Ransford Gyambrah Final Masters Thesis- 2017- Open University of Malaysia

THE MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY HAZARDS IN GOLD MINING INDUSTRIES IN
GHANA: A CASE STUDY OF GOLDEN STAR BOGOSO/
PRESTEA LIMITED.
RANSFORD GYAMBRAH
OPEN UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA /
ACCRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (AIT)
2017

THE MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY HAZARDS
IN GOLD MINING INDUSTRIES IN GHANA: A CASE STUDY OF GOLDEN
STAR BOGOSO/ PRESTEA.
RANSFORD GYAMBRAH
A Master’s Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Master of Occupational Health, Safety and Risk Management
Open University Malaysia /
Accra Institute of Technology (AIT)
2017

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DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP
Name: Ransford Gyambrah
Index Number: MTSMOSHRMM150033Y
I hereby declare that this Master‟s Degree Thesis is entirely my own except where indicated
by full references.
Signature: ……………………………… Date: …………........
Supervisor‟s Signature: ………………... Date: ………………
Supervisor‟s Name: MR. AMEVI ACAKPOVI

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DEDICATION
This research work is dedicated first to God Almighty and to all who have contributed in
many different ways to my academic development and social status.
And also to all whose work and efforts have contributed to the development of knowledge
and improvements in the fields of Health, Safety and Risk Management.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I give thanks to God Almighty for being my source of life and unfailing help.
My gratitude also goes to Mr. Amevi Acakpovi for his wealth of knowledge and experience
put at my disposal as the supervisor of this research work. His guidance and suggestions have
contributed greatly to the success of this project.
I further salute the efforts and diverse contributions from family, friends and colleagues to
my state of mind, acquisition of knowledge and information to produce this research work.

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ABSTRACT
Mining has been in existence for many years because of its economic benefits; it‟s
concomitantly associated with high risks of injuries and fatalities. Commitments have been
made, especially by advanced nations, to control the risks. Regardless of the efforts, statistics
on accidents occurrence in the mines of Ghana remain horrible. This study therefore sought
to explore the management of occupational health and safety in Gold Mining Industries in
Ghana.
A cross sectional survey was carried out in Golden Star Resources. Convenience and
purposive sampling were used to select 150 participants for the research. Statistical Package
for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and Microsoft Excel 2013 were used to analyze the
data. Statistical techniques adopted were descriptive statistical analysis and bivariate analysis
(Odd Ratio and Chi-square tests).
About 95% of the workers think the workplace is safe. Safety and health notices provided by
the company are more likely to be disobeyed by non-formally than formally educated (OR:
.91; CI: .86-.96). Safety materials provided by the company are unlikely to be used always by
those with ≤ 10years work experience than those with ≥10 years of work experience (OR:
.90; CI: .85-.95); workers of mining department than non-mining department (OR: 1.14; CI:
1.06-1.23)
Workers have fair knowledge about safety issues, the workers and the company comply with
OHSAS 18001 standards, but more commitment is expected of management. It is
recommended that the mine assures that safety training and promotion interventions are
understood and can easily be remembered by the workers, and aspects of compliance should
also be scaled up.
Keywords: Occupational Health and Safety.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xi
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY............................................................................1
Background to the study ..................................................................................................................1
1.2 Research Problem Statemen ......................................................................................................3
1.3 General objective ........................................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Specific objectives....................................................................................................................4
1.4 Research Questions...............................................................................................................4
1.5 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................4
1.6 Justification of the Study............................................................................................................5
1.7 Scope of the Study.......................................................................................................................7
1.8 Outline of the thesis ....................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................................8
LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................8
2.0. Introduction................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Definition of Mining....................................................................................................................8
2.2 Definition of Occupational Health and Safety Hazards ..........................................................9
2.4 Occupational Health and Safety Hazards in the Mining Sector of Developing Countries.11
2.5 Management of occupational health and safety hazards in gold mining industries in
Ghana...............................................................................................................................................11
2.6 Kinds of occupational health and safety hazards at mining sites .........................................14
2.6.1 Physical Hazards....................................................................................................................14
2.6.2 Ergonomic hazards................................................................................................................16

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2.6.3 Biological hazards..................................................................................................................16
2.6.4 Chemical hazards...................................................................................................................16
2.6.5 Psychosocial hazards .............................................................................................................17
2.6.6 Electrical hazard....................................................................................................................18
2.7 Occupational hazards and the ramifications..........................................................................18
2.8 The mechanisms for managing occupational health and safety measures ..........................19
2.9 Motivation and Benefits of Occupational Health and Safety................................................21
2.10 Effects of poor occupational health and safety.....................................................................22
2.11 OH&S management system requirements (OHSAS 18001:2007) Occupational Health
Safety Assessment Series)...............................................................................................................22
Clause: 4.1 General requirements .............................................................................................22
Clause: 4.2 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - OH&S policy ..................................................................22
Clause: 4.3 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Planning..........................................................................23
Clause: 4.4 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Implementation and operation ....................................26
Clause: 4.5 of OHSAS 18001:2007- Checking..........................................................................30
Clause: 4.6 of OHSAS 18001:2007- Management review........................................................34
2.11 Chapter summary...................................................................................................................34
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................36
METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................36
3.0 Introduction...............................................................................................................................36
3.1 Research Philosophy.................................................................................................................36
3.2 Background of selected company ............................................................................................37
3.3 Research Design ........................................................................................................................38
3.4 Target population......................................................................................................................39
3.5 Sampling methods.....................................................................................................................39
3.6 Data Collection..........................................................................................................................39
3.6.1 Survey..................................................................................................................................39
3.6.2 In-depth Interview ......................................................................................................40
3.7 Data Analysis tools..............................................................................................................40
3.8 Framework of Data Analysis ...................................................................................................40
3.8.1 Quantitative analysis..........................................................................................................41
3.7.2 Qualitative Analysis....................................................................................................41
3.9 Ethical Considerations..............................................................................................................41
3.9.1 Ethical clearance ................................................................................................................41

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3.9.2 Consent and right to drop-out ..........................................................................................41
3.9.3 Privacy and Confidentiality ..............................................................................................42
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS .................................................................................................43
4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................43
4.2 Demographic Characteristics...................................................................................................43
4.3 Participants understanding of health, safety, and safe workplace .......................................45
4.3.1 Participants understanding of health and safety.............................................................45
4.4 Company provides safe place of work...............................................................................46
4.5 The company provides adequate equipment, materials and personal protective equipment
(PPEs) to enable employees to carry out their work safely.........................................................51
4.6 Worker and company level compliance..................................................................................52
4.6.1 The company provides notices on health safety and safety measures...........................52
4.6.2 Safety materials provided by the company are used all the time ..................................54
4.6.3 Company prevents employee exposure to unreasonable risks.......................................56
4.6.4 Encourage near misses reporting .....................................................................................61
4.6.5 Company conducts periodic reviews................................................................................66
4.6.6 Manage Response to Safety issues ....................................................................................71
4.6.7 Joint Inspections by trained management and employee representatives....................76
4.6.8 Incident Reporting by Department ..................................................................................81
4.6.9 Management Provide Corrective Actions........................................................................86
4.7 Effect of Training on worker ...................................................................................................90
4.7.2 Effect of fire drills. .............................................................................................................91
4.8 Challenges confronting the company in promoting health and safety standards...............92
4.8.1 Cost of providing health and safety materials.................................................................92
4.8.2 Poor literacy rate and poor awareness of health and safety ..........................................93
4.8.3 Lack of clarity about health and safety issues.................................................................94
4.8.4 Difficulty recruiting qualified health and safety officers................................................94
4.8.5 Difficulty in getting management to be committed to health and safety.......................95
4.8.6 Workers refusal to wear personal protective equipment (PPE .....................................96
4.8.7 Difficulty influencing worker on safety behaviors ..........................................................96
4.8.8 Workers refusal to report minor injuries or near misses...............................................97
4.8.9 High cost of training employees........................................................................................98
4.8.10 Change of leadership style...............................................................................................98

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CHAPTER FIVE ..............................................................................................................................100
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ..........................................................................................................100
5.1 Introduction and summary of findings.................................................................................100
5.2 Socio-demographic..................................................................................................................101
5.4 Compliance of health and safety (Based on Objective 2) ....................................................103
5.4.1 The company provides adequate equipment, materials and personal protective
equipment (PPEs) to enable employees to carry out their work safely................................103
5.4.2 The company provide notices on health safety and safety measures ..........................104
5.4.3 Safety materials provided by the company are used all the time ................................106
5.4.5 Company prevents employee exposure to unreasonable risks.....................................107
5.4.6 Company conducts periodic reviews..............................................................................108
5.4.7 Management Responses to Safety...................................................................................109
5.5 Effect of training activities on workers (Based on Objective 3)..........................................110
5.6 Challenges confronting health and safety promotion..........................................................112
5.6.1 Cost of training employees were high but necessary ....................................................112
5.6.2 High Cost of providing health and safety materials as a challenge.............................112
5.6.3 Management Commitment as a challenge .....................................................................112
5.6.4 Reporting near misses as a challenge .............................................................................113
5.6.5 Workers Refusal to use PPE always as a challenge ......................................................114
5.7 Implications .............................................................................................................................114
5.8 Limitation of the study ...........................................................................................................114
5.9 Directions for future research................................................................................................115
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................116
APPENDIIX……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………116

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Demographic Characteristics 40
Table 4.2: Association between socio-demographic data of respondents
and their opinion on safety workplace 44
Table 4.3: Socio-demographic factors associated with non-compliance
with notices on health and safety measures. 59
Table 4.4: Socio-demographic factors associated with non-compliance
with using safety materials provided by the company at all times. 56
Table 4.5: Association between socio-demographic characteristic and
whether the Company ensures that employees are not subjected
to any unreasonable risks in the workplace. 59
whether the company encourages workers to record near misses
at work place 64
whether the company conducts periodic reviews to assess health
and safety standards in the work place 69
whether the company‟s Management responds quickly to safety 74
whether the company‟s workplace inspection are conducted jointly
by trained management and employee 79
whether the company‟s department has an effective incident
reporting procedure that is known by employees 84
whether the company‟s Management provide appropriate
remedy for addressing accidents occurrence in the department 88

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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 4.1: Bar chart showing participants understanding of health and
safety 46
Fig 4.2: Bar chart showing participants view on whether the company
provides safe place of work. 47
Fig 4.3: Bar chart showing participants view on whether the company
provides adequate equipment, tools and PPE‟s to enable
employees to carry out their work safely. 51
Fig 4.4: Bar chart indicating whether the company provides notices on
health and safety measures 53
Fig 4.5: Bar chart indicating whether safety materials provided by the
organization would 55
Fig 4.6: Pie chart showing participants view on unreasonable risks
company subject staff. 57
Fig 4.7: Bar chart showing recording of near misses by participants 62
Fig 4.8: Bar chart showing periodic reviews on health and safety
at the workplace 67
Fig 4.9: Pie chart showing participants view on health and safety
concerns of the company. 72
Fig 4.10: Bar chart showing whether Joint Inspection are carry out
by trained management and employee‟s representative. 77
Fig 4.11: Bar chart showing participants view on effective incident
reporting by department 82
Fig 4.12: Bar Chart showing whether management provides corrective
actions. 86
Fig 4.13: Bar Chart showing whether safety induction, orientation and
refresher courses are conducted by the organization at the workplace 91
Fig 4.14: Pie Chart showing whether fire drills are conducted periodically at the
workplace 92
Fig 4.15: Bar Chart showing whether provision of health and safety materials has
been a cost burden on the organization 93
Fig 4.16: Pie Chart showing whether the huge working population with low
literacy and abysmal awareness of health and safety is a challenge 94
Fig 4.17: Bar Chart showing whether lack of clarity about issues surrounding
Health and safety in the organization is a challenge 94
Fig 4.18: Pie Chart showing whether getting the right personnel to help in

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Promoting health and safety practices in the organizations is a challenge
Strongly disagreed and 2.7% were of neutral view. 95
Fig 4.19: Bar Chart showing whether getting management to be committed to
Health and safety had been a challenge to the organization 95
Fig 4.20: Pie Chart showing whether worker‟s refusal to wear Protective 96
Equipment in the organization is a challenge
Fig 4.21: Bar Chart showing difficulty influencing worker on safety behaviors 97
Fig 4.22: Pie Chart whether worker‟s refusal to report minor injuries or near
Misses as a result of fear of being sacked is a challenge 97
Fig 4.23: Pie Chart high cost of training employees 98
Fig 4.24: Bar Chart showing whether changing from the command and control
style to engagement of the workforce on health and safety is a problem 99

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
GSBPL - Golden Star Bogoso/Prestea Limited
GDP - Gross Domestic Product
ILO - International Labor Organization
EEC - European Economic Commission
OHS - Occupational Health and Safety
GSR - Golden Star Resources
US - United States
APAU - Account Prevention Advisory Unit
HSE - Health Safety Executive
UK - United Kingdom
GNP - Gross National Product
WHO - World Health Organization
CIL - Carbon-in Leach
SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Sciences
AIT - Accra Institute of Technology
PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
OR - Odd Ratio
CI - Confidence Interval
PNDCL - Provisional National Defense Council Law
SAI - Social Accountability International
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OHS - Occupational Health and Safety
OHSAS - Occupational Health Safety Assessment Series

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CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
Background to the study
Mining is one of the major works of the people of antiquity (Agricola, 1950).
According Marshall (2001), it has been a major and among the oldest means of
earning a living that human beings in the past have been engaged in. The relevance of
mining has not been to men and women who lived in the ancient day. Hermanus
(2007) pointed out that it was in the 1880s that mining was commenced on an
industrial scale. Mining has been recognized as laborious, involving all sorts of risks,
and injuries (Ramazzini, 1940) with work done in challenging sites (Hermanus,
2007). However, it is said to have myriads of positive effects on other aspects of the
economy. It serves as a source of employment for a good number of people quite
apart from contributing approximately 12% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
(Leveson, 2004).
Despite the gains associated with gold mining, it is mentioned as one of the world‟s
most hazardous sectors (ILO, 2014; Nelson, 2013). Globally, 2.3 million occupational
accidents are recorded on a yearly basis in the gold mining sector, of which 350,000
are described fatal (ILO, 2014); about 264 million are described non-fatal of which
comes with the disadvantage of nearly 3 days absence from work. In Britain for
instance, more than 200 people die yearly at workplace and more than 2 million
morbidity cases are connected to the workplace (Chen and Zorigt, 2013).

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In Zimbabwe, injuries prevalence in the mines is estimated as 38 per cent (Chimamise
et al., 2013). Demba (2013) attributes the cause of rise in accidents in the mines to
increased demands for mining investments.
In attempt to prevent occupational health accidents, advanced nations have
occupational standard measures they observe. Spain enacted and enforces Law
31/1995 which is has ameliorated to appreciable level (Sesé et al., 2002). Likewise,
Sweden adhere to European directive 89/391/EEC on occupational health measures
and have been able to control occupational risks (Morillas, Rubio-Romero, & Fuertes,
2013).
Governments in developing countries are however passive about implementation
occupational safety measures (Nuwayhid, 2004); as a result of rivalry challenges
wearing the cloak of economic, political and social, problems (Kromhout, 1999). This
lukewarm attitude of these governments in the opinion of O‟Neill (2000), is worrying
for the fact that there is a positive correlation between occupational health and safety
and high productivity. Continuation such apathetic attitudes towards safety issues also
lead to “a prolongation of neglect, ineffectiveness, and professional stagnation”
(Nuwayhid, 2004).
In Ghana, there are constitutional provisions such as Article 24(1) of the 1992
Constitution of the Republic of Ghana which provides that: “Every person has the
right to work under satisfactory, safe and healthy conditions …”. Such satisfactory,
safe and health conditions by the provision of Act 651 are the duty of the employer to
provide. It is mandatory under the labour laws of Ghana that of every 1000 factory
workers, the factory must have safety officers. In the vein, the eight major gold
mining companies in Ghana have measures for promoting safety at the workplaces.
Despite the measures, occupational accidents remain terrible. This study therefore

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sought to explore the management of Occupational Health and Safety Hazards in
Gold Mining Industries in Ghana.
1.2 Research Problem Statement
Mining is a very lucrative venture, but has high occupational risks. Comparatively,
mining industries record higher fatality and injury rates than other industries
(Donoghue, 2004; Ross & Murray, 2004). In view of this, most developed countries
and mining companies place premium on occupational health and safety (OHS).
However OHS has not received the needed attention especially in developing
countries as a result of rivalry challenges wearing the cloak of economic, political and
social, problems. Governments of developing nations are said to have passive
interests and as a result they are often unconcerned about occupational health and
safety matters (Kromhout, 1999). This lukewarm attitude of these governments of
developing countries, in the opinion of O‟Neill (2000), is worrying for the fact
empirical evidence shows that there is a positive correlation between occupational
health and safety and high productivity. It is suggested by Iman (2004) that a
continuation in such attitudes towards safety issues means “a prolongation of neglect,
ineffectiveness, and professional stagnation.” In Ghana, there is no national policy on
OHS for mining companies. Similarly there isn‟t a body responsible for monitoring
and ensuring that measures adopted by individual mining companies comply with
international standards. No study has been conducted in Golden Star to ascertain the
challenges associated with health and safety management.
In the same way, literature search suggest paucity of literature on miners safety
knowledge, motivation, initiative and compliance which has strong positive
association with work safety (Zacharatos, Barling, & Iverson, 2005). Investigations

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suggest no study has been published on gold miners‟ compliance level with
occupational health and safety measures adopted by their respective companies .This
study there provides us the chance to address these challenges.
1.3 General objective
The student explore the management of Occupational Health and Safety Hazards in
Gold Mining Industries in Ghana
1.3.1 Specific objectives
The following specific objectives will help achieve the general objective of the study
1. To conduct a site survey to examine the understanding of workers of health
and safety
2. To ascertain compliance level of OHSAS 18001:2007 (International
Standards) against existing standards at the workplace
3. To determine the effect of safety promotion activities such as training on
workers
1.4 Research Questions
2. To what extent do the workers understand health and safety issues?
3. To what extent is OHSAS 18001:2007 standards complied with in the mine?
4. To what degree doe safety promotion activities such as training effect
workers?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study will explore the management of Occupational Health and Safety Hazards in
Gold Mining Industry of Ghana. This research may inform policy direction in the

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formulation of strategies to reduce the occurrence of accidents in mining industry of
Ghana.
The finding may also be important to managers and supervisors (especially in the gold
mining industry in Ghana) in understanding current dynamics of accidents in the
mines. Knowing the factors impeding against safety will inform their decisions to
make provisions to control them.
For purposes of further research, the study may serve as a platform for more studies.
A more elaborate study with a larger sample size covering other mining companies in
the industry based on a different methodology will further validate the conclusions of
the study and make it reliable for generalization purposes.
1.6 Justification of the Study
Health and Safety form an integral part of gold mining operation all over the world
due to hazards that exist during gold mining operation. However, the importance of
institutional arrangements, political climate, national economy and national socio-
cultural environments and how these affect health and safety management within
businesses have not been developed in the health and safety literature. Where these
have been considered, there is often lack of depth in the discussion on and coverage of
these issues. Enabling business environments exist in developed countries or at least,
there is concerted effort by governments to create an enabling business environment.
Interestingly, there is the relationship between the environments of businesses and

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health and safety management at the organizational level in developed countries
(Nuwayhid 2004).
The particular context of developing countries therefore requires a holistic view of
health and safety management that takes account of the contextual environments of
gold mining industries. Such a view should help provide insights into health and
safety management at construction sites in developing countries and contribute to
understanding the health and safety behaviour of gold mining industries. This
research fills this gap by exploring the environments of gold mining industries in
relation to their health and safety management practices. In Ghana, more fatalities,
injuries and property damage are most common in gold mining industries with
sometimes over 50 lost time injures within one year from all the gold mining
industries in Ghana. The question is what Ghanaian gold mining industries not doing
right than other developed country- Is it our culture, behaviour, lack of health and
safety skills or lack of modern technology in our gold mining industries.
These shortcomings underscore the need to examine the aforementioned issues. Also,
workers in developing countries have the right to safe and healthy working
environments (ILO 2007). The contributions of research on health and safety at
workplaces could hold some promise to improve working conditions. This research
will continue to explore all position solution and recommend ways in which our gold
mining industries will continue to be safe even for our future generation to work.

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1.7 Scope of the Study
This research aims at assessing measures being taken to make the mining industry
safe for miners, using Golden Star Resources as a case study. The research will
consider how workers and the organization comply with safety policies, as well as the
challenges associated with managing health and safety in the mine. The study will
also evaluate the effect training workshops have on the miners.
1.8 Outline of the thesis
The thesis is organized into five chapters. Chapter one introduces the study by
discussing the background to the study, the problem statement, the objectives, the
significance, scope, and outline. Chapter two presents the literature review. The third
chapter discusses the methodology of the study. First, the research design and
sampling methods are discussed. The sample size determination, and the data
collection and analysis methods are then discussed. Chapter four presents the results
and discussion. Chapter five presents the summary, conclusions, policy implications
and recommendations of the study, the limitations of the study and suggestions for
further study will be included in this last chapter.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. Introduction
This chapter reviews literature on occupational health management. Section one
presents definition of mining, definition of occupational health and safety hazards,
occupational health and safety hazards in the mining sector in the developed
countries, occupational health and safety hazards in the mining sector in the
developing countries, management of occupational and safety hazards in the gold
mining industries in Ghana, kinds of occupational health and safety hazards at mining
sites, occupational hazards and ramifications, the mechanism for managing
occupational health and safety measures, motivation and benefits of occupational
health and safety, and effects of poor occupational health and safety.
2.1 Definition of Mining
For Down and Stocks, (1977) it involves digging into the earth to extract minerals
occurring naturally. It is considered second to agriculture. Mining has been classified
into two kinds by Wood (1999). These are surface mining (or open-pit mining or strip
mining) and underground mining. The former involves extracting minerals on the
surface of the earth whereas the latter entails digging up the earth for minerals buried
under the earth surface.

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2.2 Definition of Occupational Health and Safety Hazards
The World Health Organisation in 2001 held the view that occupational health which
used to be “a mono-disciplinary risk-oriented activity” has transform into “a multi-
disciplinary comprehensive approach that considers an individual‟s physical, social
and mental well-being, general health and persona development.” The forgoing gets
supports from other studies. According to International Labour Organization (ILO,
2008), the domain of the discipline is far-reaching, bringing under it not only
numerous disciplines but also a wide range of skills, expertise, knowledge, analytical
capacities, workplaces, structures, and environmental hazards. The scope of this
multifaceted discipline has been evolving gradually but in a continuously progressive
manner as a response to manifold changes namely political, economic social,
technological (ILO, 2008).
Generally, Occupational safety and health (OSH) is understood as “the science of the
anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards arising in or from the
workplace that could impair the health and well-being of workers, taking into account
the possible impact on the surrounding communities and the general environment”
(ILO, 2008). OHS matters have been put into 2 categories by Iman (2004). He
pointed out that there is an internal domain and an external domain, the focal point of
the former being the workplace – “microenvironment” and the latter, the “external–
contextual domain.”
It is thought that OHS, “a core element of ILO activity and of the Decent Work
Agenda in particular”, aims at the realization of good and healthy working
environment with the penultimate resultant being the creation of “strong preventive
safety cultures.” Such is also the view held by Whitner (2001) who maintained that
OHS programmes are geared towards fostering a safe and healthy work environment

10
for the protection of employees and employers, customers and suppliers, and other
members of the community. What then are occupational health and safety hazards?
2.3 Occupational Health and Safety Hazards in the Mining Sector in Developed
Countries
OHS hazards particularly in the mining sector are not limited to any political
boundary and have been on the ascendency in the mining sector (ILO, 2015). The
ILO (2014) has pointed out that as a result of occupational accidents or illnesses,
globally; 2.3million deaths are recorded on a yearly basis. The Organisation further
pointed out that out of these deaths recorded, 350,000 are linked to fatal occupational
accidents. Apart from this, non-fatal accidents are about 264 million each year and
this comes with the disadvantage of nearly 3 days absence from work.
In Britain, more than 200 people die yearly at workplace and it is also estimated that
150,000 non-fatal injuries occur each year apart from the nearly 2 million people who
are said to suffer from ill health (Chen and Zorigt, 2013). It is the outcome of a
research study in the United States that work related health problems are largely lung
disease and cancer (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH],
1983b). For the mining sector, the ascendency of accidents, according to Demba et
al., (2013) is attributable to the rise in demand of minerals. In acknowledgment of the
dangers associated with such hazards, the Spanish, in attempt to improve occupational
health and safety, have enacted Law 31/1995, on the Prevention of Occupational
Risks. This notwithstanding, occupational safety problems in Spain has not
ameliorated.

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2.4 Occupational Health and Safety Hazards in the Mining Sector of Developing
Countries
Inasmuch as OHS ensures occupational medicine, occupational hygiene, occupational
psychology, safety, physiotherapy, ergonomics and rehabilitation (WHO, 1995), the
reason why 80% of all standards and instruments of the ILO usually concerns
occupational safety and health related matters (ILO, 2008), for Iman (2004), it has not
received the needed attention especially in developing countries as a result of rivalry
challenges wearing the cloak of economic, political and social problems.
Governments of developing nations are said to have passive interests and as a result
they are often unconcerned about OHS matters (Kromhout, 1999). This lukewarm
attitude of these governments of developing countries, in the opinion of O‟Neill
(2000), is worrying for the fact that empirical evidence shows that there is a positive
correlation between OHS and high productivity. It is suggested by Iman (2004) that a
continuation in such attitudes towards safety issues means “a prolongation of neglect,
ineffectiveness, and professional stagnation.”
2.5 Management of occupational health and safety hazards in gold mining
industries in Ghana.
The issue of occupational health and safety management in the mining sector is on the
hike because of the increasing demand for minerals and the high-risk elements linked
with it. The case for employees and governing bodies is that, according to Demba et
al (2013), in developing nations, the rates of industrial and occupational injury-
associated deaths and disabilities are on the climb. As a consequence, the mining
sectors of these mineral-endowed developing countries are extremely prone to these
occupational injuries-related deaths and disabilities. This affects employees‟ attitudes

12
and intentions toward their organization. Occupational health programs are therefore
primarily concerned with the prevention of ill health arising from workplace
conditions, whereas safety programs deal with the prevention of accidents and with
minimizing the resulting loss and harm to lives and properties (Adeniyi, 2001). Boyle
(2000) postulates that the procedure of managing occupational health and safety is the
same as other management actions, but the distinction lies in the complex nature of
occupational health and prophylactic hylactic. However, according to Cooper (1995),
the management of OSH is in much respect exactly the same as managing
productivity or other functional areas of operations. This proves that the management
of safety in the workplace is not just about prevention of repetitions of accidents that
have already happened but rather must be mixed into the general management scheme
that relates to quality management and security of the working person and the
surroundings. Hayes et al (1998) proposed five constructs of assessing workplace
safety. These authors are of the view that management commitment to safety,
supervisors‟ safety practices, coworker safety practices, job safety, and safety
programs are some of the vital events that could be looked at in terms of guard at the
workplace. Steenkamp and Van Schoor (Steenkamp, 2002) rightfully mention that
occupational health and safety is a complex international problem for management
and society, and that it must perpetually be a top management priority. Management
commitment plays an significant part in all prospects of safety intervention
(Steenkamp, 2002) Management commitment to safety indicates the extent to which
the organization‟s top management demonstrates positive and supportive safety
attitudes toward their employees‟ safety (Hsu, 2014). Yule et al (2007) observed that
the employees‟ perception of dedicated management‟s action to safety resulted in

13
accident reduction. Ali et al (2009) also argued that management, safety practices as
well as commitment to safety play an efficient part in reducing workplace injuries.
Meyer and Allen (1991), the three-component model captures the affective
commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment. They explain
affective commitment as an employee‟s emotional attachment to, identify with, and
involution with the organization every bit well as enjoyment of being a member of the
governing body. Continuance commitment is described an individual‟s need to stay
figuring out for the system based on the perceived costs associated with leaving, and
normative commitment is the feeling of responsibility to persist with an organization .
With them, these elements of loyalty can be experienced simultaneously to varying
levels. Gbadamosi (2003) argues that the more favorable an individual‟s attitudes
toward the organization, the greater the individual‟s acceptance of the goals of the
system, as well as their willingness to exert more effort on behalf of the governing
body. Chen (2006) confirmed organizational commitment to sustain a negative impact
on turnover intentions. Organizational commitment has been connected to valuable
effects for both employees and employers that could result in enhanced feelings of
belonging, security, efficacy, greater career advancement, increased compensation,
and increased intrinsic rewards for the individual (Rowden, 2000) Cole (2002) posits
that employees who are healthy and feel secure at work are those who can fully invest
their capabilities and exploit the best of their potentials to make. Similarly, Sinclair et
al (Sinclair, 2005) are of the opinion that when organizations go wrong to address
poor working conditions such as health and safety subjects, workers are more likely to
evaluate the costs of continuing with the firm as exceeding the costs of exiting.
Grawitch et al (2007) explored the relationship between employee satisfaction with
different work practices (i.e., employee engagement, growth and development, work-

14
life balance, recognition, health and prophylactic) and employee events (i.e.,
organizational loyalty, emotional exhaustion, mental wellbeing, and turnover
intentions). Overall, regression results indicated that satisfaction with healthy work
practices was predictive of employee issues. In China, Siu (2002) constitute a
confident relationship between affective commitment and physical welfare of
employees. To have dedicated employees, management must demonstrate care for the
safety, health, and welfare of people hired at work.
2.6 Kinds of occupational health and safety hazards at mining sites
Safety hazard is defined by Cascio, W. F. (1986) as work related harm that is
immediately experienced or suffered by an employee or those harms having the
potential of affecting the employee in future. These harms have been identified as
including electrocution, loss of body parts, and cuts.
Occupational health and safety hazards occur in diverse forms. In the mining sector,
Ochsner and Greenberg (1998) identified them as physical hazards, ergonomic
hazards, biological hazards, and chemical hazards. What follow are discussions of the
categorizations of the OHS hazards workers experienced with particular reference to
the mining sector.
2.6.1 Physical Hazards
Literature on workplace accidents shows that accidents and their incidence vary in
much the same way as occupations do vary. The mining industry is on record as the
most dangerous industry recording frequent accidents. Pillay (2014) attributed the
high incidence of accidents at mining sites to by mechanical and structural failures.
For Gyekye (2003), the extremely stressful and physically challenging and

15
intimidating environment within which miners work, invoking a sense of terror,
fatalism and helplessness among miners is the cause of the numerous accidents in the
mines.
Nachimas and Nachimas (2009) identified noise as one of the physical hazards. It
results from crushing implements, drilling with heavy metals, blasting of rocks,
cutting of metals and processing of ore. Injury fatal and non-fatal accidents may result
from rock fall, explosions, mobile equipment accidents, entrapment and electrocution
(DeJoy, 2000). Both Hessel et al., (1987) and Frank et al., (2003) acknowledging that
noise during the mining process may result in hearing loss, also recognized that
controlling noise at the mining site is no small a task.
Physical hazards at times result from what has been called acts of God (Siri Wardena
et al., 2006). Guterbock and Coxe (1976) noted that the phrase “act of God” has a
long checkered history and has legal origins traceable to the Roman law, the latter
greatly impacting the growth of civil law in England. Christianity cemented its hold
on medieval England, and the phrase vis maior became an "act of God." It is said that
a person who fails to appear in court, if proved, could be excused on the grounds that
storms or flood waters, vis maior meaning “act of God”, prevented him from
attending as the road became dangerous and that there was no alternative route. An
act of God has thus been defined by judicial authorities to mean an extraordinary
event that could have been neither predicted nor prevented (Ginnow and Nikolic,
1985). Elsewhere in American Jurisprudence (1985), it has been defined "any
accident, due directly and exclusively to natural causes without human intervention,
which [could not] have been prevented." In effect, acts of God are but natural
disasters. These natural disasters that affect the mining sector include flooding,
wildfires and earthquake.

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Also, gravitational hazard is a type of physical hazard. The term „slips, trips and falls‟
is treated almost as a single word in the workplace context with, in some cases,
differentiation between a „fall on the same level‟ and „a fall from a height.‟ Such
occurrences rank among the most significant causal factors in workplace injury and
death in Australia, and there have been only relatively minor reductions in the injury
rate in the last 10 years(Body, Hazards, & April, 2012). Risk recognition, hazard
appraisal and development of control strategies involve an intellect of the physics of
gravitational energy and the mechanisms of causation.
2.6.2 Ergonomic hazards
The working environment has a lot of impact on the miners. Trauma disorders may
result in protracted disability. Overhead work in underground tunnels may culminate
in shoulder disorders. Broken ground does cause ankle and knee injuries (NIOSH,
2000). Baker A, Heiler K, and Ferguson S.A. (2003) observed that in the mines, the
running of shift is common. Fatigue translates into sleep deficits ultimately
culminating into cognitive impairments and motor performance.
2.6.3 Biological hazards
Jorgensen (1972) observed that in some remote mining areas, tropical disease usually
suffered by miners is malaria and dengue fever. Again, it has been found that
Leptospirosis and ankylostomiasis are widespread in such areas.
2.6.4 Chemical hazards
Donoghue (2004) found out in a study that chemicals are a source of serious hazards
in the mining process. They may be in a solid, liquid or gaseous state. Some of these
potentially harmful chemical that poses health and safety threats to miners include

17
arsenic, nickel compounds and crystalline silica. Other metal ores like lead, cadmium,
manganese, platinum and cobalt, inasmuch as they are useful, they also pose health
challenges to the miners (Guzzo and Dickson, 2000; Haddel and Ojikutu, 2005).
According to Hopkins (1999) methane gas explosions, coal dust, carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulphide gas, for example, are found in underground coal mines. Cyanide is
used as a solvent for metals such as copper and gold in hydrometallurgical processes.
Workers are also exposed to hydrogen cyanide gas in the course of preparing cyanide
solution. When miners become exposed to some of these chemicals at the workplace,
it may lead to a number of health and safety consequences for them. As some workers
are more sensitive than others, even some commonly used chemicals may cause skin
irritation or breathing problems (Donoghue, 2004). In developing countries, mercury
is essential to gold mining industry. It is used to extract gold through, as noted by
Donoghue (1998), where mercury–gold amalgams have been formed. The study
further showed that danger lies in the fact that worker do inhale mercury vapour in the
process of preparing these amalgams.
2.6.5 Psychosocial hazards
There is an unresolved debate about whether or not psychophysical impairment of
workers can be measured. It is a known fact that among the chronic issues that faces
the mining industry is the miners‟ use of drugs and alcohol. It is this regard that the
large mining corporations have adopted policies and procedures to tackle this problem
(Donoghue, 2004).
Jones S. (2000) pointed the effect of the continuous occurrence of fatal, debilitating
and traumatic injuries in the mining industry. He realized that such injuries negatively
impact the morale of the workers. Witnesses of such accidents, colleagues and

18
managers of the victims if not immediately, then in the course of time, develop post-
traumatic stress disorders. The ordeal of having to be held vicariously liable for an
injury suffered by a worker or the ordeal of having to respond to government queries
in for some injury at the workplace the authorities live in perpetual fear of the
unknown (Jones, 2000).
2.6.6 Electrical hazard
Electrical hazard in mines is another global health issue. About 2,287 U.S. workers
died and 32,807 workers sustained days away from work due to electrical shock or
electrical burn injuries between 1992 and 1998(Glantz, 1980). When work activity,
job title, source of injury, location, and industry for each fatal electrical accident were
examined. A primary causal factor was identified for each fatality. Electrical fatalities
were categorized into five major groups. Overall, 44% of electrical fatalities occurred
in the construction industry. Contact with overhead power lines caused 41% of all
electrical fatalities. Electrical shock caused 99% of fatal and 62% of nonfatal
electrical accidents. Comprising about 7% of the U.S. workforce, construction
workers sustain 44% of electrical fatalities. It was recommended that power line
contact by mobile equipment occurs in many industries and should be the subject of
focused research(Glantz, 1980).
2.7 Occupational hazards and the ramifications
The ramification of occupational hazards goes beyond the effects they may have on
the individual.
David and Stephen (1999) indicate that un conducive or harmful working
environment has dire consequences on the workers such as exposure to harmful
materials, headaches, difficulty in breathing and hearing, and sight problems.

19
Productivity turns to be affected leading to reduction in production. It is also
recognized by Yoon (2013) that workplace accidents cause a loss both to the company
and the employees.
Assessing the cost of work-related accidents in 1989, the Accident Prevention
Advisory Unit (APAU) of the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the United
Kingdom (UK), first to enact Occupational Health and Safety Act, arrived at the
following conclusions: That the loss for the companies from work-related accident
was 5 -10% of the profit for all industries, the mining sector not being an exception.
The estimated ratio of the direct cost to the indirect cost of these accidents is 1:11
(Davies and Teasdale, 1993). The indirect costs occur in the form of loss of working
time further culminating in overtime, product and material damage, loss of expertise
and loss of morale to work. These dire consequences are also acknowledged
elsewhere. According to Takala, J. et al., (2014) recent estimates are that about 2.3
million workers died whereas over 474 million people were victims of work-related
accidents and diseases. The costs of these accidents it was estimated as exceeding
US$2.8 trillion, or 4% of gross domestic product.
2.8 The mechanisms for managing occupational health and safety measures
The first ever occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) was
provided by Accident Prevention Advisory Unit (APAU) of the Health and Safety
Executive (HSE) in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1991. This was intended to be a
practical guide for health and safety professionals managers, and directors of
organisation on one hand and employees, on the other concerned with improvement
of the health and safety conditions at their workplaces (Health and Safety Executive
(HSE), 1991).

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There is a legal requirement to safety and this undoubtedly is ultimately to ensure the
right to life. The responsibility of ensuring a health and safe environment of work in
the scheme of things of the International Labour Organizational (2005) is the
responsibility of employers. This is well integrated in the Ghanaian legal scheme of
things by Section 118 (1) of Ghana Labour Act of 2003, Act 651. The section
provides that “it is the duty of an employer to ensure that every worker employed by
him/her works under satisfactory, safe and healthy conditions”. This parliamentary
enactment have constitutional backing by virtue of Article 24(1) of the 1992
Constitution of the Republic of Ghana which provides that: “Every person has the
right to work under satisfactory, safe and healthy conditions ….” Such satisfactory,
safe and health conditions by the provision of Act 651 are the duty of the employer to
provide. What is usually seen is that in smaller organisation, individual employers are
expected to discharge this duty. However in larger organisation, health and safety
units are set up under the human resources department which oversees health and
safety matters. In this light, it is mandatory, for instance, under the labour laws of
Ghana that of every 1000 factory workers, the factory must have safety officers. But
in the United States of America, safety officers are to be provided for every 2000
workforce.
The outcome of a study by Nachimas and Nachimas (2009) pointed out that the risk
assessment and management judicially carried out has substantially contributed to the
decline in the incidence of work-related accidents in the developed states. This, the
study further pointed out, is not the case with developing countries. In developed
countries, work-related accidents are frequent. Biological hazards have elsewhere in

21
the developed nations been tackled through the eradication of rats and improved
sanitation (Jorgensen, 1972).
It was suggested that to prevent accidents there is the need to follow technical
standards and guidelines which professional engineers, architects and designers have
issued (Pillay, 2014). Safety management initiatives should be adopted and a strong
organizational culture making a conscious effort to live without accidents is
encouraged (Perrow, 1999). It has also been suggested by the Australian Standard
(AS) (2003) that in order to curtail biological hazards in the mines there must be a
regular microbiological analysis of the water in cooling towers mine sites. This will
enable “Legionella contamination or high concentrations of other heterotrophic
microorganisms” to be detected. The essence of this is to enable the workers to live
disease free lives.
2.9 Motivation and Benefits of Occupational Health and Safety
Every human being, in the first, has been guaranteed the righted to life by virtue of
Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This has also been captured
in various national laws. Such a right is a jus cogens norm – norms of general
application from which no derogation is allowed. Despite this, it estimated that on
yearly basis, about 2.2 million 2005 men and women are deprived of that right to life
through work-related accidents and diseases (ILO, 2005). Undoubted, a key
motivation in implementing measures to curb the frequency of accidents must be to
preserve lives.
Providing safe working environment has the added advantage of boosting the morale
of the workforce. Safety eliminates the varied causes of accidents; saves much cost
involving in operating; and increases productivity in all facets of the workplace. Apart

22
from all this, it safety of workers ensures their reliability and guarantees their
dependability in terms of meeting deadlines and targets (Osuala, 2005).
2.10 Effects of poor occupational health and safety
Poor occupational health and safety practices come with the effect to reducing the
working capacity of workers. They may either become unproductive and they may be
producing under capacity. This will eventually translate into cause economic loss.
And it is estimated globally that such loss measure up to 10-20% of the Gross
National Product (GNP) of a country (WHO, 1994). The global estimation is that
deaths, diseases, and illnesses resulting from occupational accidents account for about
4% of the Gross Domestic Product (Takala, 2002). In essence, if work environments
are free of accidents, the economic fortunes of companies as well as workers are
likely to go up and the life span of workers is likely to be prolonged.
2.11 OH&S management system requirements (OHSAS 18001:2007)
Occupational Health Safety Assessment Series)
Clause: 4.1 General requirements
The organization shall demonstrate, document, enforce, maintain and continually
improve an OH&S management system in conformity with the demands of this
OHSAS Standard and determine how it will accomplish these demands. The system
shall specify and document the range of its OH&S management system.
Clause: 4.2 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - OH&S policy
Top management shall define and authorize the organization‟s OH&S policy and
ensure that within the defined scope of its OH&S management system it: a) is
appropriate to the nature and scale of the organization‟s OH&S risks; b) includes a

23
commitment to prevention of injury and ill health and continual improvement in
OH&S management and OH&S performance; c) includes a commitment to at least
comply with applicable legal requirements and with other requirements to which the
organization subscribes that relate to its OH&S hazards; d) provides the framework
for setting and reviewing OH&S objectives; e) is documented, implemented and
maintained; f) is communicated to all persons working under the control of the
organization with the intent that they are made aware of their individual OH&S
obligations; g) is available to interested parties; and h) is reviewed periodically to
ensure that it remains relevant and appropriate to the organization.
Clause: 4.3 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Planning
Clause: 4.3.1 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Hazard identification, risk assessment and
determining controls
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) for the
ongoing hazard identification, risk assessment, and determination of necessary
controls. The procedure(s) for hazard identification and risk assessment shall take into
account: a) routine and non-routine activities; b) activities of all persons having access
to the workplace (including contractors and visitors); c) human behaviour, capabilities
and other human factors; d) identified hazards originating outside the workplace
capable of adversely affecting the health and safety of persons under the control of the
organization within the workplace; e) hazards created in the vicinity of the workplace
by work-related activities under the control of the organization; It may be more
appropriate for such hazards to be assessed as an environmental aspect. f)
infrastructure, equipment and materials at the workplace, whether provided by the
organization or others; g) changes or proposed changes in the organization, its

24
activities, or materials; h) modifications to the OH&S management system, including
temporary changes, and their impacts on operations, processes, and activities; i) any
applicable legal obligations relating to risk assessment and implementation of
necessary controls; j) the design of work areas, processes, installations,
machinery/equipment, operating procedures and work organization, including their
adaptation to human capabilities. The organization‟s methodology for hazard
identification and risk assessment shall: a) be defined with respect to its scope, nature
and timing to ensure it is proactive rather than reactive; and b) provide for the
identification, prioritization and documentation of risks, and the application of
controls, as appropriate. For the management of change, the organization shall
identify the OH&S hazards and OH&S risks associated with changes in the
organization, the OH&S management system, or its activities, prior to the introduction
of such changes. The organization shall ensure that the results of these assessments
are considered when determining controls.
When determining controls, or considering changes to existing controls, consideration
shall be given to reducing the risks according to the following hierarchy: a)
elimination; b) substitution; c) engineering controls; d) signage/warnings and/or
administrative controls; e) personal protective equipment. The organization shall
document and keep the results of identification of hazards, risk assessments and
determined controls up-to-date. The organization shall ensure that the OH&S risks
and determined controls are taken into account when establishing, implementing and
maintaining its OH&S management system.

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Clause: 4.3.2 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Legal and other requirements
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) for
identifying and accessing the legal and other OH&S requirements that are applicable
to it. The organization shall ensure that these applicable legal requirements and other
requirements to which the organization subscribes are taken into account in
establishing, implementing and maintaining its OH&S management system. The
organization shall keep this information up-to-date. The organization shall
communicate relevant information on legal and other requirements to persons
working under the control of the organization, and other relevant interested parties.
Clause: 4.3.3 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Objectives and programme(s)
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain documented OH&S
objectives, at relevant functions and levels within the organization. The objectives
shall be measurable, where practicable, and consistent with the OH&S policy,
including the commitments to the prevention of injury and ill health, to compliance
with applicable legal requirements and with other requirements to which the
organization subscribes, and to continual improvement. When establishing and
reviewing its objectives, an organization shall take into account the legal requirements
and other requirements to which the organization subscribes, and its OH&S risks. It
shall also consider its technological options, its financial, operational and business
requirements, and the views of relevant interested parties.
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a programme(s) for
achieving its objectives. Programme(s) shall include as a minimum: a) designation of
responsibility and authority for achieving objectives at relevant functions and levels
of the organization; and b) the means and time-frame by which the objectives are to

26
be achieved. The programme(s) shall be reviewed at regular and planned intervals,
and adjusted as necessary, to ensure that the objectives are achieved.
Clause: 4.4 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Implementation and operation
Clause: 4.4.1 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Resources, roles, responsibility,
accountability and authority
Top management shall take ultimate responsibility for OH&S and the OH&S
management system. Top management shall demonstrate its commitment by: a)
ensuring the availability of resources essential to establish, implement, maintain and
improve the OH&S management system; b) defining roles, allocating responsibilities
and accountabilities, and delegating authorities, to facilitate effective OH&S
management; roles, responsibilities, accountabilities, and authorities shall be
documented and communicated. The organization shall appoint a member(s) of top
management with specific responsibility for OH&S, irrespective of other
responsibilities, and with defined roles and authority for: a) ensuring that the OH&S
management system is established, implemented and maintained in accordance with
this OHSAS Standard; b) ensuring that reports on the performance of the OH&S
management system are presented to top management for review and used as a basis
for improvement of the OH&S management system. The identity of the top
management appointee shall be made available to all persons working under the
control of the organization. All those with management responsibility shall
demonstrate their commitment to the continual improvement of OH&S performance.
The organization shall ensure that persons in the workplace take responsibility for
aspects of OH&S over which they have control, including adherence to the
organization‟s applicable OH&S requirements.

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Clause: 4.4.2 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Competence, training and awareness
The organization shall ensure that any person(s) under its control performing tasks
that can impact on OH&S is (are) competent on the basis of appropriate education,
training or experience, and shall retain associated records. The organization shall
identify training needs associated with its OH&S risks and its OH&S management
system. It shall provide training or take other action to meet these needs, evaluate the
effectiveness of the training or action taken, and retain associated records. The
organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) to make persons
working under its control aware of: a) the OH&S consequences, actual or potential, of
their work activities, their behaviour, and the OH&S benefits of improved personal
performance; b) their roles and responsibilities and importance in achieving
conformity to the OH&S policy and procedures and to the requirements of the OH&S
management system, including emergency preparedness and response requirements
(see 4.4.7); c) the potential consequences of departure from specified procedures.
Training procedures shall take into account differing levels of: a) responsibility,
ability, language skills and literacy; and b) risk.
Clause: 4.4.3 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Communication, participation and
consultation
Clause: 4.4.3.1 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Communication
With regard to its OH&S hazards and OH&S management system, the organization
shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) for: a) internal communication
among the various levels and functions of the organization; b) communication with
contractors and other visitors to the workplace; c) receiving, documenting and
responding to relevant communications from external interested parties.

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Clause: 4.4.3.2 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Participation and consultation
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) for: a) the
participation of workers by their: • appropriate involvement in hazard identification,
risk assessments and determination of controls; • appropriate involvement in incident
investigation; • involvement in the development and review of OH&S policies and
objectives; • consultation where there are any changes that affect their OH&S; •
representation on OH&S matters. Workers shall be informed about their participation
arrangements, including who is their representative(s) on OH&S matters. b)
Consultation with contractors where there are changes that affect their OH&S. The
organization shall ensure that, when appropriate, relevant external interested parties
are consulted about pertinent OH&S matters.
Clause: 4.4.4 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Documentation
The OH&S management system documentation shall include: a) the OH&S policy
and objectives; b) description of the scope of the OH&S management system; c)
description of the main elements of the OH&S management system and their
interaction, and reference to related documents; d) documents, including records,
required by this OHSAS Standard; and e) documents, including records, determined
by the organization to be necessary to ensure the effective planning, operation and
control of processes that relate to the management of its OH&S risks.
Clause: 4.4.5 of OHSAS 18001:2007 -Control of documents
Documents required by the OH&S management system and by this OHSAS Standard
shall be controlled. Records are a special type of document and shall be controlled in

29
accordance with the requirements given in 4.5.4. The organization shall establish,
implement and maintain a procedure(s) to: a) approve documents for adequacy prior
to issue; b) review and update as necessary and re-approve documents; c) ensure that
changes and the current revision status of documents are identified; d) ensure that
relevant versions of applicable documents are available at points of use; e) ensure that
documents remain legible and readily identifiable; f) ensure that documents of
external origin determined by the organization to be necessary for the planning and
operation of the OH&S management system are identified and their distribution
controlled; and g) prevent the unintended use of obsolete documents and apply
suitable identification to them if they are retained for any purpose.
Clause: 4.4.6 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Operational control
The organization shall determine those operations and activities that are associated
with the identified hazard(s) where the implementation of controls is necessary to
manage the OH&S risk(s). This shall include the management of change (see 4.3.1).
For those operations and activities, the organization shall implement and maintain: a)
operational controls, as applicable to the organization and its activities; the
organization shall integrate those operational controls into its overall OH&S
management system; b) controls related to purchased goods, equipment and services;
c) controls related to contractors and other visitors to the workplace; d) documented
procedures, to cover situations where their absence could lead to deviations from the
OH&S policy and the objectives; e) stipulated operating criteria where their absence
could lead to deviations from the OH&S policy and objectives.

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Clause: 4.4.7 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Emergency preparedness and response
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s): a) to identify
the potential for emergency situations; b) to respond to such emergency situations.
The organization shall respond to actual emergency situations and prevent or mitigate
associated adverse OH&S consequences. In planning its emergency response the
organization shall take account of the needs of relevant interested parties, e.g.
emergency services and neighbours. The organization shall also periodically test its
procedure(s) to respond to emergency situations, where practicable, involving
relevant interested parties as appropriate. The organization shall periodically review
and, where necessary, revise its emergency preparedness and response procedure(s),
in particular, after periodical testing and after the occurrence of emergency situations
(see 4.5.3).
Clause: 4.5 of OHSAS 18001:2007- Checking
Clause: 4.5.1 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Performance measurement and monitoring
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) to monitor
and measure OH&S performance on a regular basis. This procedure(s) shall provide
for: a) both qualitative and quantitative measures, appropriate to the needs of the
organization; b) monitoring of the extent to which the organization‟s OH&S
objectives are met; c) monitoring the effectiveness of controls (for health as well as
for safety);
d) proactive measures of performance that monitor conformance with the OH&S
programme(s), controls and operational criteria; e) reactive measures of performance
that monitor ill health, incidents (including accidents, near-misses, etc.), and other
historical evidence of deficient OH&S performance; f) recording of data and results of

31
monitoring and measurement sufficient to facilitate subsequent corrective action and
preventive action analysis. If equipment is required to monitor or measure
performance, the organization shall establish and maintain procedures for the
calibration and maintenance of such equipment, as appropriate. Records of calibration
and maintenance activities and results shall be retained.
Clause: 4.5.2 of OHSAS 18001:2007 -Evaluation of compliance
Clause: 4.5.2.1
Consistent with its commitment to compliance [see 4.2c)], the organization shall
establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) for periodically evaluating
compliance with applicable legal requirements (see 4.3.2). The organization shall
keep records of the results of the periodic evaluations.
Clause: 4.5.2.2 of OHSAS 18001:2007
The organization shall evaluate compliance with other requirements to which it
subscribes (see 4.3.2). The organization may wish to combine this evaluation with the
evaluation of legal compliance referred to in 4.5.2.1 or to establish a separate
procedure(s). The organization shall keep records of the results of the periodic
evaluations.
Clause: 4.5.3 Incident investigation, nonconformity, corrective action and
preventive action
Clause: 4.5.3.1 of OHSAS 18001:2007 - Incident investigation
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) to record,
investigate and analyse incidents in order to: a) determine underlying OH&S
deficiencies and other factors that might be causing or contributing to the occurrence
of incidents; b) identify the need for corrective action; c) identify opportunities for

32
preventive action; d) identify opportunities for continual improvement; e)
communicate the results of such investigations. The investigations shall be performed
in a timely manner. Any identified need for corrective action or opportunities for
preventive action shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant parts of 4.5.3.2.
Clause: 4.5.3.2 of OHSAS 18001:2007- Nonconformity, Corrective action and
Preventive Action
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) for dealing
with actual and potential nonconformity (ies) and for taking corrective action and
preventive action. The procedure(s) shall define requirements for: a) identifying and
correcting nonconformity(ies) and taking action(s) to mitigate their OH&S
consequences; b) investigating nonconformity(ies), determining their cause(s) and
taking actions in order to avoid their recurrence; c) evaluating the need for action(s) to
prevent nonconformity(ies) and implementing appropriate actions designed to avoid
their occurrence; d) recording and communicating the results of corrective action(s)
and preventive action(s) taken; and e) reviewing the effectiveness of corrective
action(s) and preventive action(s) taken. Where the corrective action and preventive
action identifies new or changed hazards or the need for new or changed controls, the
procedure shall require that the proposed actions shall be taken through a risk
assessment prior to implementation. Any corrective action or preventive action taken
to eliminate the causes of actual and potential nonconformity (ies) shall be appropriate
to the magnitude of problems and commensurate with the OH&S risk(s) encountered.
The organization shall ensure that any necessary changes arising from corrective
action and preventive action are made to the OH&S management system
documentation.

33
Clause: 4.5.4 of OHSAS 18001:2007 -Control of records
The organization shall establish and maintain records as necessary to demonstrate
conformity to the requirements of its OH&S management system and of this OHSAS
Standard, and the results achieved. The organization shall establish, implement and
maintain a procedure(s) for the identification, storage, protection, retrieval, retention
and disposal of records. Records shall be and remain legible, identifiable and
traceable;
Clause: 4.5.5 of OHSAS 18001:2007 -Internal audit
The organization shall ensure that internal audits of the OH&S management system
are conducted at planned intervals to: a) determine whether the OH&S management
system: 1) conforms to planned arrangements for OH&S management, including the
requirements of this OHSAS Standard; and 2) has been properly implemented and is
maintained; and 3) is effective in meeting the organization‟s policy and objectives; b)
provide information on the results of audits to management. Audit programme(s) shall
be planned, established, implemented and maintained by the organization, based on
the results of risk assessments of the organization‟s activities, and the results of
previous audits. Audit procedure(s) shall be established, implemented and maintained
that address: a) the responsibilities, competencies, and requirements for planning and
conducting audits, reporting results and retaining associated records; and b) the
determination of audit criteria, scope, frequency and methods. Selection of auditors
and conduct of audits shall ensure objectivity and the impartiality of the audit process.

34
Clause: 4.6 of OHSAS 18001:2007- Management review
Top management shall review the organization‟s OH&S management system, at
planned intervals, to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness.
Reviews shall include assessing opportunities for improvement and the need for
changes to the OH&S management system, including the OH&S policy and OH&S
objectives. Records of the management reviews shall be retained. Input to
management reviews shall include: a) results of internal audits and evaluations of
compliance with applicable legal requirements and with other requirements to which
the organization subscribes; b) the results of participation and consultation (see 4.4.3);
c) relevant communication(s) from external interested parties, including complaints;
d) the OH&S performance of the organization; e) the extent to which objectives have
been met; f) status of incident investigations, corrective actions and preventive
actions; g) follow-up actions from previous management reviews; h) changing
circumstances, including developments in legal and other requirements related to
OH&S; and i) recommendations for improvement. The outputs from management
reviews shall be consistent with the organization‟s commitment to continual
improvement and shall include any decisions and actions related to possible changes
to: a) OH&S performance; b) OH&S policy and objectives; c) resources; and d) other
elements of the OH&S management system. Relevant outputs from management
review shall be made available for communication and consultation (see 4.4.3).
2.11 Chapter summary
The forgoing was an attempt to review the literature on OHS particularly in the mines.
The review of some of the available materials makes it evident that the incidences of
work-related accidents are not only harmful to the workers (miners inclusive) but their

35
occurrence has dire consequences for the employers as well: death may occur; capital
may be lost; legal actions may be faced by the authorities. Countries as a whole are
not spared from the repercussions of such accidents. GDPs get affected and other
sources of revenue get dwindled.
That the preceding may bring untold hardship to the individual miners, employers and
the country, some measures have been put in place to deal with such issues. These
measure come in the form of legislation, risk assessment and management,
development of positive or accident free organization culture among others. All in all,
no matter how pervasive OHS may be, the frequency can be minimized.

36
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter discusses the methods and philosophy of the study. The study also
presents the study design, research setting, sampling methods, data collection
techniques, pilot test, and ethical considerations of the study.
3.1 Research Philosophy
This study is founded on positivism. Pioneered in the 19th
century by philosophers
such as Stuart Mills, John Locke and Isaac Newton, it places premium on rational
thinking and science (polit, beck 2012). The basic motivation of positivism is that
social life can be studied objectively since it was created by structured human and
non-human interactions and interrelations. They add that structures of life make it
possible to study and under and predict life- determinism. Under positivism, much
effort is targeted at understanding causes of phenomena. They do this with a primary
aim of controlling bias and personal inclinations (polit beck 2012). In line with
determinism is reductionism. In terms of reductionism, positivists are of the view the
view that issues of life can be reduced or simplified for the purpose of studies.
Similarly, they opine that the world is governed by laws or theories which can be
studied to understand the causes and effect of phenomena. In scientific studies in
positivism, it is recommended studies begin by first reviewing theories, followed by
data collection and analysis of data. This philosophy is however criticized for saying
scientific studies can be done without bias.

37
This study is partly grounded on this theory. Structures and regulations in the Gold
Mine be study mine would be studied coupled with behaviours of workers to
understand causes of health measures and compliance in the mining company.
3.2 Background of selected company
Golden Star owns and operates the Bogoso mining and processing operations through
a 90% owned subsidiary. The mine is located in western Ghana near the town of
Bogoso, approximately 35 km northwest from the town of Tarkwa and is fully
accessible by tarred roads. Electric power is available locally from the Ghana power
grid.
Bogoso has two ore processing facilities; a refractory processing plant with a capacity
of 2.7 million tonnes per annum which uses BIOX® bio-oxidation technology and a
conventional carbon-in leach (“CIL”) processing plant with a capacity of 1.5 million
tonnes per annum.
Open pit mining methods are employed on the hard rock at Bogoso, with ore hauled
via trucks from the two pits to the processing plant.
Golden Star values and is committed to safety and employee wellbeing, and believes
that job-related injuries and illnesses are unacceptable.
The Company has its headquarters in Toronto with two operational sites in Ghana –
West Africa.
The department structure:
 General Managers Office.
 Exploration

38
 Mining (Load & Haul)
 Technical Service (Grade Control, Survey, Mine Planning)
 Maintenance (Fixed & Mobile Plants)
 General & Administration (HR, CRSR, Environment, HS, Security, Supply
Chain, Finance & IT)
 Third Party Contractors
3.3 Research Design
The approach to this study is motivated by the objectives of the study. This research
adopted a cross-sectional study. A cross-sectional study is the subject of a particular
phenomenon (or phenomena) at a particular time in a given population (Sanders et al.,
2009). It is as well recognized as “snapshot” rather than longitudinal approach to
inquiry. This approach to research affords the collection of large data from a large
population in a highly economical way. Most often based on a questionnaire, survey
data are standardized, allowing easy comparison.
It is also more often than not perceived as authoritative by people because it is easily
understood (Saunders et al., 2009). However, the data collected by the survey method
may not be as wide ranging as those picked up by qualitative research methods,
because there is a boundary to the number of questions which any questionnaire can
contain (Saunders et al., 2009). The greatest drawback to the questionnaire method is
the probability in designing it badly (Saunders et al., 2009). Nevertheless, given the
data collection instrument was used in a similar work has been validated and applied
by some other researchers, there is cause to be convinced of its validity, in spite of the
modification of the scurf. The robustness and reliability measures undertaken in this
field will also further strengthen the questionnaire.

39
3.4 Target population
A target population of a study is the group of people or subjects of the topic who are
can be relied on for information about the study topic(Kitchen ham & Pfleeger, 2002).
The target population of this study is all workers of Golden Star Resources.
3.5 Sampling methods
The study will adopt simple random sampling and purposive sampling for the study.
Mine workers will be grouped in the various departments and then sampled using
simple random sampling technique(Cumberland & Royall, 1988). A sampling frame
of all the workers of each department will be derived and lottery style of simple
random sampling will be used to select the research participants. That is, numbers will
be written on pieces of papers and the mine workers in their departments will be
asked to select from them. Those who pick papers with numbers are qualified to
participate in the study.
Purposive sampling will be used to select participants at the management level of in-
depth interview. It is ideal for topics which only few can provide information
on(Olivier, 2006). By this authorities in charge will be identified and interviewed.
3.6 Data Collection
3.6.1 Survey
After determining the sampling method, survey questionnaire will be designed and
administered on the mine workers for their opinions on working conditions and
safety. Most of the questions will be presented in the form of closed ended. Few will
be in the form of open to allow participants express themselves freely if they want to.
The questionnaire will be in four sections: miners‟ socio-demographic data such as

40
age, sex, marital status, working experience, department; their knowledge of safety
measures; their compliance to the measures; their recommendations. The questions
will be guided by OHASAS 18001 Health and Safety standards.
3.6.2 In-depth Interview
Key informants at the management level will be interviewed using a semi-structured
interview guide. When collecting the qualitative data, interviews will be audio
recorded with the permission of the participants.
3.7 Data Analysis tools
Data will be analyzed with SPSS version 21 and Microsoft Excel 2013. The SPSS
will be used to analyse quantitative data, and MS Excel will be used to code and
manage the qualitative data.
3.8 Framework of Data Analysis
Table 3.1 Framework of Data Analysis
Objectives Questions Sources
of Data
Type of data Technique
Analysis
1 To conduct a site
survey to examine the
understanding of
workers of health and
safety
What is the
understanding of
workers of health
and safety?
Primary Quantitative Descriptive
analysis
2 To ascertain
compliance level of the
occupational health and
safety measures against
existing policies or
regulations at the
workplace
What is the
compliance level of
safety measures
against existing
standards at the
workplace?
Primary Quantitative Bivariate analysis
(Odd Ratio &
Chi-square tests)
3 To determine the effect
of safety promotion
activities such as
training on safety
What is the effect of
safety promotion
activities such a
training on safety?
Primary Quantitative Descriptive
analysis

41
3.8.1 Quantitative analysis
Data after collected will be entered into SPSS 21 and cleaned. After cleaning the data,
normality test will be run on the data to decide the use of parametric or non-
parametric test.
3.8.2 Qualitative Analysis
The qualitative data will be recorded and then transcribed verbatim. The data will be
typed and read over several times to identify emerging themes. The themes will then
be and organized on a spreadsheet of MS Excel by which codes will be extracted for
the analyses.
3.9 Ethical Considerations
In order to protect the participants involved in the study the following ethical steps
will be taken: ethical clearance will be acquired, participant consent, privacy and
confidentiality.
3.9.1 Ethical clearance
Ethical approval will be sought from Accra Institute of Technology (AIT) ethical
board. Similarly, the study will only commence when the mining company has
approved the written permission.
3.9.2 Consent and right to drop-out
The consent of participants will be sought to ensure they understand what it means to
participate in the study. Written contracts will be signed with the individual
participants. In a case where participant cannot read before signing the contract, the
contract will be read to the participant before signing. Participants will be reminded
about their right to drop out of the study when they wish.

42
3.9.3 Privacy and Confidentiality
Participants will be served with questionnaire which will not require their names or
working identity numbers. They will be given the liberty to fill the questionnaires
where they deem private. Moreover, data collected will be kept in a locker, and soft
copy data will be kept on laptop. Third parties will be restricted from accessing the
locker and laptop with padlock and password.

43
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter looks at the analysis and the discussions of the collected data for the
study. The study sought to explore the management of Occupational Health and
Safety Hazards in Gold Mining Industries in Ghana. In view of that, participant data
was collected with the help of a semi-standardized questionnaire and subsequently
analyzed in relation to the objectives of the study.
The questionnaire was grouped into four sub-categories with the first sub-category
looking at the demographic characteristics of the participants. The second sub-
category also looked at the understanding of the participants concerning health and
safety issues. The third sub-category again looked at the level of compliance of health
and safety standards that the company adopts and the final sub-category looked at the
challenges that the company faces in their promotion of health and safety standards.
4.2 Demographic Characteristics
In order to determine whether the selected participants of the study are representative
of the population of the study, the demographic backgrounds of the participants were
collected and this is presented in Tab 4.1 below.

44
Table 4.1: Socio- Demographic Characteristics of Respondent
Variable Number(n) Percentage (%)
Sex
Male 107 71.8
Female 43 28.2
Marital status
Single 60 40.3
Married 67 45
Divorce 10 6.7
Separated 7 7.4
Widowed 5 3.4
Level of education
No Formal 5 3.7
JHS 5 3.7
SHS 50 37.3
Tertiary 74 55.2
Work experience
0-5yrs 100 67.1
6-10yrs 40 26.8
11-15yrs 5 3.4
16-20yrs 1 0.7
21+yrs 3 2.0
Department
Mining 38 25.5
Non-mining 111 74.5
Total
From the table above, it can be seen that most of the participants were males (71.8%)
and only a few of them were females (28.2%). It was again observed that a large
number of the participants were single (40.3%) with another large number being
married (45%). A smaller number (6.7%) of them were divorced, another few of them
(4.7%) were separated and 3.4% of them were widowed. On their educational level, it
was discovered that 3.7% of them had formal educational background. It was also
observed that another 3.7% of the participants had Primary education. The study also

45
observed that 37.3% of the participants had secondary education and 55.2% also had
Tertiary education. All these shows that on educational level, the staffs of the
company come from diverse educational backgrounds. On the department in which
they are, it was discovered that the staff come from various departments within the
company and this suggests fair representation of the study since the participants were
not selected from a specific department. Finally, on the number of years that they
have worked with the company, the study discovered that 67.1% of the participants
representing 100 of them had worked with the company between 0-5yrs. It was again
discovered that 26.8% of them representing 40 of them had also worked with the
company between 6-10yrs. Another 3.4% of them representing 5 of them said they
had worked with the company between 11-15yrs. One person representing 0.7% said
he had worked between 16-20yrs and 3 of them representing 2.0% said they had
worked with the company above 21yrs. This shows that all the participants of the
study had an appreciable level of working experience with the company and as such,
will have a broader knowledge and views about the topic under discussion.
4.3 Participants understanding of health, safety, and safe workplace
4.3.1 Participants understanding of health and safety
In order to gain participants understanding of health and safety issues, specific
questions were asked and the responses analyzed below.

46
Fig 4.1: Bar chart showing participants understanding of health and safety
On their other views on health and safety practices in the company, they were further
asked questions which bothered on health and safety practices and what the company
does to ensure the maximum well-being of all the staff as far as health and safety
issues are concerned.
4.4 Company provides safe place of work
From the figure, it can be seen that when the participants were asked if the company
provides safe place to work, 53.7% of them strongly agreed that the company
provides a safe place to work. Another 42.3% of them agreed that the company
provides a safe place to work. On that question, 1.3% of the participants disagreed,
strongly disagreed and the same number showed neutrality. This means that looking
at the high percentage of participants (96%) who said the company provides a safe
place to work, it shows a high likelihood that the company take safety issues
seriously; which is in line with the provisions in factories, offices and Shop act (Act
328, 1970) where companies are obliged to provide safe place of work to their
employees.

47
Fig 4.2: Bar chart showing participants view on whether the company provides
safe place of work.
The cross-tabulation results in the table show that male workers were likely to agree
that the company provides safe place of work than female. Using the row statistics out
of the 107 (100%) male respondents, 60(56.1%) strongly agreed, 43(40.2%) agreed,
2(1.9%) strongly disagree, disagree 2(1.9%) and 0(0%) remained neutral: of the
Female respondents, 20(47.6%) strongly agreed, 20(47.6%) agreed, 0(0%), 0(0%),
2(4.8%) (X2
= 7.461; P=.113).
Similarly, married workers were most likely to agree that the company provides safe
place of work than the single, divorced, separated and widowed. From the row
statistics, of the single respondents (107,100%), 30(50%) strongly agreed, 24 (40%)
agreed, 2(3.3%) strongly disagreed, 2(3.3%) disagreed, 2(3.3%) remain neutral on
the subject; of the married (67,100%) respondents, 37(55.2%) strongly agreed,
30(44.8%) agreed, 0(0%), disagreed, 0(0%) disagreed, 0(0%) remained neutral
(X2=9.40; P= .896).
From the table, it suggests that high education has direct relationship with
respondents‟ position that the company provides safe place of work. From the row

48
statistics, of the74 (100%) who attained Tertiary education, 44(59.5%) strongly
agreed, 27(36.5%) agreed, strongly disagreed 2(2.7%), 1(1.4%) disagreed, 0(0%)
neutral; of those who attained Secondary education (50,100%), 23(46%) strongly
agreed, 24 (48%) agreed, 0(0%) disagree, 1(2%) strongly disagreed and 2 (4%)
remained neutral (X2
=14.081; P=.296).
From the table, it suggests that work experience has inverse relationship with
respondents‟ position that the company provides safe place of work. That is to say
that a respondent is likely to decline that the work environment is safe as he gains
more working experience. From the row statistics, of the 100 (100%) respondents
who have 0-5years work experience, 53 (53%) strongly agreed, 43(43%) agreed,
0(0%) disagreed, 2(2%) strongly disagreed and 2(2%) remained neutral; of the
40 (100%) who have 6-10 years 24(60.0%) strongly agreed, 14(35.0%)
agreed,25(.0%) disagreed, 0(0.0%) strongly disagreed, and 0(0.0%) remained
neutral (X2
= 15.826; P=.465). It is found that none socio-demographical
characteristics had a significant relationship with the response that „My company
provides safe place of work‟. Details are presented in the table below.
Also, it was found that workers belonging to the mining department were more
likely to opine that the company provides safe place of work than those belonging to
non-mining department. From the row statistics, 19 (50.0%) out of the 38(100.0%)
respondents who belonged to the mining department strongly agreed the company
provides safe place of work, 19 (50.0%), none disagreed or took a neutral position.
Of the Non-mining respondents (111, 100.0%), 61(53.7%) strongly agreed,
44(42.3%) agreed, 2(1.3%) disagreed, 2(1.3%) strongly disagreed, and 2(1.3%)
assumed neutral. (X2
=.90; P=.57).

Ransford Gyambrah Final Masters Thesis- 2017- Open University of Malaysia

Ransford Gyambrah Final Masters Thesis- 2017- Open University of Malaysia

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