REPORT SUMMARYNanotechnology innovations are driving advances in battery technology where nanomaterials are finding use as new battery materials. Enormous leverage can result from advances in cathodes, anodes and electrolytes used in the batteries. The current focus of nano-enabled batteries is on lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion cells represent the basic building blocks of batteries proposed for the next generation of advanced hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), electrical vehicles and specialty vehicles. The calendar life of high-power lithium-ion battery cells is expected to have the same basic dependence on temperature as high-energy cell designs, because several of the high-power cell technologies use the same basic chemistry as larger cells and thus are subject to the same kind of degradation processes.The next generation of lithium-ion batteries has improved safety characteristics, in part through the use of alternative nano-sized materials, in particular, nano-phosphate materials. Traditional lithium-ion technology uses active materials with particles that range in size between 5 and 20 microns. The greater density of particles provides more surface area on which the ions can travel and generate additional power. In essence, battery power is derived from the diffusion of lithium ions moving in and out of particles. When particles are smaller but more numerous, that equates to greater diffusion and much faster kinetics than would be generated with one large particle.The use of phosphates, in lieu of oxides, for the nanomaterials is one reason for these increased power rates and temperature ranges. Both phosphates and oxides are naturally occurring substances that are used in battery cathodes. Traditionally, oxides such as iron and cobalt have been used for battery cathodes. But, in the 1990s, scientists began to experiment with nano-phosphates, which industry experts say are inherently safer than oxides because they are stable in overcharge or short-circuit conditions and withstand high temperatures without decomposing.The iRAP study identified over a dozen manufacturers and developers of nano-enabled batteries. These companies are driving the technology to meet market needs. There are also over 20 suppliers of nanomaterials used in nano-enabled batteries. Major findings of this report are:' The global nano-enabled battery industry is characterized by over a dozen companies involved in the industry as manufacturers and developers.' The 2008 global market was estimated at $169 million and expected to grow, at an impressive annual average growth rate of 46.3%, to reach $1.13 billion by 2013. ' Among the three types of nano-enabled batteries, customized batteries for power tools had the highest market share of 59.2% in 2008, followed by large format modules with 37.8%, and a small 3% share for fast charging customized nano safe battery for laptops.' By 2013, large format modules for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), electric vehicles (Evs) and specialty vehicles will have 84.7% of the global market, with an AAGR of 71.8% from 2008 to 2013.

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Nano-enabled Batteries
Published on February 2009
Report Summary
REPORT SUMMARY
Nanotechnology innovations are driving advances in battery technology where nanomaterials are finding use as new battery
materials. Enormous leverage can result from advances in cathodes, anodes and electrolytes used in the batteries. The current focus
of nano-enabled batteries is on lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion cells represent the basic building blocks of batteries proposed for the
next generation of advanced hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), electrical vehicles and specialty vehicles.
The calendar life of high-power lithium-ion battery cells is expected to have the same basic dependence on temperature as
high-energy cell designs, because several of the high-power cell technologies use the same basic chemistry as larger cells and thus
are subject to the same kind of degradation processes.
The next generation of lithium-ion batteries has improved safety characteristics, in part through the use of alternative nano-sized
materials, in particular, nano-phosphate materials. Traditional lithium-ion technology uses active materials with particles that range in
size between 5 and 20 microns.
The greater density of particles provides more surface area on which the ions can travel and generate additional power. In essence,
battery power is derived from the diffusion of lithium ions moving in and out of particles. When particles are smaller but more
numerous, that equates to greater diffusion and much faster kinetics than would be generated with one large particle.
The use of phosphates, in lieu of oxides, for the nanomaterials is one reason for these increased power rates and temperature
ranges. Both phosphates and oxides are naturally occurring substances that are used in battery cathodes. Traditionally, oxides such
as iron and cobalt have been used for battery cathodes. But, in the 1990s, scientists began to experiment with nano-phosphates,
which industry experts say are inherently safer than oxides because they are stable in overcharge or short-circuit conditions and
withstand high temperatures without decomposing.
The iRAP study identified over a dozen manufacturers and developers of nano-enabled batteries. These companies are driving the
technology to meet market needs. There are also over 20 suppliers of nanomaterials used in nano-enabled batteries.
Major findings of this report are:
' The global nano-enabled battery industry is characterized by over a dozen companies involved in the industry as manufacturers and
developers.
' The 2008 global market was estimated at $169 million and expected to grow, at an impressive annual average growth rate of 46.3%,
to reach $1.13 billion by 2013.
' Among the three types of nano-enabled batteries, customized batteries for power tools had the highest market share of 59.2% in
2008, followed by large format modules with 37.8%, and a small 3% share for fast charging customized nano safe battery for laptops.
' By 2013, large format modules for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), electric vehicles (Evs)
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and specialty vehicles will have 84.7% of the global market, with an AAGR of 71.8% from 2008 to 2013.
Table of Content
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION I
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES II
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY II
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY III
SCOPE AND FORMAT III
METHODOLOGY IV
INFORMATION SOURCES IV
WHOM THE STUDY CATERS TO V
AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALS VI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (CONTINUED) VIII
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY TYPE, 2008 AND
2013 IX
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET SIZE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY TYPE, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) IX
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 1
BUSINESS STRATEGY 1
COMPETITION 2
JOINT VENTURES AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS 3
EMERGENCE OF CHINA IN NANO-ENEABLED BATTERIES 3
EMERGENCE OF CHINA IN NANO-ENEABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 4
TECHNICAL OVERVIEW 5
TYPES OF BATTERIES 5
PRIMARY BATTERIES 5
SECONDARY CELLS/BATTERIES 6
SECONDARY CELLS/BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 7
KEY TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO BATTERIES 8
TABLE 1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERSTICS OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES 8
TABLE 2 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES 9
TABLE 2 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 10
LITHIUM VERSUS NON-LITHIUM TECHNOLOGIES 10
LITHIUM VERSUS NON-LITHIUM TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED) 11
LITHIUM VERSUS NON-LITHIUM TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED) 12
TABLE 3 COMPARISON OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERY POWER SOURCE OPTIONS 13
DESCRIPTION OF ELECTRODE MATERIAL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 13
TABLE 4 SYNTHESIS PROCESSES USED TO MANUFACTURE NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS USED IN ELECTRODES FOR
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NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES 14
TABLE 4 SYNTHESIS PROCESSES USED TO MANUFACTURE NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS USED IN ELECTRODES FOR
NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 15
TABLE 4 SYNTHESIS PROCESSES USED TO MANUFACTURE NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS USED IN ELECTRODES FOR
NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 16
RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES TECHNOLOGIES 17
FIGURE 1 SCHEMATIC OF A LITHIUM-ION CELL 18
CONVENTIONAL LITHIUM-ION BATTERY USAGE IN TRANSPORT 18
MATERIALS FOR LI-ION BATTERIES 19
CATHODE MATERIALS 19
TABLE 5 MICRON-SCALE CATHODE ELECTRODE MATERIALS 20
TABLE 6 NANOSCALE CATHODE ELECTRODE LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE PROPERTIES WITH DIFFERENT CARBON %
DOPING 21
ANODES 22
SEPARATORS 23
ELECTROLYTES 23
TABLE 7 ELECTROLYTES USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES 24
ORGANIC SOLVENTS 24
TABLE 8 ORGANIC SOLVENTS USED IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERY 25
CELL PACKAGING 25
SAFETY CIRCUITS 26
MODULE AND BATTERY PACK MATERIALS 27
ADVANTAGES OF RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM-BASED BATTERIES 27
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY SAFETY 28
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY SAFETY (CONTINUED) 29
HOW CELL TYPES DIFFER 30
FIGURE 2 SCHEMATIC OF A CYLINDRICAL LITHIUM-ION CELL 31
FROM CELLS TO MODULES TO BATTERY PACKS 31
FIGURE 3 SCHEMETIC OF A CELL.MODULE, PACK 32
NANOMATERIALS IN LI-ION BATTERIES 32
NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 33
PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES 33
THE ROLE OF NANOMATERIALS IN RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES 34
THE ROLE OF NANOMATERIALS IN RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 35
FIGURE 4 SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF A LITHIUM ION BATTERY SHOWING ION MOVEMENT 37
TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 38
TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES (CONTINUED) 39
TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES (CONTINUED) 40
TABLE 9 MATERIALS USED IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND THEIR
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES (CONTINUED) 41
TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF OTHER POTENTIAL MATERIALS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES USED IN BATTERIES 42
TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF OTHER POTENTIAL MATERIALS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES USED IN BATTERIES
(CONTINUED) 43
TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF OTHER POTENTIAL MATERIALS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES USED IN BATTERIES
(CONTINUED) 44
ELECTRODE MATERIAL STRUCTURE 44
TABLE 11 LAYERED, SPINEL AND OLIVINE STRUCTURE OF POSITIVE ELECTRODE MATERIAL FOR NANO-ENABLED
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LITHIUM BATTERIES 45
KEY POINTS 46
NANOMATERIALS USED FOR NEGATIVE ELECTRON ANODES 46
THE ELECTRODE-ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE 47
CASE STUDY: CONSTRUCTING A NANO-ENABLED BATTERY 48
TABLE 12 NANOSAFETM BATTERY PERFORMANCE DATA 48
CASE STUDY 1: A123 SYSTEMS BATTERY 49
CASE STUDY 1: A123 SYSTEMS BATTERY (CONTINUED) 50
CASE STUDY 2: ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES BATTERY 51
CASE STUDY 3: MPHASE TECHNOLOGIES MULTI-BATTERIES 52
TABLE 13 NANO-ENABLED CHEMISTRIES AND MANUFACTURERS IN 2008 53
APPLICATIONS 54
POWER TOOLS 54
POWER TOOLS (CONTINUED) 55
NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES VERSUS NORMAL LITHIUM BATTERIES IN POWER TOOLS 56
CASE STUDY 1: MILWAUKEE ELECTRIC TOOL CORP. CORDLESS POWER TOOLS 57
CASE STUDY 2: DEWALT-BLACK & DECKER CORDLESS POWER TOOLS 57
BATTERIES FOR VEHICLES 58
BATTERIES FOR VEHICLES (CONTINUED) 59
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (HEVS) 60
ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EVS) 61
PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (PHEVS) 61
LIGHT ELECTRIC VEHICLES (LEVS) 62
HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES 62
COMPARISON OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES VERSUS NORMAL NIMH BATTERIES IN HYBRIDS/EVS 63
CASE STUDY 1: TOYOTA PRIUS CONVERTED TO PHEV 63
CASE STUDY 2: KILLACYCLE, ELECTRIC MOTORCYCLE RUNNING ON NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES 64
NANOSTRUCTURED BATTERIES FOR LAPTOPS 65
NANOSTRUCTURED BATTERIES FOR LAPTOPS (CONTINUED) 66
TABLE 14 USERS OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES IN 2008 67
TABLE 15 TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE NANO BATTERIES IN 2008 68
TABLE 16 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY ADVANTAGE IN THE TOYOTA PRIUS HYBRID CAR CONVERTED TO PHEV 69
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 70
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE (CONTINUED) 71
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE (CONTINUED) 72
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE (CONTINUED) 73
TABLE 17 TOP MANUFACTURERS OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FOR CORDLESS TOOLS, TRANSPORT AND UTILITIES
(ELECTRIC FORK LIFT), 2008 74
COMPETITION 74
COMPETITION (CONTINUED) 75
COMPETITION (CONTINUED) 76
R&D IN NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS IMPACTING THE NANO-ENABLED BATTERY BUSINESS 77
TABLE 18 ONGOING RESEARCH IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE MATERIALS IMPACTING THE NANO BATTERY
BUSINESS BEYOND 2008 78
TABLE 18 ONGOING RESEARCH IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE MATERIALS IMPACTING THE NANO BATTERY
BUSINESS BEYOND 2008 (CONTINUED) 79
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TABLE 18 ONGOING RESEARCH IN NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE MATERIALS IMPACTING THE NANO BATTERY
BUSINESS BEYOND 2008 (CONTINUED) 80
TABLE 19 COMPANY/PRODUCT REFERENCE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES 81
PARTNERSHIPS AND CONSOLIDATIONS 81
TABLE 20 RELATIONSHIPS OF TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS AND MANUFACTURERS IN CHINA DURING 2007-2008 82
TABLE 21 RELATIONSHIPS OF MANUFACTURERS WITH END USERS (OEMS) DURING 2007-2008 83
TABLE 22 RELATIONSHIPS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPONENTS OF NANO-ENABLED LITHIUM BATTERIES FROM
2006-JULY 2008 84
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FUNDING 85
TABLE 23 FUNDING TO DEVELOP ADVANCED NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, 2006 THROUGH AUG 15, 2008 86
TABLE 23 FUNDING TO DEVELOP ADVANCED NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, 2006 THROUGH AUG 15, 2008 (CONTINUED) 87
TABLE 23 FUNDING TO DEVELOP ADVANCED NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, 2006 THROUGH AUG 15, 2008 (CONTINUED) 88
OVERVIEW OF MATERIAL SUPPLIERS 88
TABLE 24 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MATERIALS FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES 89
TABLE 24 MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MATERIALS FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 90
TABLE 25 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS 90
TABLE 25 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED) 91
TABLE 25 NANO-ENABLED BATTERY INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED) 92
GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKETS 93
GLOBAL MARKET ACCORDING TO TYPES 93
TABLE 26 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES, BY TYPE 2008 AND 2013 94
FIGURE 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANO ENABLED BATTERIES, BY TYPE 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 94
BASIS OF MARKET ESTIMATIONS 95
NANO-ENABLED VERSUS MICRONIC RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES 96
TABLE 27 PERCENTAGE OF NANO- VERSUS MICRONIC-STRUCTURED BATTERIES BY MARKET DOMAIN IN 2008 96
TABLE 28 PERCENTAGE OF NANO-ENABLED VERSUS MICRONIC STRUCTURED BATTERIES IN 2013 97
NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FOR TRANSPORT ENERGY STORAGE 97
TABLE 29 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES IN TRANSPORT AND UTILITY
ENERGY STORAGE, 2008 AND 2013 98
NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FOR CORDLESS TOOLS 98
TABLE 30 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO ENABLED BATTERIES IN CORDLESS TOOLS, 2008 AND
2013 99
GLOBAL MARKET ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGIES 100
TABLE 31 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY TECHNOLOGY, 2008 AND
2013 100
FIGURE 6 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY TECHNOLOGY, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 101
GLOBAL MARKET ACCORDING TO REGION 101
GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY REGION, 2008 AND 2013 102
FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES BY REGION, 2008 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS) 103
COST STRUCTURE OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES 103
COST STRUCTURE OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 104
COST STRUCTURE OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 105
COST STRUCTURE OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 106
TABLE 33 COST BASIS FOR NANO LITHIUM-IRON-PHOSPHATE BATTERIES IN SIZE 26650 IN 2008 107
COST STRUCTURE OF NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 108
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED BATTERIES 109
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED BATTERIES (CONTINUED) 110
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PATENTS AND PATENT ANALYSIS 111
LIST OF PATENTS 111
METHOD OF MAKING FINE LITHIUM-IRON-PHOSPHATE/CARBON-BASED POWDERS WITH AN OLIVINE-TYPE STRUCTURE
111
SELF-ORGANIZING BATTERY STRUCTURE WITH ELECTRODE PARTICLES THAT EXERT A REPELLING FORCE ON THE
OPPOSITE ELECTRODE 112
NANOPARTICLE-BASED POWER COATINGS AND CORRESPONDING STRUCTURES 112
LITHIUM TRANSITION-METAL PHOSPHATE POWDER FOR RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES 112
PREPARATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE LITHIUM-TITANATE SPINELS 113
LITHIUM SECONDARY CELL WITH HIGH CHARGE AND DISCHARGE RATE CAPABILITY 113
METHODS FOR NANOWIRE GROWTH 114
STRUCTURES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR JOINING ARTICLES AND MATERIALS AND USES THEREFOR 114
CONDUCTIVE LITHIUM STORAGE ELECTRODE 114
SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR HARVESTING AND INTEGRATING NANOWIRES 115
POLYMER COMPOSITION FOR ENCAPSULATION OF ELECTRODE PARTICLES 115
SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR NANOWIRE GROWTH AND HARVESTING 115
NANOSCALE WIRE-BASED SUBLITHOGRAPHIC PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC ARRAYS 116
POST-DEPOSITION ENCAPSULATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES: COMPOSITIONS, DEVICES AND SYSTEMS INCORPORATING
SAME 116
HIGH-ASPECT-RATIO METAL-POLYMER COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FOR NANO INTERCONNECTS 116
LITHIUM SECONDARY CELL WITH HIGH CHARGE AND DISCHARGE RATE CAPABILITY 117
DETERMINISTIC ADDRESSING OF NANOSCALE DEVICES ASSEMBLED AT SUBLITHOGRAPHIC PITCHES 118
NANOCOMPOSITES 118
ELECTROWETTING BATTERY HAVING A NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODE SURFACE 118
METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SINGLE-WALL CARBON NANOTUBE TIPS 119
NANOSTRUCTURE LITHIUM-TITANATE ELECTRODE FOR HIGH CYCLE RATE RECHARGEABLE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
119
METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR DEPOSITION OF THIN FILMS 120
NANOSCALE ION STORAGE MATERIALS 120
METHODS OF POSITIONING AND/OR ORIENTING NANOSTRUCTURES 120
METHODS OF MAKING, POSITIONING AND ORIENTING NANOSTRUCTURES, NANOSTRUCTURE ARRAYS AND
NANOSTRUCTURE DEVICES 121
NANOFIBER SURFACE-BASED CAPACITORS 121
SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING NANOWIRE COMPOSITES AND ELECTRONIC SUBSTRATES THEREFROM 121
COATED ELECTRODE PARTICLES FOR COMPOSITE ELECTRODES AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS 122
METHOD OF PRODUCING REGULAR ARRAYS OF NANOSCALE OBJECTS USING NANOSTRUCTURED
BLOCK-COPOLYMERIC MATERIALS 122
ARRAY-BASED ARCHITECTURE FOR MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS 122
ELECTROLYTIC PEROVSKITES 123
PROCESS FOR MAKING NANOSIZED STABILIZED ZIRCONIA 123
METHOD FOR PRODUCING MIXED METAL OXIDES AND METAL OXIDE COMPOUNDS 124
SUBLITHOGRAPHIC NANOSCALE MEMORY ARCHITECTURE 124
METHODS OF MAKING, POSITIONING AND ORIENTING NANOSTRUCTURES, NANOSTRUCTURE ARRAYS AND
NANOSTRUCTURE DEVICES 124
TIN OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES 125
CATHODE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM BATTERY 125
METHOD OF MANUFACTURING NANOSIZED LITHIUM-COBALT OXIDES BY FLAME-SPRAYING PYROLYSIS 125
PROCESS FOR MAKING LITHIUM TITANATE 126
PROCESS FOR MAKING NANOSIZED AND SUBMICRON-SIZED LITHIUM-TRANSITION METAL OXIDES 126
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STOCHASTIC ASSEMBLY OF SUBLITHOGRAPHIC NANOSCALE INTERFACES 126
METHODS OF POSITIONING AND/OR ORIENTING NANOSTRUCTURES 127
SALTS OF ALKALI METALS OF N, N' DISUBSTITUTED AMIDES OF ALKANE SULFINIC ACID AND NONAQUEOUS
ELECTROLYTES ON THEIR BASIS 127
NEGATIVE ELECTRODES FOR LITHIUM CELLS AND BATTERIES 128
SECONDARY POWER SOURCE HAVING A LITHIUM TITANATE ELECTROLYTE 128
OXYGEN ION CONDUCTING MATERIALS 128
NONAQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES BASED ON ORGANOSILICON AMMONIUM DERIVATIVES FOR HIGH-ENERGY POWER
SOURCES 129
ELECTRODES FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES 129
NONAQUEOUS SECONDARY BATTERY WITH LITHIUM TITANIUM CATHODE 129
LONG-LIFE LITHIUM BATTERIES WITH STABILIZED ELECTRODES 130
INTERMETALLIC NEGATIVE ELECTRODES FOR NON-AQUEOUS LITHIUM CELLS AND BATTERIES 130
METHOD FOR PRODUCING CATALYST STRUCTURES 130
DEVELOPMENT OF A GEL-FREE MOLECULAR SIEVE BASED ON SELF-ASSEMBLED NANO-ARRAYS 131
PATENT ANALYSIS 131
TABLE 34 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED TO COMPANIES DEVELOPING MATERIALS AND PROCESS
TECHNOLOGIES FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FROM 2004 THROUGH JUNE 2008 132
FIGURE 8 TOP COMPANIES IN TERMS OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED FOR NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES FROM 2004
THROUGH JUNE 2008 133
INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN NANO-ENABLED BATTERIES 134
TABLE 34 NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED BY COUNTRY/REGION FOR NANOSTRUCTURED BATTERIES, (JANUARY
2004 TO JUNE 2008) 134
OTHER INTERNATIONAL PATENTS 135
COMPANY PROFILES 136
3M 136
A123 SYSTEMS 136
A123 SYSTEMS (CONTINUED) 137
ACTACELL, INC. 138
ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES, INC 138
139
139
160
TOSHIBA BATTERY CO., LTD. 163
VALENCE 164
YAZAKI 164
ZHANGJIAGANG GUOTAI-HUARONG NEW CHEMICAL MATERIALS CO 165
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