microorganisms. Such arguments are valid because
hospitals attend to a vast number of patients that are at
sometimes close to each other, and they regularly provide
medication to patients with demanding and extended
antimicrobial rehabilitation. Large health institutions and
medical schools do experience a multitude of problems with
drug resistance microorganisms. Mostly, this is because they
attend to scores of patients and those that are vulnerable to
attack, especially those who possess a weak immune system (Li,
Elkins, & Zgurskaya, 2016). Medical research has suggested
that the transmissions of most drug-resistant microbes among
individuals are airborne, either direct or indirect association and
contact with an infected or contaminated environment.
Typically, the failure of health workers to adhere to simple
health related measures is the leading contributor to the spread
4. of microbes within a hospital.
Medical centers have been known to rely on to two critical
forms of intercession to diminish the resistance issue. One of
the approaches involves establishing and implementing rigorous
infection-control strategies and programs. The other method
involves restraining the usage of antimicrobials as much as
possible (Li, Elkins, & Zgurskaya, 2016). Strategies like patient
isolation, hand washing and disinfection of equipment are
hospital measures to help minimize and eliminate the resistance
of microbes. Despite that, much need to be done in the field of
health to prevent future spreads or transmission of bacteria.
Furthermore, another factor that is believed to contribute to the
resistance problem is the usage of a diversity of antimicrobial
agents in animals raised commercially for the purpose of food.
Contributors argued about what impact like agricultural use
could probably make to the extent of antimicrobial resistance
among human pathogens (Li, Elkins, & Zgurskaya, 2016). Some
argued for claiming that the problem was relatively minimal and
being handled efficiently by the existing public and private
programs. However, others argued for the fact that the problem
was a greater risk. In fact, research in the field of science
suggests that the introduction of antimicrobials in animals can
lead to the development of drug resistance microorganisms that
are transmitted to individuals through food products. Inducing
antimicrobials in animals is always aimed at accelerating the
growth process.
Likewise, another additional feature contributing to the spread
of antibiotic resistance is the capability of the resistance genes
to move into other microbes by a diversity of genetic means.
From our biological knowledge, we can deduce that one of the
transmission mechanism is by plasmids. Plasmids are described
as the additional chromosomal components or features that have
the ability to move genes between microorganisms of
immensely distinct evolutionary environments (Pommerville,
2015). Research has further identified a particular group of
bacteriophages that does provide chromosomal related
5. resistance DNA segments to a new microbial host. Similarly,
naked DNA materials released from deceased microbes can be
however be selected and merged into the new strains.
Moreover, another transmission mechanism is referred to as
transformation. This type of arrangement is common among the
pneumococci and Haemophilus spp. It is a fact that not all the
microbes should possess all the three mechanisms; however,
each mechanism is significant since it intensifies the resistance
factor within the bacterial environment. In the so-called cell,
the resistance genes have a capability to move from one DNA
element to another (Pommerville, 2015). Finally, the
appropriate strategies and program should be initiated to
diminish this problem of antimicrobial resistance. Health
institutions and physicians are advised to be keen when
diagnosing patients with related infection. Such a concern for
human health is an important aspect since it does improve one's
life span and the living conditions.
.
Reference
6. Appelbaum, P. C. (1992). Antimicrobial resistance in
Streptococcus pneumoniae: an overview. Clinical infectious
diseases, 15(1), 77-83.
Chen, C. Y., Yan, X., & Jackson, C. R. (Eds.). (2015).
Antimicrobial resistance and food safety: methods and
techniques. Elsevier.
Fong, I. W., & Drlica, K. (Eds.). (2007). Antimicrobial
resistance and implications for the 21st century. Springer
Science & Business Media.
Gillespie, S. H. (2001). Antibiotic resistance: methods and
protocols (Vol. 48). Springer Science & Business Media.
Keen, P. L., & Montforts, M. H. M. M. (2012). Antimicrobial
resistance in the environment. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Li, X.-Z., Elkins, C. A., & Zgurskaya, H. I. (2016). Efflux-
Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria: Mechanisms,
Regulation and Clinical Implications. Cham: Springer
International Publishing.
Pommerville, J. C. (2015). Fundamentals of microbiology.
Sanchez-Esquivel, S., & Demain, A. L. (2015). Antibiotics:
Current innovations and future trends.
Tenover, F. C. (2006). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
in bacteria. The American journal of medicine, 119(6), S3-S10.
Vogt, D. U., & Jackson, B. A. (2001). Antimicrobial Resistance:
An Emerging Public Health Issue. Nova Science Pub
Incorporated.
Comments:
you've outlined a detailed and complex problem here, and I can
see that you are approaching it from a scientific standpoint.
there is also a nice integration of the human
behaviors/actions/policies that constitute our reason for
concern. I suggest that some of the detailed areas earlier in the
paper can give way to a substantially more detailed solution at
the end - in other words, your argument is that there is a
significant problem at hand with regard to the practices related
to antimicrobial resistance. the focus for your readers should
7. probably be on how this problem and its causes are resolved or
addressed. make sure the final draft is mechanically correct and
free of errors
First, I did notice a few grammatical errors or somewhat odd
word choices throughout, however they are mostly just small
things. For instance, your third paragraph starts "While
antimicrobial resistance results because of ...", I thought it felt
slightly jarring to read and messes with the flow. Your thesis is
identifiable and stuck right at the end of your introduction.
Your introduction is good, but a little short, you may want to
try fleshing it out a bit more. Your thesis is supported
throughout your draft. For example, I thought that the paragraph
where you explain how human behavior is a contributing factor
in the increase of antimicrobrial resistance was rhetorically
your strongest, explaining the potential dangers of improper
self-medicating and not following a proper dosage timeline. In
general, I think your draft has a very nice flow to it, I think you
used transition words such as furthermore, similarly, or likewise
effectively to go from one idea to the next. Your conclusion
doesn't really restate your thesis or summarize your ideas. A
suggestion may be to consider splitting up your last paragraph
at the 'Finally' and adding a summary and thesis to have a
stronger conclusion. Overall, this was a great draft with an
amazing topic and I really enjoyed reading it. I think after some
tidying up and making some changes you will have a very
strong argument paper.
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