What is Forensic Medicine

What is Forensic Medicine?
Forensic Medicine
- branch of medicine that deals with
the application of medical knowledge of the
purpose of law and in the administration of
justice.
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What is Medical Evidence?
Medical Evidence
- species of proof, or probative matter, legally presented
at the trial of an issue by the act of the parties, and through
the medium of witnesses, records, documents, concrete
objects, etc. for the purpose of inducing belief in the minds
of the court as their contention.
- must be preserved to maintain their value when
presented as exhibits in court.
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What is Death?
Death
- termination of life. It is the complete cessation of all
vital functions without possibility of resuscitation.
Categories of Death
1. Brain Death - when there is irreversible coma, absence
of electrical brain activity and complete cessation
of all the vital functions without possibility of
resuscitation.
2. Cardio - Respiratory Death - continuous and persistent
cessation of heart action and respiration.
3. Others knip

Kinds of Death
1. Somatic Death or Clinical Death - complete and
cessation
cessation
of vital function of brain
of functions of heart and
irreversible
followed by
lungs.
2. Molecular or Cellular Death - happens after
when tissues and
somatic death (3-6 hours later)
cell die.
3. Apparent Death or State of Suspended Animation
- transient loss of consciousness or temporary
cessation of vital functions of the body. knip

Signs of Death
1. Cessation of Heart Action and Circulation
2. Cessation of Respiration
3. Cooling of the Body-Algor Mortis
4. Insensibility of the Body and Loss of
Power to Move
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Signs of Death
5. Changes in the Skin
a.Discoloration - skin may be observed to be pale and
waxy-looking due to absence of circulation.
b.Loss of Elasticity of the Skin - skin surface is flattened,
application with fingertip will produce impression.
c.Opacity of the Skin - opaque when expose to translucent
light.
d.Effect of the Application of Heat - absence of
inflammatory reaction to the skin after application of melted
sealing wax. knip

Signs of Death
6. Changes in and About the Eye
a. Loss of Corneal Reflex
b. Clouding of the Cornea
c. Flaccidity of the Eyeball
d.The Pupil is in the Position of Rest - pupil cannot react to
light.
e. Opthalmoscopic Findings - optic disc and retina
became pale, fundus may have yellow tinge which later
changes to a brown-gray or slate color, no evidence of
blood and retinal vessels and arteries are indistinguishable. knip

Signs of Death
f. Tache Noir dela Sclerotique - spot may be found in the
sclera (oval, round or may be triangular).
7. Action of Heat on the Skin - this test is
useful to determine whether death occurred
before or after the application of heat. Heat is
applied to a portion of the leg and arm. If death
is real, only blister is produced, no fluid is
present and no redness of the surrounding.
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Changes in the Body Following Death
1. Changes in the Muscle
2. Changes in the Blood
3. Autolytic or Autodigestive Changes after
Death
4. Putrefacation of the Body
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1. Changes in the Muscle - complete relaxation of the
muscular system. It is contractile for 3-6 hours after
death and later rigidity sets in.
Stages of the entire muscular tissue after death:
a. Primary Flaccidity or Post-Mortem Muscular Irritability
b.Post-Mortem Rigidity or Cadaveric Rigidity or Death
Stiffening or Death Struggle of the Muscles or Rigor Mortis
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Conditions Stimulating Rigor Mortis
• Heat Stiffening
• Cold Stiffening
• Cadaveric Spasm or Instantaneous Rigor
c. State of Secondary Flaccidity or Secondary Relaxation
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2. Changes in the Blood
a. Coagulation of the Blood
b.Post-mortem Lividity or Cadaveric Lividity or Post-
Mortem Suggilation or Post Mortem Hypostasis or Livor
Mortis
3. Autolytic or Autodigestive Changes after Death
4. Putrefacation of the Body
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Duration of Death
- in the determination as to how long a person has been
dead from the condition of the cadaver and other external
evidences, the ff. points must be taken into consideration:
1. Presence of Rigor Mortis - sets from 2-3 hours after
death. Fully developed after 12 hours and last from 18-
36 hours.
2. Presence of Post-Mortem Lividity - usually develops 3-
6 hours after death.
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Duration of Death
3.Onset of Decomposition - average time is 24-48 hours
for tropical countries. Manifested by presence of watery,
foul smelling coming out from the nostrils and mouth,
softness of the body and presence of crepitation when
pressure is applied on the skin.
4.Stage of Decomposition - approximate time of death
may be inferred from the degree of decomposition.
5.Entomology of the Cadaver - maggot in the cadaver
means death has occurred more than 24 hours.
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Duration of Death
6.Stage of Digestion of Food in the Stomach - it takes 3-
4 hours for the stomach to evacuate its content after meal.
7.Presence of Live Fleas in drowning Cases - flea can
only survive for approximately 24 hours submerged in the
water. If flea presence in the body can still move then the
body has been in water for a period less than 24 hours.
8.Amount of Urine in the Bladder - may indicate the time
of death when taken into consideration ; he was last seen
voiding his urine.
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Duration of Death
9. State of Clothing
10.Chemical Changes in the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid
Fifteen Hours After Death - lactic acid increases from 15 -
200 mg/100 cc, non-protein nitrogen increases from 15-
40mg and amino acid concentration rises from 1% to 12%
following death.
11. Post-Mortem Clotting and Decoagualtion of Blood
12.Presence or Absence of Soft Tissue in Skeletal
Remains
13. Conditions f the Bone
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Stages of Medico-Legal Investigation of Death
1. Crime Scene Investigation - place where the essential
ingredients of the criminal act took place.
2. Autopsy - comprehensive study of dead body,
performed by a trained physician employing recognized
dissection procedure and techniques.
2 kinds of Autopsy
a. Hospital or Non-OfficialAutopsy
b. Medico-Legal or Official Examination
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Causes of Death
1. Immediate or Primary Cause of Death - cases when
trauma or disease kill quickly and no opportunity for
sequelae or complications to develop.
2. Proximate or Secondary Cause of Death - injury or
disease was survived for a sufficiently prolonged interval
which permitted the development of serious sequelae
w/ch actually caused the death.
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Medico-Legal Classifications of Death
1. Natural Death - caused by natural disease condition in
the body.
2. Violent or Unnatural Death - are those due to injuries
inflicted in the body by some forms of outside force.
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Pathological Classification of the Causes of Death
1. Death from Syncope - due to sudden and fatal
cessation of the action of the heart with circulation
included.
2. Death from Asphyxia - supply of oxygen to the blood,
tissues or both reduced below.
3. Death from Coma
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Medico-Legal Aspects of Physical Injuries
Physical injury - is the effect of some forms of
stimulus on the body .
Causes of Physical Injuries:
A. Physical Violence
B. Heat or Cold
C. Electrical Energy
D. Chemical Energy
E. Radiation by Radio-Active Substances
F. Change of Atmospheric Pressure (Barotrauma)
G. Infection knip

Vital Reaction: sum total of all reactions of tissue or organ
to trauma.
Common reactions of a living tissue to trauma:
a. Rubor – redness
b. Calor – heat
c. Dolor – pain
d. Loss of function – not able to function normally
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Classification of wounds
As to Severity
a. Mortal Wound
b. Non-mortal wound
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Classification of Wounds
As to the Kind of Instrument Used
a. Wound brought about by blunt instrument
( contusion, hematoma, lacerated wound)
b. Wound brought about by sharp instrument:
1. Sharped-edged instrument (incised wound)
2. Sharped-pointed instrument (punctured wound)
3. Sharped-edged and sharp pointed instrument (stab
wound)
c. Wound brought about by tearing force
(lacerated wound) knip

d.Wound brought about by change of atmospheric
pressure
(barotrauma)
e. Wound brought about by heat or cold
(frostbite, burns or scald)
f.Wound brought about by chemical explosion (gunshot
or shrapnel wound)
g. Wound brought about by infection
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As to the Manner of Infliction:
a. Hit
b. Thrust or stab
c. Gunpowder explosion
d. Sliding or rubbing or abrasion.
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As regards to the Depth of the Wound:
a. Superficial – only layers of the skin
b. Deep – inner structure beyond the layers of the skin
1. Penetrating
2. Perforating
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5. As regards to the Relation of the Site of the Applicationof
Force and the Location of Injury:
a. Coup Injury- site of the application of force
b. Contre-Coup Injury- opposite
c. Coup Contre-Coup- site and opposite
d. “Locus Minoris Resistencia”- not at the site nor
opposite but in some areas offering the least resistance
to the force applied
e. Extensive Injury- greater area of the body beyond the
site of application of force knip

6. As to the Regions or Organs of Body Involved:
7. Special Types of Wounds:
a. Defense Wound- self-protection
b. Patterned Wound- wound in the nature and shape of
an object or instrument and w/ch infers the object or
instrument causing it
c. Self-Inflicted Wound- produced on oneself
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Type of wounds (Medical Calssification)
1. Closed Wound – no breach of continuity of the skin or
mucous membrane.
a. Superficial- just underneath the layers of the skin
or mucous membrane.
- Petechiae- circumscribed extravasation of
blood
- Contusion- effusion of blood into the
tissues underneath the skin
- Hematoma-extravasation or effusion of
blood in a newly formed cavity
underneath the skin. knip

Type of wounds (Medical Classification)
b. Deep
- Musculoskeletal Injuries
>sprain- disruption in the continuity of muscular
or ligamentous support of a joint
>dislocation- displacement of the articular
surface of bones
>strain- over-stretching of a muscle or
ligament
>subluxation- incomplete or partial dislocation
>fracture- solution of continuity of bone
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Types of Fracture
a. Close or Simple Fracture – no break in continuity
of the skin
b. Open or Compound Fracture – with open wound
caused by the broken bone
c. Comminuted Fracture - fragmented in several
pieces
d. Greenstick Fracture – crack
e. Spiral Fracture – spiral
f. Pathologic Fracture – weakness of bone due to
disease knip

- Internal Hemorrhage- rupture of
blood vessel which may be due to:
>Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage
>Rupture of parenchymatous organs
>Laceration of other parts of the body
- Cerebral Concussion- jarring or stunning of the
brain
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Type of wounds (Medical Classification)
of the
2. Open Wounds – there is a breach of continuity
skin or mucous membrane.
a. Abrasion (Scatch Graze Impression Mark,
Friction Mark) – removal of superficial epithelial layer
of the skin
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Point of
Distinction
Ante-mortem
Abrasion
Post-mortem Abrasion
Color Reddish-bronze Yellowish & translucent
Location Any area Bony prominence (elbow, &
attributed to rough handling of
the cadaver)
Vital Reaction W/ intravital reaction
and may show
remains of damaged
epithelium.
No vital reaction &
characterized by a separation
of epidermis from complete
loss of the former.
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b. Incised Wound ( Cut, Slash, Slice) –
produced by a sharp-edged (cutting) or sharp-linear
edge of the instrument
Changes that occur in an Incised Wound:
No. of Hours & Days Characteristics
After 12 hours Edges are swollen; adherent w/ blood and w/ leucocyte infiltration
After 24 hours Proliferation of the vascular endothelium and connective-tissue cells
After 36-48 hours Capillary network complete; fibroblasts running at right angles to the
vessels
After 3-5days Vessels show thickening and obliteration
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Why a Person Suffers from Incised Wound:
a. As a therapeutic procedure.
b. As a consequence of self-defense.
c. Masochist may self-inflict incised wound as a means of
sexual gratification.
d. Addicts and mental patients may suffer from incised
wound irrationally.
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Incised Wounds may be:
a. Suicidal
b. Homicidal
c. Accidental
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Suicidal Homicidal
Direction Oblique, from below left ear,
downwards, across front neck just
above Adam’s apple
Usually horizontal below the
Adam’s apple
Severity Usually not so deep and may only
involve trachea carotid and
sometimes the esophagus is involved
Usually deep and may cause
involvement of the cartilage
and bones
Superficial Cut Usually present before the
commencement of deeper wound
Practically absent but may
rarely be present when the
victim struggled when attacked.
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Suicidal Homicidal
Position of the
body
May be sitting facing a mirror
or standing
Usually victim ling on bed
or in other place
Wounding weapon Firmly grasped (Cadaveric
spasm) or found lying beside
victim
Blood distribution Blood found in front part of the
body. Hand generally smeared
with blood
Motive History of mental depression,
domestic, financial problems,
alcoholism etc.
Previous history of
self destruction
May be present
Weapon is absent
Blood found at the back of
the neck. Hands clean
Absence of such history
Always absent
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c. Stab Wound – penetration of a sharp edged instrument
(knife, saber, dagger, scissors). It may involve the skin or
mucous surface.
It may be:
Suicidal, Homicidal,Accidental
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a. Suicidal – Evidences showing hat the stab wound is
suicidal:
• Located over the vital parts of the body.
• Usually solitary. If multiple, they are located on one part
of the body.
• If located on covered parts of the body, the clothing are
not involved.
• The stab wound is accessible to the hand of the victim.
• The hand of the victim is smeared with blood.
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• The wounding weapon is firmly grasped by the hand of
the victim (cadaveric spasm)
• If stabbing is accompanied with slashing movement, the
wound tailing abrasion is seen towards the hand
inflicting the injury.
• A suicide note may be present.
• There is the presence of a motive for self-destruction.
• No disturbance in the death scene, wounding
instrument is found near the victim.
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In the Description of a Stab Wound, the following must
be included :
a. Length of the skin defect
b. Condition of the extremities
c. Condition of the edges
d. Linear direction of the surface wound
e. Location of the stub wound
f. Direction of penetration
g. Depth f penetration
h. Tissue and organs involved knip

b. Homicidal – stabbing with homicidal intent is the most
common.
Characteristics:
• Injuries other than stab wound may be present.
• Stab wound may be located in any part of the body.
• Usually there are more than one stab wound.
• There is motive for the stabbing. If w/out , the offender
must be insane or under the influence of drugs.
• There is disturbance in the crime scene.
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Medical evidences showing intent of the offender to kill the
victim:
• There are more than one stab wounds.
• The stab wounds are located in different parts of the body or on
the parts of the body where vital organs are located.
• Stub wounds are deep.
• Stab wound w/ serrated or zigzag borders infers alternative
thrust and withdrawal of the wounding weapon to increase
internal damages.
• Irregular or stellate shape skin defects may be due to changing
direction of the weapon with the portion of the instrument at the
level of the skin as the lever. knip

d. Punctured Wound – result of a thrust of a sharp pointed
instrument. The external injury is quite small but the depth
is to a certain degree. (icepick, needle, nail, spear, pointed
stick, thorn, etc.)
Usually accidental but in rare instances its may be
homicidal or suicidal.
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e. Lacerated - a tear of the skin and the underlying tissues
due to forcible contact with a blunt instrument. It may be
homicidal or accidental but rarely suicidal.
Classification of Lacerated Wound:
a. Splitting caused by crushing of the skin between 2 hard
objects.
b. Overstretching of the skin.
c. Grinding compression.
d. Tearing
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GAPING OF WOUND:
The separation of the edges especially in deep wound may be due to
the following:
1. Mechanical stretching or dilatation
2. Loss of tissue
a. Destruction
b. Avulsion
c. Trimming of the edges
3. Retraction of the edges
Cleavage direction or lines of cleavage of the skin- dense networks of
fibrous and elastic connective tissue fibers running on the same direction
and forming a pattern more or less present in all persons.
Langer’s line- linear presentation on the skin knip

Complications of trauma or Injury
1. Shock – disturbance of fluid balance resulting to
peripheral deficiency
Kinds of Shock:
a.Primary Shock – immediate nerve
impulse set up at the injured area
b. Delayed or Secondary Shock – develop sometime
after the infliction of injury
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2. Hemorrhage – extravasation r loss of blood from the
wounds in the cardiovascular
circulation brought about by
system.
Kinds of Hemorrhage
a. Primary Hemorrhage
b. Secondary Hemorrhage
3. Infection – appearance of growth and development of
microorganism at the site of injury.
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Medico-Legal Aspects of Wounds
1.The following rules must always be observed by the
physician in the examination of wounds:
a.All injuries must be described, however small for it may
be important later.
b.The description of the wounds must be comprehensive,
and if possible a sketch or photograph must be taken.
c.The examination must not be influenced by any other
information obtained rom others in making a report or a
conclusion.
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2. Examinations of the Wounded Body:
a. Examinations that are applicable to the living and
dead victim:
 age of the wound from the degree of healing
 Determination of the weapon used in the commission
of the offense
 Determination whether the injury is accidental, suicidal or
homicidal.
 Reasons for the multiplicity of wounds in cases where
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b. Examinations that are applicable only to living:
 Determination whether the injury is dangerous to life.
 Will produce permanent deformity.
 Produced shock.
 Will produce complication as a consequence.
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c. Examinations that are applicable to the dead
victim:
 Determination whether the wound is ante-mortem or
post-mortem.
 The wound is mortal or not.
 Death is accelerated by a disease or some abnormal
developments which are present at the time of the
infliction of the wound.
 Wound was caused by accident, suicide or homicide.
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3. Examination of the Wound:
a. Character of the Wound – description of the
wound (type, size, shape, nature of edges)
b. Location of the Wound – region of the body
c. Depth of the Wound
d. Condition of the Surroundings
e. Extent of the Wound
f. Direction of the Wound
g. Number of Wounds
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h. Conditions of the Locality
degree of hemorrhage
evidence of struggle
information as to the position of the body
presence of letter or suicide note
condition of the weapon
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Distinction between Ante-Mortem and Post-Mortem Wounds
generally
Ante-mortem Wound
1.Hemorrhage more or less copious and
arterial.
2. Marks of spouting of blood from arteries.
3. Clotted blood.
4.Deep staining of the edges and cellular tissues,
which is not removed by washing.
5.The edges gape owing to the reaction of the skin
and muscle fibers.
6. Inflammation and reparative processes.
Postmortem Wound
1.Hemorrhage slight or none at all and always
venous.
2. No spouting of blood.
3. Blood is not clotted; if at all, it is a soft clot.
4.The edges and cellular tissues are not deeply
stained. The staining can be removed by washing.
5.The edges do not gape, but are closely
approximated to each other, unless the wound is
caused within one or two hours after death.
6. No inflammation or reparative processes.
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Determinnation Whether the Wounds were Inflected During
Life or After Death
During Life After Death
Hemorrhage more profuse amount of bleeding
iscomparatively less
Signs of Inflammation swelling of the area sorrounding
wound and other signs of vital
reactions
do not show any manifesting
signs of vital reactions
Signs of Repair fibri formation, growth of epithelium,
scab or scar formation
absence of signs of repair
Retraction of the Edges of
the Wound
retract and cause gaping do not gape and are closely
aprroximated to each other
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Points to be considered in the determination as to whether the
wound is homicidal, suicidal, or accidental
1. External signs and circumstances related to the position
and attitude of the body when found.
2. Location of the weapon or the manner in which it was
held.
3. The motive underlying he commission of the crime and
the like.
4. The personal character of the deceased.
5. The possibility for the offender to have purposely
changed the truth of the condition
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Points to be considered in the determination as to whether the
wound is homicidal, suicidal, or accidental
6. Other information.
a. Signs of Struggle
b. Number and Direction of Wounds
c. Direction of the Wound
d. Nature and Extent of the Wound
e. State of the Clothing
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Length of Time of survival of the victim after infliction of the
wound
1. Degree of Healing
2. Changes in the Body in Relation to the Time of Death
3. Age of Blood Stain
4. Testimony of the Witness when the Wound was Inflicted
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Possible Instruments Used by the Assailant in Inflicting the
Injuries:
The determination of the wounding instrument maybe made
from the nature of the wound found in the body of the victim.
1.Contusion- produced by the blunt instrument.
2.Incised wound- produced by sharp-edged instrument inflicted by
hitting.
3.Lacerated wound- produced by the blunt instrument.
4.Punctured wound- produced by the sharped-pointed
instrument.
5.Abrasion- body surfaces rubbed on rough hard surface.
6.Gunshot wound- the diameter of the wound of entrance may
approximate of the caliber of the wounding firearm.
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Which of the Injuries Sustained by the Victim Caused Death
This can
examining individually the wounds
be ascertained by
and
noting which of them involved injury to
some vital organs or large vessels or led to
secondary result causing death.
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Which of the wound was inflicted first?
When the several wounds present on the
body of the victim, it is important to determine which
of them
necessary
maybe
the qualification of the offense
committed.
was inflicted first because it
for
If
treacherous way
the first wound was inflicted in a
that the victim after receipt is
incapable of defense, then murder is committed, but
if the fatal wound was inflicted last, it is possible that
the crime committed is only homicide.
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Relative Position of Victim and Assailant when Injury was
inflicted
The ff. has to be considered:
1. Location of the wound in the body of the victim.
2. Directio of the wound.
3. Nature of the instrument used in inflicting the injury.
4. Testimony of the witnesses.
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Death or Physical Injuries Brought About by Powder Propelled
Substances
1. Production of Combustions:
a) Bullet - Gunshot Wound
b) Flame - Singeing
c) Smoke - Smudging
d) Gun powder residue - tatooing
e) Grime - tatooing
2. Firearms Wounds
a) Gunshot Wound
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Difference Between Entrance and Exit
ENTRANCE EXIT
Appears to be smaller than missile
owing to elasticity of tissue except
contact fire
Always bigger than missile
Edges inverterd Edges everted
Usually ovaloid or rounded Variable shape
Contusion collar present Contusion collar absent
Other product of combustions when
firing is near
Always absent
Paraffin test may be positive Always negative
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Determination of Relative Position of Victim & Assailant
a. Contusion collar - the wider side points to the source of
the missile
b. Smudging and Tattooing - the side with more or intense
deposit to the source of the missile.
Determination of the probable caliber of the firearm
used in the infliction - measure in centimeter of the cross
diameter of the gunshot wound from collar to collar - the
shortest is the probable caliber.
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Determination of the distance of fire:
a) Contact Fire - intense laceration and undermining of the
point entrance. No bigger than exit.
b) Distance of six (6) inches presence of smudging,
singeing and tattooing.
c) Beyond six (6) inches but within (36) inches - presence
of the tattooing.
d) Beyond thirt six (36) inches only the gunshot wound will
be present.
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Shotgun Wound
1. Kinds of Shotgun Wound
a) Unchoked bore or straight bore
b) Choked bore
- improved cylinder - narrowing of the bore from rear to
the muzzle is 3-5 thousandth of an inch.
- Half Chock - narrowing of the barrel is 15-20
thousandth of an inch.
- Full Chock - narrowing of the barrel is 35-5-
thousandth of an inch.
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Shotgun Wound
2. Characteristics of shotgun wounds
a.Contact fire - entrance of wound is irregular with severe
destruction of the underlying tissue. there is singeing and
smudging.
b. Near shot up to 6 inches
 mark laceration of skin
 gunpowder maybe driven into the deeper area of wound
 mark surrounding of skin and deeper portion of the wound of entrance
 mark tattooing
 hair is singe
 wad may be found inside the wound entrance knip

Shotgun Wound
c. Distance of about 1 yard
 Pellets enter as one mass thus making entrance wound with
irregular edges.
 Surrounding skin ay be blacken with light burning and
tattooing.
d. Distance of 2-3 yards
 The wound of entrance has big central hole with rugged edges
with few stray wound of entrance wound.
 Smudging & tattooing - no longer evident.
e. Distance of 4 yards - pellets may enter skin area of about 6-8
inches diameter although there may be a central care where a
group might have entered. knip

Death by Asphyxia
- all forms of violent death which results primarily from
the interference with the process of respiration or to
condition in which the supply of oxygen to the blood or
tissue or both has been reduced below normal level.
1. Hanging
2. Strangulation
a) by ligature
b) manual or throtting
c) special forms of strangulation
(palmer, garroting, mugging or yoking, compression of neck with stick
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Death by Asphyxia
3. Suffocation
a) smothering - closing mouth and nostrils by solid
objects
b) choking
4. Asphyxia by submersion in water (drowning)
5. Asphyxia by pressure on the chest
6. Asphyxia by irrespirable gases
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Death or Physical Injuries Due to Vehicular Accidents
1. Kinds of injuries in VA cases
 sustained by the pedestrian
a) impact injuries
• primary impact injuries
• secondary impact injuries
b) Secondary injuries
c) Run over injuries
 sustained by driver and passengers
a) impact injuries
b) turn-turtle injuries
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Death or Physical Injuries Due to Vehicular Accidents
2. Medical Evidence in VACases
 Evidence from victim
a) Crash injury
b) Tire thread marks
c) Abrasion prints
d) Blood
e) Physical defects
f) Inebriation of the victim
 Evidence from the driver
a)Physical defects
b) Under the influence of alcohol or drugs
c) History of grudge
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Medico-Legal Aspects of Sex Crimes
Virginity - condition of a female who has not experienced
sexual intercourse and whose genital organs have not been
altered by carnal connection.
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Kinds of Virginity
1. Moral Virginity - state of not knowing the nature of sexual life
and not having experienced sexual relation (children below
puberty and whose sex organs and secondary characteristics
are not yet fully developed).
2. Physical Virginity - woman is conscious the nature of sexual
life and not having experienced sexual relation.
3. Demi-Virginity - woman who permits any form of sexual
liberties as long as they abstain from rupturing the hymen by
sexual act.
4. Virgo Intacta - truly virgin woman.
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Parts of the Female Body to be Considered in the
Determination of the Conditions of Virginity
1. Breasts
2. Vaginal Canal
3. Labia Majora and Labia Minora
4. Fourchette
5. Hymen
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Defloration - laceration or rupture of the hymenas a result
of sexual intercourse.
Parts of Female Genetalia that Must be Examined to
Determine Defloration
1. Condition of the Vulva
2. Fourchette
3. Vaginal Canal
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What is Forensic Medicine

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