Research_Proposal_The impacts of international aid in addressing poverty in East Africa

Running Head: IMPACTS OF AID IN EAST AFRICA 1
The impacts of international aid in addressing poverty in East Africa
Phillip Eggers
Regis University
Denver, CO
MNM 651 Research Methods for Nonprofit Organizations
February 2015

IMPACTS OF AID IN EAST AFRICA 2
"To give away money is an easy matter ... and in any man's power.
But to decide to whom to give it, and how large and when, for what
purpose and how, is neither in every man's power nor an easy matter.”
– Aristotle (Williams, 1876)
Abstract
With altruistic giving that exists within many of us we all assume that we are supporting
a good cause when we donate. In many cases, giving to a good cause is actually hurting
the cause; whether you’re giving to help feed the world’s poorest people or helping
people overcome a catastrophic natural disaster, domestic or abroad. Many people
unselfishly give to those in need whether directly or indirectly through nonprofit
organizations or nongovernmental agencies (NGO’s). It is the examination of NGO’s
that can decipher the factual consequences embellished upon the recipients of relief.
Counterproductive efforts can be found in nearly every relief effort in any given society.
Implications can start anywhere within the entire logistical supply chain from the donor
that donates money down to the actual delivery of products and services. Problems
associated with program or product delivery of international aid stems from one or more
of four single elemental problems – accountability, transparency, strategic population
targets and implementation of the wrong program. What will be addressed are the
impacts of humanitarian aid in East Africa and the implications of too much or too little
aid that’s being provided.

Introduction
“The West has positioned itself as the protagonist of development, giving rise to a
vast multi-billion dollar poverty industry. Yet the results have been mixed, in some cases
even catastrophic, and leaders in the developing world are growing increasingly vocal in
calling for change (Miller, M. M. et al. 2014).”
In examining the impacts that foreign aid can bring there are many consequences
that can come into play when helping the helpless, feeding the hungry and empowering
the powerless. In many cases, the intent of foreign aid that’s meant to help can be
counterproductive. However, on the other hand, consequences can be positive and
productive with absolute meaning in the realm of really helping and empowering people.
Does humanitarian aid work? This question is subjective in nature and has
dominated literature for the last one-hundred years. There isn’t a yes or no answer
because of many objective factors and the lenses of the many empirical based results that
accompany this topic. To support the argument that aid does or does not work depends
on the lens factor, your personal world view, and their personal world view and so on.
What appears to dominate literature in peer reviewed studies is that in most cases
foreign aid or humanitarian aid does not work to its full potential or to its full anticipated
purpose. Elements that appear to affect the outcomes of aid rest within many elements of
programing no matter what nongovernmental organization (NGO) is the implementer or
whoever the grantor. Elements include accountability, transparency, poor logistics, lack
of effective management and political gain.

The lack of accountability results in corruption, greed and egoism, chaos,
improper allocation and quality versus quantity of services. Accountability and target
populations are two elemental questions that need to be addressed in any continuing
program that uses foreign or humanitarian aid.
After a review of documentation and literature, accountability affects nearly every
key component of the logistical delivery chain of aid. Donors have an obligation to ask
for accountability when making donations to organizations supplying foreign aid.
Whether asking for methods used for reporting success and/or failure or earmarking
funds for specific elements within a supply chain or why a strategic targeted population
was targeted would be a good start.
An example is that International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC 2014) does
not allow a donor to earmark funds for a specific population, school or village. However,
you can donate to a specific country but not a specific part of any one particular program.
This is where problems can be pretentious while being oblivious to the donor.
This is a very important issue to address because the passions of the donors
should be utilized to maximum utility of the targeted populations. In many cases it is
lives that are on the line which is dependent upon purposed relief efforts. Without an
element of accountability, relief efforts and foreign aid can be very counterproductive
and actually cause the reverse of what it is meant for.
A good NGO needs to be utilizing donor funds for maximum benefit of the
recipients. To do this, an NGO must be held accountable to its donors for its programs
and logistical components of the programing. It is the responsibility of the NGO to
include the identification of all primary resources and assets and thus use of such

elements. This includes everything from trucks, ships, earth moving equipment, the
employees with proper certifications to operate such equipment, storage and security.
According to Bhattacharya, Hasija, & Wassenhove (2014), “it is imperative that aid
programs establish their resource needs…” continuing on, “Resource planning and
allocation are therefore important aspects of the preparedness and response activities of
aid organizations”.
NGO’s, especially those that have successes, should have proven experience that
will allow implementation of programs in new populations especially in collaboration
efforts with other NGO’s already within their areas of providing utility. A strong element
that must be addressed within NGO’s is transparency. This will allow the donors to see
NGO’s progress and use of their funds without having to do in-depth research to find out
if their funds are being used as per donor demands.
Not only will the objective of this study in east Africa be to find out the impacts,
positive or negative, of foreign aid but to find out what are the counterproductive
consequences and why unintended consequences happen. A secondary objective will
also visit differences in logistics between various NGO’s and answer why the differences
are being implemented in different logistical components.
An issue that would be important to address is the quality of aid and the quantity
of aid. The quality and quantity of aid also had direct correlations with the delivery
systems of aid, or logistics. According to Harrigan (2007), “The quality of aid is as
important if not more important than the quantity, and aid either poorly delivered or
poorly utilized can lead to negative effects in the recipient country.” Without addressing
the logistical component of humanitarian aid, corruption can surely be one of many

consequences – in which this is a whole separate subject entity in itself. This research
will propose encoding variables to address this element.
True Story
Lockhart (2014) explicitly describes a case where the United Nations promised
new shelters in communities in Afghanistan at a cost of $150 million dollars (USD). The
funds for this project were first funneled through an agency in Geneva who took 20% of
funds before the hiring of sub-contractors for this project; in tsunami relief efforts in
Asian nations, it’s generally 10%. These funds then went, “from agency to agency, NGO
to NGO, until they limped to their final destination itself – Afghanistan.” The remaining
funds were spent on wood from Iran and shipped through a trucking cartel at inflated
prices. The wood beams meant for shelter finally reached their village destinations but
the existing buildings, which were made of mud, were too weak to hold the huge wood
beams with no equipment to move them. The local villagers ended up cutting the wood
into usable pieces of firewood. This is a remarkable true story of how to waste $150
million dollars. This is just one of many stories.
Finally, the question that will be answered in this research will be, “What are the
impacts of international aid in addressing poverty in East Africa.”
Operational Definitions of Key Terms:
 Humanitarian aid, foreign aid, relief, relief efforts are all one in the same
meaning which is defined as efforts that benefit the targeted populations, whether
impacts are positive or negative.

 Targeted populations will be a generalized term meaning the impoverished
populations of people in and around the cities of Kampala, Uganda and Nairobi,
Kenya.
 Structural functionalism will specifically mean all the elements of the logistical
supply chain of the NGO from the donor to the delivery of goods and services.
Each element of this chain of custody in logistical mechanisms will be assigned a
specific variable for coding.
 NGO or nongovernmental organizations will only include U.S. based
organizations.
 Indigenous peoples will refer to the target populations being studied who are
receiving aid or relief.
 Randomized individuals will be the random individual head-of-households
selected for interviews and/or survey questions.
Literature Review
Harrigan, J. & Wang, C. (2011). A new approach to the allocation of aid among
developing countries: Is the USA different from the rest? World Development,
39 (8), 1281-1293. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.12.011
Harrigan, J & Wang, C. (2011) poses the question, “Does aid work?” This study goes in-
depth within this question and addresses the defined disappointing impacts and
summarized the “why” question. Elements discussed are corruption, inappropriate
allocation of donor funds, inefficiencies and greed. Programs from some of the world’s

largest NGO’s such as IMF, World Bank and others are discussed in the terms of market
liberalization ideologies. What is deeply rooted in this study is that they investigate the
factors that influence aid allocations and the motivations of strategic donor interests
versus recipient need.
Büthe, T., Major, S., & Souza, A. e. (2012). The politics of foreign aid: Humanitarian
Principles, economic development objectives, and organizational interests in
NGO private aid allocation. International Organization, 66(4), 571-607. doi:
10.1017/S0020818312000252
International humanitarian and development efforts are generally provided and serviced
by NGO sources, including the allocation; however, there is very little in the explanation
of this allocation. This researcher has been unable to find clear and concise rules or
documentations that explain in-depth reasoning for general allocation of humanitarian aid
and we believe this is an important element that must be answered in finding out if
humanitarian aid works. “We know very little about this private foreign aid, not even
how it is distributed across recipient countries, much less what explains allocation
(Büthe, Major & Souza, 2012).”
Büthe, Major & Souza (2012) attempts to break this down in explaining the
motivations and secondary indicators; furthermore, it’s found that GDP is not a
significant indicator on the amounts of funding distributed to populations. It is even
broken down by government aid targets, NGO aid targets and the factors that play into
some of these decisions such as material self-interest among NGOs competing for the
same resources.

Mitchell, G. E. (2014). Why will we ever learn?. Public Performance & Management
Review, 37(4), 605-631. doi:10.2753/PMR1530-9576370404
Much of the international aid work has been supported by NGO’s based in the United
States (Mitchell, 2014). There is absolutely a lack of measurement accountability for
NGO’s in the world spectrum. “Relatively little is known about their impact on the
intended beneficiaries (Mitchell, 2014).” Mitchell (2014) continues on that there is a
rigorous demand for measurement from government donors; however, since most of the
funding is from individual donors who don’t ask questions, there is an ever growing lack
of accountability in measurement and evaluation practices. Since the NGO community
received a substantial portion of their funding from individuals, individuals in great
numbers must ask for stronger evaluation systems in order for this to work (Mitchell,
2014). Mitchell (2014) concludes that “relatively little is known about the effectiveness
of aid spending” because of a lack of accountability in measurement and evaluations.
Younas, J., (2008). Motivation for bilateral aid allocation: Altruism or trade benefits.
European Journal of Political Economy. 24 (3), 661-674. doi:10.1016/j.
ejpoleco.2008.05.003
Younas (2008) says it well when it’s said, “the role of aid for reducing poverty and
enhancing well-being remains controversial.” Younas (2008) goes on to say and state
many resources regarding aid allocation “concludes that political, economic and strategic
interests of donors rather development objectives play a dominant role in their aid

allocation decision,” as previously mentioned earlier from another article. Although
international aid can fight poverty, this weapon is not allocated effectively or efficiently
and it is badly targeted to promote any success and long term sustainability – which is
generally the ultimate goal. To date, there hasn’t been any research found on the
aggregate of bilateral aid, encouraging a quid pro quo based upon success. This is a good
topic that must be explored to explain and measure aggregated and/or disaggregated
impacts in the flow of aid. It is believed that such a research subject can measure the
altruistic bilateral flows between original donor or aid supplier and the recipient.
Younas’ (2008) findings find that developed nations “disproportionately allocated
to recipient nations who have greater tendency to import goods in which donor nations
have a comparative advantage in production.” This leaves us with a sense that targeted
nations are only those who could have and not have goods exporting capabilities based on
natural resources. Findings also conclude that we are more concerned about “alleviating
physical miseries (infant mortality) and rewarding good human rights conditions.”
Younas (2008) also finds that there are strong economic and political self-interests when
addressing the reduction of poverty, which is not all that altruistic to say the least.
Hypothesis
What are the impacts of international aid in addressing poverty in East Africa?
Addressing world poverty is significant because this topic includes a high amount of
needless drama and selfish motivations, it tugs on the hearts of people and it is considered
the right thing to do in philosophical terms. If there is a lack of accountability and
transparency elements in addressing world poverty this will turn into a tool for political

gain, promote corruption, fund terrorism and turn from nonprofit to big corporate
business on the coat tails of the impoverished.
When addressing this topic of concern there is much to learn as to why many
programs do not work. As we all know, humanitarian aid has been helping populations
for many years and yet some of these same population recipients are still impoverished.
This is important because there are obvious flaws in many programs for many NGO’s.
This phenomenon can be explained in a multitude of studies but the fact remains clear,
many populations are still impoverished and poor despite the many decades of relief
regardless of the blame.
Methods
For the purposes of this research proposal, the strategic research methods that will
be used in data collection and analysis will be incorporated from a variety of approaches
and paradigms. Qualitative approaches that will be included will be grounded theory
through in-depth observation and surveys, case study with comparative-historical inquiry
and a narrative approach through the eyes of recipients and through the people involved
in the delivery of service systems. Paradigms or elements that will be explored or used as
comparison will include the possibilities of a conflict paradigm, structural functionalism
in regards to the servicing organizations, and finally an attempt to see if an interest
convergence is existing within servicing organizations that may cause negative concern.
It is not believed that ethnographic or phenomenological elements will be
considered to evaluate the quality of analysis. However, through observation and
answers of questions of the benefiting indigenous peoples, this may play a scope within

the quantitative analysis of data collected. The decision to include these two elements
will be dependent upon the answers received and observations witnessed at the discretion
of the researcher. For the meantime, methods used are described below.
Approach
The researcher will work as an individual when abroad as to keep costs down;
however, researcher will work in conjunction with US based NGO’s within the countries
of Kampala, Uganda and surrounding communities. Incorporated will be work in and
around Nairobi, Kenya also working with US based NGO’s. A second researcher will be
monitoring and saving documented progress on computer and cloud technology. In the
case of a second researcher being funded for the trip, every document and file will be
saved with cloud technology as well as secure computer and photographed field notes
which will be updated daily.
In Uganda, the target NGO’s to work with will be WaterAid Global, Bead for
Life, and Pearl Community Empowerment Foundation. In Kenya, the target NGO’s to
work with will be the United Nations Refugee Agency, International Committee of the
Red Cross and Xavier Project. The aforementioned NGO’s will be informed of the
purpose of this study and will encourage input.
Researcher will plan on living amongst the indigenous peoples who receive
humanitarian aid from abroad, mainly the United States and Europe. Time living with
the peoples can vary dependent upon acquiring a short term host family. It is the intent of
the researcher to inform all involved about the purpose of this research study while being
careful not to include researcher bias and mindful of reactivity.

Grounded Theory
Through observation, the researcher will observe the delivery of services and
document what is being delivered, how often delivery happens, reaction of the recipients,
and what happens during the times there is no delivery of services or product. Because
there can be a varying degree within the dynamics of each situation based on each NGO,
or service delivery organization, this will need to be monitored through a variety of
organizations as to have a comparative element of study.
It is the intent that these researchers also spend some time among the indigenous
peoples who receive aid and services. The purpose of this will be to outline a better
understanding of culture and ethnography. Armed with this knowledge, a better
understanding of answers and interpretations can be accounted for in identifying proper
questions to be asked within a survey.
After extensive observations there will be a survey questionnaire to the people
involved in delivery of services to quantify a measureable element to see if these people
feel they are making a difference with their work. A similar questionnaire will be used
for the recipients of services while being careful as to not to incorporate researcher bias.
With the data compilation through strategic questions, there will come a measurable
element of comparison.
Case Study Research
Case studies will need to be researched in-depth before observations take place. It
is the existing published research that will show what to look for prior to observations in
the field. Included will be the field notes from previous similar research and interviews

of the researchers themselves. It is possible to incorporate interview and broad question
surveys from researchers to be included into quantitative analysis.
Because this research will include several countries which will be oceans away
and many NGO’s, questions will need to be strategically worded as to emphasize like-
based phenomenology’s according to the research question.
Comparative Historical Inquiry
To better understand the economic patterns and political climate that may
affect the outcomes of the understandings of facts, a comparative historical inquiry
must be incorporated within this research study. Other patterns that must be taken
into consideration will be geographic distance and societal cultures being served as
to understand impacts, or an understanding of the impacts in the eyes or views of
the populations served. This will help minimize unintentional researcher bias and
incorporate a quantitative measurement because success or failure can be measured
or labeled differently depending on where in the world you are. For example,
success in Kampala, Uganda may equally mean failure in Port-au-Prince, Haiti or
vice versa. This will help keep meanings on the same field of measure which can be
subject to manipulation.
Structural Functionalism
The paradigm of structural functionalism will be used as an operational term
in regards to the studied NGO’s themselves. For each NGO, the structure of the
organization will be broken down for identification through variables in coding, see
Processing Data/Interpretations. The NGO’s will have assigned variables for each

organizational structure beginning with donor funds through all processes of
logistics and the actual delivery of services or products. Furthermore, the delivery
of services and products will be structurally broken down by what was delivered,
how much was delivered and what service or services were provided. Subject to
interpretation, see coding section.
Timeline
Timeline for the implementation to completion of this research will be
between twelve weeks but no more than sixteen weeks. Because this research
involves more than one country in one continent, a sixteen week maximum will be
allotted for the completion of this project. There is potential in an increased
timeline based on natural disasters which are unpredictable.
Comparative research will begin in July 2015. Researchers will implement
the overseas portion of this study beginning August 30, 2015 to November 30, 2015.
Dissection and interpretation of information will be complete by January 30, 2016
where the final results will be available to or presented to the granting institution.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical considerations will include using only volunteers for interviews and
survey questions. It will be in the best interest of the researcher to not be
judgmental of the populations being served in which researcher bias may be easily
influential. This research will have a strong focus on how the dynamics of NGO
delivery systems work as it is working now and to not intervene in any way, shape
or form as to collect accurate data without researcher bias or unintentional skewing.

Volunteering will also assist in the identification, if any, of any type of interest
convergence exists for the NGO.
There will be researcher involvement in volunteering for the studied NGO as
to get a clear glimpse of the delivery system used. Researcher NGO volunteerism
will be incorporated within every NGO studied as the NGO, time and money will
allow. Of important note; the researcher must be cautious and mindful of the
mission tasks at hand and will not participate in new decision making processes or
assist in organizational systems decision making as to keep within a naturalist
paradigm and to not be objective in any manner. It is not the intent of the
researchers to ensure to not have any influence in NGO capacity or existing
mechanisms.
Barriers that can be confronted will be language and cultural barriers. It is
with best interest for the researcher to understand the language dynamics to form
appropriate questions for surveys and interviews. This is why it is imperative for
the researcher to obtain host families to temporarily live with and to observe.
Data Collection Strategies
Appendix provides some basic sample questions for the data being collected.
This is not a conclusive list of questions at this time and wording or additional
questions may be added at a later time depending on the outcomes of comparative
studies. In addition, interviews will be conducted from an initial estimate of twenty
five heads of households picked at random from each city totaling fifty interviews.

Randomized individuals will be selected using randomized numbers from the
website www.random.org as to eliminate any bias. No children will be included in
this research as the focus will be from the answers from head of households;
however, it is understood that in limited cases, children may be the head of a
household. In this case, the head of household child will be used if randomly
selected and if the intellect exists to obtain reasonable answers based upon
researcher understanding of the individual. Should a head of household child be
deemed not be intellectually fit for this proposed research, a new random number
will be selected.
Focus groups will be a strong source of information. The intention is to have
six focus groups total, three from Kampala, Uganda and three from Nairobi, Kenya.
These focus groups will not include those that were included in interviews. It is the
intent of the research to be selective of the participants of the focus groups as to
keep similar intellectually likeminded participants in discussion. Further intent will
be to have four of the six focus groups be recipients of NGO aid.
Two focus groups will consist of participants who do not use or receive aid if
such a population exists within the targeted study populations as to formulate a
variable of their world views of humanitarian aid on their, neighbors per se’. The
two focus groups will be formed with one focus group coming from each city target
population. Selectivity will not be randomized but will be in the form of invitations
from meeting and greeting the people of the selected target areas.

It is here where researchers will look at elements of phenomenology and re-
review case studies and comparative inquiry to see if additional questions need to
be asked and answered. A comparison will also be analyzed with the current field
notes of this study with the field notes of researchers of similar studies to develop a
refined conceptualization of terms and the operational use of terms.
Cost
Spreadsheet below contains fair cost for this study based on twelve weeks
for one researcher. Request will be for two researchers in country abroad:
All costs are in USD. Unit of currency in Kenya and Uganda is the Shilling.
One Time Costs Weekly Cost
Airfair RT Uganda 1,300.00$ Dining 150.00$
Airfair RT Ug/Ky 400.00$ Groceries 30.00$
VisaFees 165.00$ Bus Tix 25.00$
Hotel (Ug/KY) 3,000.00$ Sim Card Reload 25.00$
Notebooks 100.00$ Materials 15.00$
Travel Ins. 210.00$ Internet 10.00$
misc. 50.00$
subtotal 5,175.00$
Total 5,175.00$ Subtotal 305.00$
12 Weeks 3,660.00$
Total 3,660.00$
Total program cost at 12 weeks 8,835.00$
Below are currency conversions from USD to current UGX and KES
UGX = Uganda Shilling 25,400,622.18UGX
KES = Kenya Shilling KES 807,960.75
*Currency rates are as of February 23, 2015

Analytic Techniques
After data collection of all field notes, questionnaires and focus group results
are compiled, much of this will be interpreted into a quantitative analysis. Answers
to questionnaires will automatically have assigned number from one to five, with
one being the strongest positive answer. This quantitative data will be reflected
with the dissection of field notes and focus group notes.
With this data, this researcher will find out what the differences are between
the answers provided from the NGO and indigenous recipients of services. We will
discover how the NGO perceives their societal impact versus how the recipients
perceive the social impact of the NGO within their own culture or population.
Because much of the data collected will be subject to unknowing researcher
bias, validity and reliability can be strongly subjective in nature for interpretations.
As you will see below, coding and interpretation will be open to peers during the
entire phase of this research as to increase the validity and interpretations of codes
and operational definition of terms.
Processing Data/Interpretation
Coding will be an integral part of the processes for interpretation of data. For
the purpose of this research proposal, coding will be incorporated into units based
on answers to survey questions, researcher interpretations of focus group
outcomes, NGO organizational missions, cause and effect of NGO mission versus
logistical supply chains and the perceptions of NGO impacts from the recipient’s
point of view. This is where two elements will be refined; 1) Macrotheory will be a

element that defines the NGO or servicing organization. 2) The microtheory will
include two groups, the target population being served and the service delivery
employees or volunteer’s from the NGO. These will be encoded variables to define
quantitative coding.
This quantification process will be open for peer review because of the
subjectivity element. A code book will be developed during the open coding phase
to help identify initial phase critical variables based upon the proposal question.
Code book development will be a continuum throughout the study as more
information is learned and the identification of variables yet to be thought of for
multivariate analysis to help distinguish facts from opinions. Multivariate analysis
will be incorporated because the focus of the question will be on two east Africa
cities in two countries.
Initial open coding will be performed through brainstorming between the
two researchers after individual thought before combining. After collection of data
and initial coding, axial coding will begin to take place; however, the important
general concepts will be identified early on during the initial open coding phase.
Upon completion of the coding processes, selective coding will be carefully
analyzed as to stay focused on the research proposal question and turn this
information into a quantitative text format subjective to interpretation. Although
subjective in nature, this will be interpreted for final analysis after a peer review for
final reporting.

Conclusion
When addressing world poverty, there needs to be a strong plan. With this strong
plan there needs to be superior leadership in place with checks and balances. In these
plans, no matter what government, NGO or entity implements them there is a leadership
structure and logistical structures that must be solid and bound by transparency and
accountability.
Should there be a standard to abide by? Not necessarily because every situation
can be unique depending on the strategic population and what service or products are
being delivered and when. But there can be best practices implemented based on
historical inquiry and case study for what works best for nearly every situation.
A best practice guide can be an enriching element to add to the qualifications,
accreditations and credibility to a servicing organization. This is something that can
strongly be beneficial to the servicing agency in the eyes of individual donors, granting
organizations and can create a competitive edge. Nunnenkamp & Öhler (2012) has
findings that state, “competition among peers may help improve the efficiency of NGO
aid.”
Many people always say there is not enough aid being handed out. But the big
question to address is the impacts of too much aid. With too much aid, this creates chaos
and wreaks havoc on leadership, it disenfranchises the recipients, creates a black market
that could potentially benefit terrorist organizations, and so on. There must be checks
and balances, or at least a functionalism that monitors such cases.

References:
Bhattacharya, S., Hasija, S., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2014). Designing
efficient infrastructural investment and asset transfer mechanisms in
humanitarian supply chains. Production & Operations Management.
23(9), 1511-1521. doi:10.1111/poms.12177
Büthe, T., Major, S., & Souza, A. e. (2012). The politics of foreign aid: Humanitarian
Principles, economic development objectives, and organizational interests in
NGO private aid allocation. International Organization, 66(4), 571-607. doi:
10.1017/S0020818312000252
Harrigan, J. (2007). The doubling of aid to sub-Saharan Africa: Promises and problems.
Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 25(30), 369-389
doi: 10.1080/02589000701662434
Harrigan, J. & Wang, C. (2011). A new approach to the allocation of aid among
developing countries: Is the USA different from the rest? World Development,
39 (8), 1281-1293. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.12.011
International Committee of the Red Cross. (2014). Where your donations go.
Retrieved from https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/
finance-where-your-donations-go.htm
Lockhart, C. (2014). Fixing US Foreign Assistance. World Affairs, 176(5), 84-93.
Miller, M. M. ,& Fitzgerald, Jr., J. (Directors), Miller, M. M., & Mauren, K. (Producter).
(2014). Poverty, Inc.: The business of doing good has never been better.
(Unavailable to open public at this time but can be seen in screen showings).
Website information on screenings: http://www.povertyinc.org/

Mitchell, G. E. (2014). Why will we ever learn?. Public Performance & Management
Review, 37(4), 605-631. doi:10.2753/PMR1530-9576370404
Nunnenkamp, P. & Öhler, H. (2012). Funding, Competition and the efficiency of
NGOs: An empirical analysis of non-charitable expenditure of US NGOs
engaged in foreign aid. Kyklos, 65(1), 81-110. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-
6435.201.00528.x
Williams, R. (1876). The nicomachean ethics of Aristotle. Oxford-London, UK:
Longmans, Green, and Company.
Younas, J., (2008). Motivation for bilateral aid allocation: Altruism or trade benefits.
European Journal of Political Economy. 24 (3), 661-674. doi:10.1016/j.
ejpoleco.2008.05.003

Appendix
Sample questions for indigenous people receiving aid
Questions below will have a numeric designation from one to five with one
being the strongest and five being meaning least. Every question will have
concluding remarks for individual and researcher.
 How dependent are you or your household dependent on aid?
 Would your community be compromised if foreign aid were to stop? How and
Why.
 Do you like receiving aid?
 Do you feel foreign aid is important to your local economy?
 Would you like foreign aid to stay as it is or is there something you would
change?
 Do you feel the NGO can do a better job in distribution?
 Does the NGO provide empowerment for success?
 Do you feel the NGO is doing anything wrong in regards to strategic target
population, products, services or other deliverables?
 Is your government interfering with the services provided by the NGO?
Sample questions for NGO volunteers or employees
 Do you feel your work is positively helping people?
 Do the people receiving your services appreciate it?

 Are the NGO goals being met in regards to timely distribution of product and/or
services?
 What would happen to your target population if your NGO stopped providing and
left the country?
 Is your NGO providing for all who need your services?
 Is the government involved with the delivery of services in any way?

Research_Proposal_The impacts of international aid in addressing poverty in East Africa

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