Fuel Cells for Military Applications

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Fuel Cells for Military Applications
Published on August 2011

Report Summary

Soldier Wearable and Portable Power, Sensors and Surveillance, StationaryPower, Materials Handling, APUs, and UAVs: Market
Analysis and Forecasts

Fuel cell manufacturers and OEMs continue to benefit from an increased U.S. military emphasis on energy security and logistical
efficiency associated with the complex and challenging operational conditions being encountered in remote wartime environments
such as Afghanistan. At the same time, an almost complete dependence on a fragile and vulnerable commercial power grid and other
national critical infrastructure places military and homeland defense missions at an unacceptably high risk of extended disruption.
Reducing the strategic and tactical vulnerabilities associated with powering military equipment and strategic installations has
subsequently emerged as a leading priority for the U.S. Department of Defense.

Performance is the most powerful driving force for the adoption of fuel cells by the world's armed forces. Enhancing the overall
capabilities and performance of the U.S. armed forces is the leading priority for U.S. military agencies in considering new technologies
and products for funding and potential integration into various military systems. Low noise and a low heat signature represent two
good examples, providing specific benefits to military users that may not be as important to other customers. Production of water as a
by-product may also be of great use in remote locations. Overall though, the most attractive attribute of fuel cell systems is there high
energy density, particularly when compared to standard military batteries.

This Pike Research report examines the stationary, transport and portable power applications for fuel cell technologies currently being
explored and validated by the U.S. Department of Defense, including a detailed analysis of market drivers as well as potential barriers
to adoption. Forecasts through 2017 are also provided for those technologies and applications that are deemed as offering a realistic
possibility of being deployed within that timeframe.

Key Questions Addressed:

* What are the advantages of fuel cells for military applications'
* What are the funding mechanisms available to fuel cell developers'
* What are the potential military markets for fuel cells'
* What are the specific fuel cell technologies involved in the U.S. military market'
* What are the barriers to military fuel cell deployment'

Who needs this report'

* Military agencies
* Defense contractors
* Fuel cell manufacturers
* Materials suppliers
* Investor community

Fuel Cells for Military Applications (From Slideshare) Page 1/14


Table of Content

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Military Fuel Cell Sector Forecast

2. Market Issues

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Regional Scope

2.2.1 DOD North America

2.2.2 The Rest of the World

2.3 The U.S. Military Market: Trends and Drivers

2.3.1 Performance

2.3.2 Oil Price Volatility

2.3.3 Fuel Flexibility

2.3.4 A Safe Technology

2.3.5 Reduced Pollutants and GHGs

2.3.6 Low Noise Levels

2.4 Military Funding Mechanisms

2.4.1 DARPA

2.4.2 SBIR and STTR

2.4.3 U.S. Navy

2.4.4 U.S. Army

2.4.5 U.S. Air Force



2.4.6 SERDP and ESTCP

2.4.7 CERDEC Fuel Cell Team

2.5 Military Fuel Cell Applications with Near Term Potential

2.5.1 Stationary Applications for Fuel Cells

2.5.1.1 Market Characteristics

2.5.1.1.1. Medical Treatment Facilities

2.5.1.1.2. High Security Facilities

2.5.1.1.3. Communications and Data Centers

2.5.1.1.4. Advanced Manufacturing Processes

2.5.1.1.5. Electronics Manufacturing Processes

2.5.1.1.6. Air Traffic Control

2.5.1.1.7. Radar Sites

2.5.1.1.8. Shipboard Services

2.5.1.1.9. Research Testing Facilities

2.5.1.1.10. Remote Sites and Field Operations

2.5.2 Portable Applications for Fuel Cells


2.5.2.1.1. Soldier Wearable and Portable Power

2.5.2.1.2. Remote Sensors and Surveillance

2.5.2.1.3. Mobile Electric Power (MEP)

2.5.3 Transport Applications for Fuel Cells


2.5.3.2 Unmanned Air, Ground, and Underwater Vehicles

2.5.3.2.1. Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (SUAVs)



2.5.3.2.2. Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs)

2.5.3.2.3. Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs)

2.5.3.2.4. DOD Investment in Unmanned Systems

2.5.3.3 Auxiliary Power Units for Ground Vehicles, Ships, and Aircraft

2.5.3.4 Power for Ships

2.5.3.5 Materials Handling/Ground Support Equipment

2.6 Non-Tactical Vehicles

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Fuel Cell Technology Basics

3.1.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

3.1.1.1 Methanol Units ' Direct and Indirect/Reformed Methanol Fuel Cell

3.1.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

3.1.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell

3.1.4 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell

3.1.5 Alkaline Fuel Cell

3.2 Barriers to Adoption

3.2.1 Financial Cost

3.2.2 Supply Chain

3.2.3 Stack Manufacturing

3.2.4 Component Standards

3.2.5 Durability

3.2.6 The Gap between Products and Prototypes

3.2.7 Adequacy of Maintenance Resources and Serviceability

3.2.8 Fuel Availability and Cost



4. Key Industry Players

4.1 Adaptive Materials, Inc. (United States)

4.2 AeroVironment (United States)

4.3 Alumifuel Power Corp. (United States)

4.4 BAE Systems (United Kingdom)

4.5 Ballard Power Systems (Canada)

4.6 Battelle (United States)

4.7 Boeing (United States)

4.8 DuPont (United States)

4.9 EADS (Europe)

4.10 Falck Schmidt Defence Systems (Denmark)

4.11 FuelCell Energy (United States)

4.12 General Atomics (United States)

4.13 Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies (Singapore)

4.14 Hydrogenics Corp. (Canada)

4.15 IdaTech PLC (United States)

4.16 iRobot (United States)

4.17 Jadoo Power (United States)

4.18 Lockheed Martin (United States)

4.19 Logan Energy (United States)

4.20 Lynntech (United States)

4.21 myFC (Sweden)

4.22 NanoDynamics (United States)

4.23 Neah Power Systems, Inc. (United States)



4.24 Northrup Grumman Corp. (United States)

4.25 Nuvera Fuel Cells, Inc. (United States)

4.26 Plug Power Inc. (United States)

4.27 Protonex Technology Corp. (United States)

4.28 QinetiQ (United Kingdom)

4.29 ReliOn (United States)

4.30 Rolls-Royce (United Kingdom)

4.31 Samsung SDI (Korea)

4.32 SFC Energy (Germany)

4.33 UltraCell Corp. (United States)

4.34 United Defense Industries (United States)

4.35 UTC Power (United States)

5. Market Forecasts

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Military Stationary Market

5.2.1 Unit Shipments

5.2.2 MW Shipments

5.2.3 Revenue

5.3 Soldier Wearable and Portable Power


5.3.2 MW Shipments

5.3.3 Revenue

5.4 Unmanned Sensors and Surveillance




5.4.2 MW Shipments

5.4.3 Revenue

5.5 Mobile Electric Power (MEP)

5.6 Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles


5.6.2 MW Shipments

5.6.3 Revenue

5.7 Unmanned Ground Vehicles


5.7.2 MW Shipments

5.7.3 Revenue

5.8 Auxiliary Power Units for Ground Vehicles


5.8.2 MW Shipments

5.8.3 Revenue

5.9 Materials Handling


5.9.2 MW Shipments

5.9.3 Revenue

5.10 Additional Markets

5.10.1 Fuel Cell Unmanned Underwater Vehicles

5.10.2 Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Units for Ships

5.10.3 Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Units for Aircraft

5.10.4 Fuel Cell Power for Ships



5.10.5 Fuel Cell Non-Tactical Vehicles

5.11 The U.S. Military Fuel Cell Market

5.11.1 Fuel Cell Unit Shipment Totals

5.11.2 Fuel Cell MW Shipment Totals

5.11.3 Fuel Cell Revenue Totals

5.12 Summary

6. Company Directory

7. Acronym and Abbreviation List

8. Table of Contents

9. Table of Charts and Figures

10. Appendix I: SBIR and STTR Focus and Awards

10.1 DOD 2011.2 SBIR Solicitation

10.1.1 Purification of Biogas for Fuel Cells

10.1.1.1 Program Number: N112-160

10.1.2 Medium-Pressure Hydrogen Generator for Portable Electrical Power Systems

10.1.2.1 Program Number: AF112-183

10.2 DOD 2011.A STTR Solicitation

10.2.1 Biomimetic Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

10.2.1.1 Program Number: A11a-T013

10.2.2 Generation of Hydrogen from Methanol

10.2.2.1 Program Number: A11a-T012

10.2.3 New Affordable Energy Storage Technologies for Power Grids and Microgrids

10.2.3.1 Program Number: N11A-T028




10.3.1 Long Lasting Wide Temperature Range Power Source for Unattended Ground Sensors

10.3.1.1 Program Number: A11-018

10.3.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell


10.4 DOD 2010.B STTR Solicitation


10.5.1 High Density Liquid Hydrogen Missile Fuel



10.6.1 Compact Lightweight Sulfur Sensor for JP-8 Fuel


10.6.2 Solid Hydrogen Fuel Cartridges


10.6.3 Plug & Play Integrated Hybrid Power System for Humanoid Robot


10.6.4 High-Performance Power Energy Device for Radio Applications



10.7.1 Highly Integrated, Highly Efficient Fuel Reformer/Fuel Cell System


10.7.2 Novel Volumetric and Gravimetric Oxygen Sources and Packaging Suitable for Unmanned Applications



10.9 DOD 2009.B STTR Solicitation




10.10.1 Gas Phase Sulfur Sensor for JP-8 Fueled Auxiliary Power Generation System


10.10.2 Refillable Liquid Fuel Cartridges for Portable Methanol Fuel Cell Systems


10.11 DOD 2009.A STTR Solicitation

10.11.1 Engineered Catalysts, Catalysts Supports, and Designs for Logistics Fuel Reforming

10.11.1.1 A09A-T018

10.11.2 Advanced Hydrogen Reformate Stream Purifier for Fuel Cell Applications

10.11.2.1 Program Number: N09-T014


10.13 Other Solicitations

11. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

* Military Fuel Cell Revenue by Application, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Fuel Cell Installations, U.S. DOD: 2010
* Fuel Cell Installation Power Requirements, U.S. DOD: 2010
* Mobile Electric Power in Use, U.S. DOD: 2007
* Unmanned Ground Vehicles in Use, U.S. DOD: 2007
* Stationary Power Fuel Cell Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Stationary Power Fuel Cell Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Stationary Power Fuel Cell Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Soldier Wearable and Portable Power Fuel Cell Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Soldier Wearable and Portable Power Fuel Cell Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Soldier Wearable and Portable Power Fuel Cell Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Unmanned Sensors and Surveillance Fuel Cell Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Unmanned Sensors and Surveillance Fuel Cell Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Unmanned Sensors and Surveillance Fuel Cell Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Fuel Cell Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Fuel Cell Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Fuel Cell Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Unmanned Ground Vehicle Fuel Cell Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Unmanned Ground Vehicle Fuel Cell Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017



* Unmanned Ground Vehicle Fuel Cell Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Ground Vehicle Auxiliary Power Unit Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Ground Vehicle Auxiliary Power Unit Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Ground Vehicle Auxiliary Power per Unit Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Materials Handling Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Materials Handling Shipments, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Materials Handling Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Fuel Cell Shipments by Application, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Fuel Cell Shipments by Application, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Fuel Cell Revenue by Application, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Average Monthly Price per Barrel of Oil FOB, World Markets: 2007-2011
* Annual Fuel Consumption (3,000 Operating Hours)
* Emissions Comparison (g/hp-h @ 100% Power)
* Comparison of Efficiencies for Electric Power Plants
* The Jenny ND Terra
* Unmanned Underwater Vehicles Designated Vehicle Classes, U.S. Navy: 2004
* U.S. DOD Investment in UAV R&D: 2005-2009
* U.S. DOD Annual Funding Profile for UAVs: 1998-2011 (Projected)
* Comparison of Efficiencies for Electric Power Plants
* The Proposed Ship Service Fuel Cell Program Schedule, U.S. Navy
* Fuel Cell Electrolyte Types
* PEM Fuel Cell Schematic
* Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Schematic
* Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Schematic
* Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Schematic
* Alkaline Fuel Cell Schematic
* FuelCell Energy Published Cost-Down

List of Tables

* Fuel Cell Market Revenue by Application, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Fuel Cell Market Fuel Cell Shipments by Application, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Fuel Cell Market Shipments by Application, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Power Requirements of U.S. DOD Installations: 2010
* Unmanned Ground Vehicles in Use, U.S. DOD: 2007
* Stationary Power Shipments and Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Soldier Wearable and Portable Power Shipments and Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Unmanned Sensor and Surveillance Shipments and Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Shipments and Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Unmanned Ground Vehicle Shipments and Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Ground Vehicle Auxiliary Power Shipments and Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* Materials Handling Unit Shipments and Revenue, U.S. DOD: 2011-2017
* ATO Fuel Cell Technology Areas
* FY 2009 President's Budget for Unmanned Systems



* U.S. Naval Vessels: 2011


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