စိတ္ဓါတ္ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလဲေရးတရားေတာ္

- pdwf"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;w&m;a'oemawmf zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pdw"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;w&m;a'oemawmf
f

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oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/

'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif/
t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif/
'ku©tm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif/

pd&H wd|wk o'¨ar®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'¨r®oHk;jzmü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/

]]"r®'ge}}

þw&m;pmtkyfonf
"r®'getjzpf tokH;jyK&eftwGufom jzpfonf/

2 ©shwehinthar.com


pdwf"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;w&m;awmf

b,fvkd qifjcif&rvJ - aeYnOfhoHo&m &SnfjrifhpGmaom
tcsd e f t cgumvwk d Y y wf v H k ; igwk d Y & J U pd w f o nf ? &m*aMumif h
npf E G r f ; ae&w,f ? a'goaMumif h npf E G r f ; ae&w,f ? arm[
aMumifh npfEGrf;ae&w,fvkdY 'Dvkd rMumcP qifjcifay;yg/
bmjzpf v k d Y v J ¿ pd w f " mwf a wG npf E G r f ; &if owå 0 gawG
npf E G r f ; Mu&w,f ? yif y ef ; Mu&w,f ? qif ; & J Mu&w,f / &J
pd w f " mwf a wG jzLpif o ef Y & S i f ; vmNyD q k d & if v nf ; owå 0 gawG
pif M u,f o ef Y & S i f ; oG m ;&w,f /
(pmrsufEm-29/)
S

ed'geuxm - taMumif;jypmwrf;vTm
pdwf"mwf pGrf;tif

pdawåe eD,wd avmaum? pdawåe y&duówd/
pdwåó {u"r®ó? oaAÁ0 0orEG*l/ (oH-1-36/)
pdwfonf avmuudk aqmiftyf/ pdwfonf avmuudk qGJiif tyf/ pdwf tvdkEkdifiHodkY vdkufygaeMuaom
owå0gtm;vHk;wdkYonf yif pdwf[k qdktyfaom wpfckaomw&m; tvdkodkY tpOf vdkufygMu& ukef/ (oH-1-36/)
avmuDukodkvfapwem tukodkvfapwemwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf &Sd aom ukodkvf0dnmPf tukodkvf0dnmPfudk
b0opf u d k wnf a xmif zef w D ; ay;Ed k i f o nf h pG r f ; tif & S d j cif ; aMumif h tbd o cF g &0d n mPf [ k ac:qd k /
xdtbdocFg&0dnmPf[k ac:qdtyfaom pdwonf owåavmu[k ac:qdtyfonfh owå0gtaygif;udk xdxkd bHb0odYk
k k f k k k
a&mufatmifvnf; qGJaqmifoGm;Ekdifonfh pGrf;tm;&Sd/ xdkxdk bHkb0rS rvGwfatmifvnf; qGJiifxm;Ekdifonfh
pGrf;tm;&Sd/
avmb a'go arm[ ponfh tukodkvfw&m;wdkYESifh aygif;pyfrd aom xdkpdwfum; npfEGrf;vsuf&Sd/ tavmb
ta'go tarm[ ponf h taumif ; "mwf w d k Y E S i f h aygif ; pyf r d a om xd k p d w f u m; jzLpif v suf &S d / orx
0dyóembm0em[laom a&pifa&aumif;wdkYjzifh aq;aMumokwfoifí xm;tyfaom xdkpdwfum; tvGef jzLpifvsuf
&Sd/ npfEGrf;aeaom pdwf"mwfu owåavmu[k ac:qdktyfonfh owå0g taygif;udk tyg,fav;bHkodkY
a&mufatmifvnf; qGJaqmifoGm;Ekdif/ tyg,fav;bHkrS rvGwfEdkifatmifvnf; qGJiifxm;Ekdif/ oHo&m0#fudk
&nf&G,fawmifhwí jyKpkysKd;axmifxm;tyfaom 0¥edódwjzpfonfh 'ge oDv orx 0dyóem tpjzmonfh
r[mukodkvf psmefukodkfvf[k ac:qdktyfonfh jzLpifaom pdwf"mwfuvnf; owåavmu[k ac:qdk tyfonfh

3 ©shwehinthar.com


owå0gtaygif;udk vlUjynf ewfjynf jA[®mhjynf wnf;[laom xdkxdkbHkb0odkY a&mufatmif qGJaqmifoGm;Ekdif? xdkxdk
bHkb0rS rvGwf atmifvnf; qGJiifxm;Ekdif/
oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGufajrmufaMumif; 0d0¥oabmudk &nf&G,f í jyKpkysKd;axmifxm;tyfaom orxukodkvf
0dyóemukodkvf r*f ukodkvfwnf;[laom tvGefjzLpifaom pdwf"mwfuvnf; xdktvGef jzLpifaom pdwf"mwfESifh
jynfhpHkaeonfh owåavmu[k ac:qdktyfonfh owå0gtaygif;udk edAÁmefodkY a&mufonfwdkifatmif qGJaqmifoGm;Edkif?
ed A Á m ef t m½k H r S ravQmusatmif v nf ; qG J i if x m;Ed k i f ? npf E G r f ; aeaom pd w f t pOf u d k v nf ; jzLpif a pEd k i f /
t&[wår*fukodkvfuhJodkYaom tvGef jzLpifaom pdwf"mwfu udavom tnpftaMu;[lorQudk tNyD;wdkif
pifMu,fatmif aq;aMumokwfoifay;Edkif/
npfEGrf;aom pdwf"mwfu qif;&J'ku© t00udk &Gufaqmifay; ouhJodkY jzLpifaom pdwf"mwfuvnf; vlUcsrf;om
ewf c srf ; om jA[® m h csrf ; om ed A Á m ef c srf ; omqd k o nf h csrf ; om t00ud k &G u f a qmif a y;Ed k i f / xd k u h J o d k Y a om
pdwf"mwfpGrf;tifrsm;udk oabmaygufEdkif&ef npfEGrf;ae aom pdwf"mwfrsm; jzLpifatmif jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkif&ef
&nf&G,fawmifh wí - 1354-ckrS 1355-ckodkY ul;ajymif;onfh twmul;onfh oBuFef &ufrsm;udk A[dkxm;í
(8)&ufwdkifwdkif pdwf"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;ay;chJ/ xdkw&m;acGrsm;udk em,l&ol a,m*D
olawmfpifwdkYu pmtkyftjzpf zwf½IvdkaMumif;udk tBudrfBudrf avQmuf xm; awmif;yefMuojzifh xdkw&m;acGrsm;rS
pmtkyftjzpfodkY a&muf&Sd vmjcif; jzpfonf/ ]]vdkwdk; ydkavQmh}} pepfudk toHk;jyKum w&m;om;rsm;udk wnf;jzwfokwfoif
jyifqifvsuf pmtkyftoGifodkY ajymif;vJum pm½I olwdkY vuf0,fodkY a&muf&Sdatmif ydkYaqmifvdkufygonf/
zwf½I&ol olawmfaumif; taygif;wdkYonfvnf; npfEGrf;aeaom rdrdwdkY pdwf"mwfrsm;udk jzLpifatmif jyKjyif
ajymif;vJEdkifMuygap[k qE´jyKtyfygownf;/

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pdwåvawmifausmif;?
zm;atmufawm&pBuøausmif;tkyfpk?
armfvNrdKifNrdKUe,f?

omoemawmfouú&mZf - 2542-ck?
aumZmouú&mZf - 1360-jynfhESpf? ewfawmfvjynfhaeY/

4 ©shwehinthar.com


1354-ckESpf 1355-ckESpf twmul;wJh vwefcl;tcgawmf0,f ... cl;vqkwf (6)&ufaeY n oBuFeftBudKaeYrS
wef
tpjyKí -- "r®ylZm tjzpfjzifh a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom - pdwf"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; w&m;a'oemawmf - 'DvdkyJ
emrnfwyfMupdkY ...
okwåefuawmh cyfpHkpHk pkaygif;NyD; a[m&rJh w&m;wpfck jzpfaeyg w,f? 'gaMumifh 'Dokwåefrsm;udk a[mMum;jyo
qdq;kH rawmfraom bk&m;&Sitm; a&S;OD;pGm tm;vH;k nDnnmnm ]earm wó} oH;k Burjf zifh &Sc;kd ylaZmfuefawmhMu&atmif
k l f D d d
...
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

___________________________

uHqef;Mu,fyHktydkif;
(*'´KvA'¨okwåefydkif;)

uHqef;Mu,fyHktydkif;
owå 0 gawG u d k rwl n D a tmif jyKjyif a y;aewJ h 'D u H a wG u xl ; axG u J G j ym;rI &S d w ,f / 'D v k d xl ; axG uJ G j ym;wJ h t wG u f
owå0gawG[m wpfOD;eJY wpfOD; rwlnDbJ tusKd;ay;awGvnf; xl;axGuJGjym;rI &Sdvm w,f? tJ'Dvkd &Sdaewmukd avmurSm
jrifae&wJh twGufaMumifh avmurSm uHr&Sdbl;vkdY b,fvkdvkyf ajymEkdifrvJ? avmurSm uH&Sdovm;ç r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/

(pmrsufESm-66/)

5 ©shwehinthar.com


tprxif oHo&m
a&S;OD;pGm *'´KvA'¨okwåefESifh w&m;ed'gef; ysKd;Mu&atmif .../
terwa*¾g,H bdu©a0 oHoma&m? ykAÁm aum#d e ynm,wd t0dZÆmeD0&PmeH owåmeH wPSmoHa,mZemeH
oE¨m0wH oHo&wH/
(oH-2-121/)

'Dpum;&yfuawmh [dk ... oH,kwfygVdawmf *'´KvA'¨okwåefrSm jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh
a'oemawmfuav; wpfckygyJ/ bmajymovJ¿
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wdkY .../ t,H oHoma&m = cE¨m tm,we "mwfwdkY tqufrjywf qufpyfíjzpf&m
½kyemrfoEÅmef tpOftwef;[k ac:qdtyfaom þoHo&monfum;/ terwa*¾g = ÓPfjzifh tpOfavQmufíaomfvnf;
f k
rodtyf rodEdkifaom tp &Sday/ ykAÁm aum#d = oHo&m aU&StpGef;onf/ e ynm,wd = rxif&Sm;ay/ wpfenf;
-- ykAÁm aum#d = oHo&m aU&StpGef;udk/ e ynm,wd = rodtyf rodEdkifay/
owå0gwpfOD; wpfOD;&JU oHo&mc&D; pcJhyHkudk ÓPfynm BuD;rm;vdkY b0wpfckNyD;wpfck b0wpfckNyD;wpfck ÓPfESifh
tpOf a vQmuf N yD ; vS r f ; NyD ; Munf h a omf v nf ; b,f b 0u pcJ h w ,f q d k w m rod t yf rod E d k i f a vmuf atmif
tvGef&Snfvsm;w,fvdkY 'Dvdk jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mMum;xm; awmfrlw,f/
]]ykAÁm aum#d e ynm,wd}} - oHo&m aU&StpGef;onf rxif&Sm; bl; odyf&Snfvsm;w,fqdkawmh oHo&m&JU
taemufpGef;uaum xif&Sm; ygovm;vdkY 'Dvdkawmh ar;p&m &Sdw,faemf/

oHo&mc&D;udk &S nfvsm;atmifvkyfaeol
'DaCm Amvme oHoma&m? o'¨r®H t0dZmewH/
(ck-1-22 - "r®y'??)
qdkNyD; jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mxm;awmfrlwJh a'oemawmfrsm; xif&Sm; &SdaeonfhtwGufaMumifh vlrdkufwdkYom
jzpfcJhr,fqdk&if oHo&m aU&S tpGef;onf &Snfvsm;ovdk oHo&m aemuftpGef;[mvnf; &Snfvsm; aew,f?
vlrdkufqdkwm b,fvdkyk*¾dKvfudk ajymwmvJ¿
]]o'¨r®H t0dZmewH}} - opömav;yg; olawmfaumif;w&m;udk rodwJh yk*¾dKvfrsKd;udk &nfñTef;NyD;awmh bk&m;&Sifu
a[mMum;aeawmfrlw,f/olawmfaumif;w&m; rodwJhyk*¾dKvfudk bmaMumifh vlrdkufvdkYac:&ovJ¿
w&m;emwJh y&dwfowfawG ... b,fvdk oabmaygufMuovJ? bmudk vlrdkufac:ovJ¿
wDPdrmed bdu©a0 Amvó Amvvu©Pmed ...(r-3-201/)
ponfjzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u Amvy@dwokwåefrSm vlvdr®m ynm&Sd jzpfaMumif;ç vlrdkufjzpfaMumif;w&m;awGudk
a[mMum;xm;ygw,f/
udk,fjzifh rjyKoifh rjyKxdkufwJh um,'kp½dkufawGudk vGefusL;aewJh yk*¾dKvfç EIwfjzifh rajymoifh rajymxdkufwJh
0pD'kp½dkufawGudk vGefusL;ae wJhyk*¾dKvfç pdwfjzifh rMuHpnfoifh rMuHpnfxdkufwJh raem'kp½dkufawGudk vGefusL;aewJh
yk*¾dKvfawGudk vlrdkufvdkY 'Dvdkac:xm;w,f? tJ'D vlrdkufwdkY tzdkY oHo&m aU&StpGef;onf &Snfvsm;ovdk oHo&m
aemuftpGe;f qdwmvnf; &Snvsm;ygw,f/ opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfqwhJ olawmf aumif;w&m;udk rodr&UJ tjypfawGy/
k f kd I J

6 ©shwehinthar.com

odaomfvnf; rdrw&UJ pdw"mwfukd vlvrmynm&Sd olawmfaumif; jzpfatmif jyKjyifajymif;vJay;vdur,fq&ifawmh
Yk d Ykd f d ® k f kd
oHo&m aU&StpGef; [m &Snfcsifvnf; &Snfygap? odkYaomf oHo&m&JU aemuftpGef;uawmh wdkroGm;Edkifbl;vm;¿
wdkoGm;Edkifw,f/ 'gaMumifh ---
-
t0dZÆm ESifh wPSm
terwa*¾g,H bdu©a0 oHoma&m? ykAÁm aum#d e ynm,wd t0dZÆmeD0&PmeH owåmeH wPSmoHa,mZemeH
oE¨m0wH oHo&wH/
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wdkY .../ t,H oHoma&m = cE¨m tm,we "mwfwdkY tqufrjywf qufpyfí
jzpf a y:íae&m ½k y f e mrf oEÅ m ef tpOf [ k ac:qd k t yf a om þoH o &monf u m;/ terwa*¾ g = ÓPf j zif h
tpOfavQmufíaomfvnf; rodtyf rodEdkifaom tp &Sday/ ykAÁm aum#d = oHo&m aU&StpGef;ukd/ e ynm,wd
= rodtyf rodEdkifay/ t0dZÆmeD0&PmeH = t0dZÆmeD0&Pw&m;onf ydwfzHk;umqD;tyfukefonfjzpfí/ wPSm-
oHa,mZemeH = wPSmwnf; [laom oHa,mZOfBudK;u &pfywfaESmifzGJU xm;tyfukefonfjzpfí/ oE¨m0wH = xdkb0rS
þb0ç þb0rS xdkb0odkY wajymif;jyefjyef usifvnfusufpm; ajy;oGm;í aeMu&ukefaom/ oHo&wH = wpfck
aom b0üvnf;yJ xyfumxyfum usifvnfusufpm; ajy;oGm;í aeMu&ukefaom/ owåmeH = owå0gwdkY / ykAÁm
aum#d = oHo&m aU&StpGef;udk/ e ynm,wd = rodtyf rodEdkifay/
oHo&mc&D; usifvnfae&wJh yk*¾dKvfawG&JU ta&;BuD;qHk; 'ku©ay; aewJh w&m;ESpfcku bmvJ¿ t0dZÆmESifh wPSmyJ
- t0dZÆmqdkwmu bmvJ¿
y&rw¬awm t0dZÆrmaeok £w¬dyk&dom'Dok Z0wd? 0dZÆrmaeokyd cE¨m'Dok e Z0wDwd t0dZÆm/ (tbd-|-2-127/
0dok'¨d-2-157/)
oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm (127)ç 0dok'¨dr*f t|uxm 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm (157) wdkYrSm
zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ bmajym wmvJ¿
y&rw¬awm = y&rw¬ w&m;ud,f teufoabmtm;jzif/ t0dZrmaeok = xif&m;r&SMd uukeaom/ £w¬y&om'Dok
k h Æ S f d k d
= trsKd;orD;ç trsKd;om; paom xdkxdka0g[m&wdkYü/ Z0wd = vsifjrefpGm jzpfí aewwf/ 0dZÆrmaeok = y&rw¬tm;jzifh
xif&Sm;&Sdí aeMuukefaom/ cE¨m'Dokyd= cE¨m tm,we "mwf opöm oabmw&m;wdkYüvnf;/ e Z0wd = rjzpfwwfay/
£wd wo®m = xdkaMumifh/ t0dZÆm = t0dZÆm rnf/
t0dZÆm&JU oabmu todrSm;aew,f? ajymif;jyefyJ/
'DxJrSm 0dyóemÓPf&&SdaewJh olawmfaumif;awGvnf; &Sdwef oavmuf &SdMuygw,f/ xdkolawmfaumif;awGu
y&rw¬ÓPfynm rsufpdjzifh tZÑwårSm "mwfav;yg;udk OD;wnfNyD;awmh ½kyfawG emrfawGudk odrf;qnf;wwfr,f/
A[d'¨rSmvnf; "mwfav;yg;udk tOD;rlNyD;awmh ½kyfawG emrfawGudk odrf;qnf;wwfr,f/ tJ'D ½kyfemrfawGudk odrf;qnf;
NyD;wJhtcg taMumif;w&m;awGudk &SmazGNyD; taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuG 'D½kyfemrfwdkY&JU jzpfNyD;ysufaewJh oabmudk
ÓPfEijhf rifatmif MunfNh y;D ]]tedp}ö }vdYk wGiwi½r,f? jzpfjcif; ysujf cif; 'Pfcsujf zifh tjrrjywf n§O;f yef; Edypufcae&wJh
S f G f I J S f H
oabmudk ÓPfESifhjrifatmif MunfhNyD; ]]'ku©}} vdkY wGifwGif½Ir,f? rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&
tm;jzifh wnfaewJh twå r&SdwJhç twå r[kwfwJh teufoabmudk 'Dy&rw¬w&m;awGrSm ÓPfESifh jrifatmif
MunfhNyD;awmh 'Dy&rwf w&m;awGudk ]]tewå}}vdkY wGifwGif½Ir,fqdk&if xdktedpömEkyóemÓPfç 'ku©mEkyóemÓPfç
tewåmEkyóemÓPfawG jzpfay:aewJh olawmf aumif;&JU todÓPfbufu vSrf;Munfhvdkufawmh (31)bHk twGif;rSm
a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0g vl ewf jA[®mqdkwm wu,fxif&Sm; r&Sdbl;? &Sdaewmu ½kyfw&m;tpktyHk &Sdw,f?
emrfw&m;tpktyHk &Sdw,f? ½kyfemrftpktyHk &Sdw,f? taMumif;w&m;tpktyHk &Sdw,f? tusKd;w&m; tpktyHk &Sdw,f?
tedpöw&m;tpktyHk 'ku©w&m;tpktyHk tewåw&m; tpktyHkawGyJ &Sdw,fvdkY ol&JUÓPfu jrifaew,f/ 'gaMumifh -

7 ©shwehinthar.com

½kyfw&m;vdkY odcJh&ifvnf; rSefw,f/ emrfw&m;awGvdkY odae&if vnf; rSefw,f/ ½kyfw&m;tpktyHk emrfw&m;tpktyHkvdkY
od&ifvnf; rSew,f/ taMumif;w&m;tpktykH tusK;d w&m;tpktykvdkY od&ifvnf; rSew,f/ tedpw&m;tpktyHawGy?J
f H f ö k
'ku©w&m;tpktyHkawGyJ? tewå w&m;tpktyHkawGyJvdkY 'DvdkodcJh&ifvnf; rSefaew,f/ 'Dvdk rodbJeJY y&rw¬tm;jzifh
wu,fxif&Sm; r&SdwJh a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0g vl ewf jA[®m pwJh ynwfawGtay:rSm aomifwifNyD;awmh
todrSm; aewJh oabmudkawmh bmvdkYac:ovJ¿ t0dZÆm/
'Dawmh a,mufsm;vdkY odaewJh todonf rSm;ovm;ç rSefovm;¿ rSm;w,f? tJ'D todrSm;aerIudk bmvdkYac:ovJ¿
t0dZÆmyJ/ trsKd;orD;vdkY odaewJh todonf rSm;ovm;ç rSefovm;¿ - rSm;w,f? 'Dtodonf t0dZÆmyJ/ y&rw¬tm;jzifh
wu,fxif&Sm;r&Sdbl;qdkwmu 'Dy&rwfw&m; awGu jzpfNyD;wmeJY csufcsif; ysufoGm;w,f/ wpfpuúefYudk tBudrfuka#
aygif;rsm;pGmyHk&if ½kyfavmurSm uka#aygif; (5000)ausmfcefYaygh? cefY vdkYajymygw,f? twdtusawmh rqdkvdkygbl;/
wpfpuúefYudk tBudrfuka# (5000)ausmfcefYavmuf yHk&if wpfyHkavmufom oufwrf;&Snfw,f/ emrfavmurSmvnf;
wpfpuúefYqdkwJh tcsdefumvudk uka#wpfodef; avmufyHk&if wpfyHkcefYavmufom oufwrf; &Snfw,f/ tJ'Davmuf
awmif tvGef vsifvsifjrefjrefBuD; jzpfysufaewJh "r®obm0awGudk 'gu a,mufsm;yJç 'gu rdef;ryJç 'gu igyJç 'gu
olyJç 'gu om;yJç 'gu orD;yJvdkY pGJ,lavmufwJh tcsdefawmif&Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/
r&SdayrJhvdkY owå0gawGu pJGaeMuw,f? 'gu a,mufsm;ç 'gu rdef;rç 'gu om;ç 'gu orD;ç 'gu ZeD;ç 'gu ajr;
ponfjzifh pGJvrf; aeMuw,f? todawG rSm;aeMuw,f/ tJ'Dvdk todrSm;rI t0dZÆm xif&Sm; &SdaewJh yk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm
'DtrsKd;om;qdkwJhtm½kH 'DtrsKd;orD;qdkwJh tm½kHawGu rdrd ESpfoufjrwfEdk;zG,f&m tm½kH jzpfcJhr,fqdk&ifvnf; 'Dtm½kH
awGtay:ü wG,fwmwyfrufrI wPSm ay:rvmbl;vm;¿ ay:vm w,f/ rdrd rESpfoufwJh tm½kH jzpfcJhr,fqdk&ifvnf;
rESpfoufwJhtwGuf a'gow&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfay:NyD; vmwwfw,f/
'gaMumifh oHo&mc&D; usivnfaewJh owå0gawGrm oHo&m bmaMumifh &Sn&ovJqwhJ tajccHtaMumif;&if;udk
f S f kd
Munfhvdkufawmh todrSm;rI t0dZÆmESifh xdkxdkb0 xdkxdk½kyfemrfoEÅmeftpOftay:rSm wG,f wmwyfrufaewJh
wPSmw&m;u t"dutaMumif;&if; jzpfaew,f/ tJ'D t0dZÆmeD0&P wPSmoHa,mZOfBudK; 'DESpfcku &pfywf aESmifzGJU
xm;tyfwJhtwGuf 'Dowå0gawGonf oHo&mc&D;rSm &Snfvsm;aeMu w,f/ a,mufsm; rdef;r vl ewf jA[®m ponfjzifh
todrSm;rI t0dZÆmESifh wG,fwmwyfrufrI wPSmw&m; ESpfyg;udk tajccHí ocFg& uH trsKd;rsKd; awGudk xlaxmifMuw,f/
'DuawGaMumifh y#doaE¨ae&wJ'uawGEihf tzefzef txyfxyf awGU&w,f? td&wJ'uawGEihf tzefzef txyfxyf
H h k © S k h k © S
awGU&w,f? em&wJh 'ku©awGESifh tzefzef txyfxyf awGU&w,f? ao&wJh'ku©awGESifh tzefzef txyfxyf awGU&w,f?
pdk;&drf&wJh'ku© ylaqG;&wJh'ku© idka<u;&wJh'ku© ukd,fqif;&J&wJh'ku© pdwfqif;&J&wJh'ku© jyif;pGmylyef&wJh 'ku©qdkwJh
'D'ku©t00awGESifh tjrJwrf; awGUae&w,f/
taMumif;rvSvdkY tcgtcGifhroifhvdkY vrf;acsmfoGm;cJh&ifvnf; tyg,foHo&m 0#fqif;&J 'ku©BuD;u rdrdudk
vSrf;NyD;awmh tjrJwrf; qD;BudKaew,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Davmufawmif oHo&mc&D;rSm tdkvdkYrqHk; emvdkYrqHk; aovdkYrqHk;
jzpfaewJh owå0gawGu 'DoHo&mc&D;rS uRwf&m uRwfaMumif; vGwf&mvGwfaMumif;jzpfwJh w&m;aumif;awG xif&Sm;
&Sdaew,fqdk&if 'Dtdkab;qdk;BuD;rS vGwfatmifç 'Demab;qdk;BuD;rS vGwf atmifç 'Daoab;qkd;BuD;rSvGwfatmifç
'Dtyg,f0#fqif;&J'ku© ab;qdk; BuD;rS vGwfatmif xkwfaqmifu,fwifay;rnfh w&m;wpfck xif&Sm; &Sdaew,fqdk&if
'Dw&m;rsKd;udk &atmif ,lxm;zdkY raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyfaumif;w,f/ odkYaomf ---
-

'gayrJhqdkwJh uGufvyfuav;
owå0gawGu awmfawmfuav;awmh cufw,f? cufw,fqdkwm u bmudk ajymvdkwmvJ¿ wpfcgwkef;u bkef;BuD;
'umav;wpfa,muf ESifh awGUzl;w,f/ 'umav;u pum;ajymcyfaumif;aumif;yJ? ajymygrsm; vmawmh olu

8 ©shwehinthar.com

bmavQmufxm;vmovJ¿ ]]t&Sifbk&m; ... vlawG [m rdrdtwGuf uGufvyfuav;wpfckudkawmh tjrJwrf; csefcsef
xm;w,f}}wJh bmudk ajymvdkwmvJ? qifajcay;zdkY&eftwGuf ]]'gayrJh}} qdkwJh uGufvyfuav;wpfckudk tjrJwrf;
csefcsefxm;w,fvdkY olu avQmufw,f/
rSefw,f? vlwdkif;rSm qifajcay;zdkY tuGufuav;awG trsm;BuD; &SdMuygw,f/ wynfhawmfu w&m;udk
tm;xkwcsiygw,f? pdwuygyg w,f? 'gayrJh ..]]'gayrJ}h }qdwhJ uGuvyfuav;xJukd ajy;ajy;Ny;D awmh 0ifom;Muw,f/
f f f k f G
tJ'D uGufvyfuav;xJrSm tjrJaeMur,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if awmh 'Dtdkab;qdk;BuD;rS vGwfyghrvm;? rvGwfEdkifbl;? emab;qdk;BuD;
uvnf; rvGwfEdkifbl;? aoab;qdk;BuD;uvnf; rvGwfEdkifbl;? tyg,f ab;qdk;BuD;uvnf; rvGwfEdkifbl;/ 'gaMumifh
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu ---
-
terwa*¾g,H bdu©a0 oHoma&m/ ykAÁm aum#d e ynm,wd t0dZÆmeD0&PmeH owåmeH wPSmoHa,mZemeH
oE¨m0wH oHo&wH/
(oH-2-121/)

bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wdkY .../ t,H oHoma&m = cE¨m tm,we "mwfwdkY tqufrjywf qufpyfí
jzpfay:ae&m ½kyfemrf oEÅmef tpOftwef;[k ac:qdktyfwJh þoHo&monf/ terwa*¾g = ÓPfjzifhtpOf
avQmuf í aomf v nf ; rod t yf rod E d k i f a om tp&S d a y/ t0d Z Æ m eD 0 &PmeH = t0d Z Æ m eD 0 &Pw&m;onf
yd w f z H k ; umqD ; tyf u k e f onf j zpf í / wPS m oH a ,mZemeH = wPS m wnf ; [l a om oH a ,mZOf Bud K ;u
&pfywfaESmifzGJUxm;tyfukefonfjzpfí/ oE¨m0wH = xdkb0rS þb0ç þb0rS xdkb0odkY wajymif;jyefjyef usifvnf
usufpm; ajy;oGm;í aeMu&ukefaom/ oHo&wH = wpfckaom b0üvnf;yJ xyfumxyfum usifvnf usufpm;
ajy;oGm;í aeMu&ukefaom/ owåmeH = owå0gwdkY/ ykAÁm aum#d = oHo&m aU&StpGef;udk/ e ynm,wd = rodtyf
rodEdkifay/
t0d Z Æ m eD 0 &P&J U yd w f z H k ; umqD ; rI u d k cH a e&r,f q d k & if ç wPS m wnf ; [l a om oH a ,mZOf B ud K ;jzif h v nf ;
taES m if t zG J U cH a e&r,f q d k & if a wmh - 'D v d k t0d Z Æ m eD 0 &Pu yd w f z H k ; umqD ; xm;tyf w J h wPS m wnf ; [l a om
oHa,mZOfBudK;jzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUxm;tyfwJh owå0gawG&JU oHo&m c&D;onf tvGef r&Snfbl;vm;¿ &SnfaeNyD/ -
aemufxyfvnf; 'DvdkyJ t0dZÆmeD0&Pu ydwfzHk;xm;OD;r,fqdk&if wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,m ZOfBudK;awGESifh
&pfywfaESmifzGJU cHae&OD;r,fqdk&ifvnf; oHo&mc&D; r&Snfbl;vm;¿ &SnfaeOD;r,f/ 'gaMumifh --- -

r[mork'´&ma& cef;ajcmufcsdef
a[mwd aom bdu©a0 ora,m ,H r[morka'´g Oókówd 0dokówd e b0wd? e awG0g[H bdu©a0
t0dZÆmeD0&PmeH owåmeH wPSmoHa,mZemeH oE¨m0wH oHo&wH 'ku©ó tEÅud&d,H 0'grd/ (oH-2-121/)
bd u © a 0 = cspf o m; &[ef ; wd k Y .../ ,H - ,o ® ð umav = tMuif tcgumvü/ r[mork a '´ g =
,o®
r[mork'´&mBuD;onf/ Oókówd = txufü cef;ajcmufí oGm;ayvwåHU/ 0dókówd = txl;xl; tjym; jym;
cef;ajcmufí oGm;ayvwåHU/ e b0wd = rjzpf r&SdawmhayvwåHU/ aom ora,m = xdkuJhodkYaom tcsdeftcgrsKd;onf/
a[mwd = &Sdao;onfomvQifwnf;/
tvGefBuD;us,faewJh a&xkxnfrsm;jym;aewJh r[mork'´&mBuD; &Sdw,f/ wpfcsdef - urÇmysufcgeD;NyDqdk&ifaygh?
aeawG wpfpif;Ny;D wpfpif;ç wpfpif;Ny;D wpfpif; xGuvm&muç ae ig;pif;avmuf xGuvmNyq&if r[mork'&ma&awG
f f D kd ´
tm;vHk; cef;ajcmufoGm;w,f/ tJ'Dvdk tcsdeftcg rsKd;[m wpfcsdef MuHKMuvdrfhr,f? oHo&mc&D; rqHk;ao;&ifawmh
'D'ku©u rdrdwdkY&ifqdkifMu&rnfh 'ku©wpfck jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk jzpfvmwJh tcsdef tcgrsKd;rSmawmif owå0gawG&JU

9 ©shwehinthar.com

oHo&mc&D;udk bk&m;&Sifu b,fvdk a[mawmfrlovJ¿
e awG0g[H bdu©a0 t0dZÆmeD0&PmeH owåmeH wPSmoHa,mZemeH oE¨m0wH oHo&wH 'ku©ó tEÅud&d,H
0'grd/
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wdkY .../ w'g - wo®drÜd umav = xdkuJhodkYaom tcsdeftcgrsKd;üaomfvnf;yJ/
t0d Z Æ m eD 0 &PmeH = t0d Z Æ m eD 0 &Pw&m;onf yd w f z H k ; umqD ; tyf u k e f o nf j zpf í / wPS m oH a ,mZemeH =
wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;u &pfywfaESmifzGJU xm;tyfukefonfjzpfí/ oE¨m0wH = xdkb0rS þb0ç þb0rS
xdkb0odkY wajymif;jyefjyef usifvnfusufpm; ajy;oGm;í aeMu&ukef aom/ oHo&wH = wpfckaom b0üvnf;yJ
xyf u mxyf u m usif v nf usuf p m; ajy;oG m ;í aeMu&uk e f a om/ owå m eH = owå 0 gwd k Y / 'k u © ó =
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©/ tEÅud&d,H = tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;udk/
t[H = igbk&m;onf/ e awG0 0'grd = a[mawmfrrlonfomvQif wnf;/
aeig;pif;xGufvmvdkY r[mork'´&ma&awG cef;ajcmufoGm;wJh tcsdeftcgumvwpfck wpfaeY jzpfay:vmvdrfhr,f/
tJ'D tcsetcg rsK;d rSmaomfvnf; t0dZmeD0&Pw&m;u ydwz;kH umqD;xm;tyfwçhJ wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBuKd ;&JU
d f Æ f
&pfywfaESmifzGJUrIudk cHae&wJh 'Dowå0gawG&JU oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©BuD;[m ukefqHk;oGm;vdrfhr,fvkdY ig bk&m; ra[mbl;?
b,fquf&rvJ¿ - t0dZmeD0&P ydwz;kH cHae&wJh owå0gawGtzdYk wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBuKd ;jzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG
Æ f
cHae&wJh 'Dowå0gawGtzdkY aU&SoHo&mc&D;u qD;BudKaeygw,f/ xkd tcsdeftcgrSmaygh b0wpfckukdawmh vufcH&rnfh
tajctae &Sdygw,f/ b,fvdkb0qdkwmuawmh NyD;awmhrS xyfajymr,f/ aemufwpfck - jrwfpGmbk&m;u
qufa[mjyefw,f --- -

jrifhrdk&fawmifrif; jymjzpfcsdef
a[mwd aom bdu©a0 ora,m ,H odae½kyAÁw&mZm !,Swd 0deówd e b0wd? e awG0g[H bdu©a0
t0dZÆmeD0&PmeH owåmeH wPSmoHa,mZemeH oE¨m0wH oHo&wH 'ku©ó tEÅud&d,H 0'grd/
(oH-2-121-122/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wdkY .../ ,H - ,o ® ð umav = tMuif tcgumvü/ odae½kyAÁw&mZm =
,o®
jrifhrdk&fawmifrif;onf/ !,Swd = avmifuRrf;í oGm;ay/ 0deówd = aysmufysufí oGm;ay/ e b0wd =
rjzpfr&Sdawmhay/ aom ora,m = xdkuJhodkYaom tcsdeftcg umvrsKd;onf/ a[mwd = &Sdao;onfomvQifwnf;/
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wdkY .../ w'g - wo®drÜd umav = xdkuJhodkYaom tcsdeftcgumvrsKd;üaomfvnf;yJ/
xyf c gxyf c g usif v nf usuf p m; ajy;oG m ;í aeMu&uk e f a om/ owå m eH = owå 0 gwd k Y / 'k u © ó =
oH o &m0#f q if ; &J ' k u © / tEÅ u d & d , H = tqH k ; tyd k i f ; tjcm;ud k / t[H = igbk & m;onf / e awG 0 0'grd =
a[mawmfrrlonfomvQif wnf;/
wpfcsdef .. aeig;pif; ausmfNyD;awmh ajcmufpif; xGufvmNyD/ tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm jrifhrdk&fawmifrif;BuD;aygh - tm;vHk;
rD;avmifoGm;vdrfh r,f? vHk;vHk; jrifhrdk&fawmifrif;BuD; uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvdk tcsdeftcgrsKd;rSmaomfvnf;yJ
t0dZÆmeD0&Pw&m;u ydwfzHk;umqD;xm; tyfwJh wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;jzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUcHae&wJh
'Dowå0gawG&JU oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©BuD;&JU tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;udk xif&Sm; &Sdaew,fvdkY igbk&m; ra[mbl;/ tJ'D'ku©udk
oHo&mc&D; rqHk;Muao; bl;qdk&if wpfcsdef awGUMu&OD;r,faemf/ aemufwpfck &Sdao;w,f/ -- -

10 ©shwehinthar.com


urÇm rD;avmifcsdef
a[mwd aom bdu©a0 ora,m ,H r[myx0D !,Swd 0deówd e b0wd? e awG0g[H bdu©a0 t0dZÆmeD0&PmeH
owåmeH wPSmoHa,mZemeH oE¨m0wH oHo&wH 'ku©ó tEÅud&d,H 0'grd/
(oH-2-122/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wdkY .../ ,H - ,o® ð umav = tMuif tcgumvü/ t,H r[myx0D = þ
,o®
r[myx0DajrBuD;onf/ !,Swd = avmifuRrf;í oGm;ay/ 0deówd = aysmufysufí oGm;ay/ e b0wd = rjzpf
r&Sdawmhay/ aom ora,m = xdkuJhodkYaom tcsdef tcgumvrsKd;onf/ a[mwd = &Sdao;onfomvQifwnf;/
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wdkY .../ w'g - wo®drÜd umav = xdkuJhodkYaom tcsdeftcgrsKd;üaomfvnf;yJ/
xyf u mxyf u m usif v nf usuf p m; ajy;oG m ;í aeMu&uk e f a om/ owå m eH = owå 0 gwd k Y / 'k u © ó =
oH o &m0#f q if ; &J ' k u © / tEÅ u d & d , H = tqH k ; tyd k i f ; tjcm;ud k / t[H = igbk & m;onf / e awG 0 0'grd =
a[mawmfrrlonfomvQif wnf;/
wpfcsdef .. aeckepfpif; xGufvmNyD? urÇmBuD; ysufcgeD; ysuf awmhr,fqdkwJh tcsdefaygh? aeckepfpif; xGufNyD
qdv&&ifawmh r[m yx0DajrBu;D vnf; tm;vH;k avmifuRr;f oGm;Ny?D y&rmPkjrLcefY ao; i,faewJh trIeav;awGawmif
k Ykd dS f
ruseawmhb;l ? t<uif;tusef r&Sd tukev;kH avmifom;Ny?D v[mjyif uGuvyfyJ useawmhw,f/ r[m yx0DajrBu;D udk
f f G f f
trSjD yKaewJh owå0grSeorQtm;vH;k wpfO;D wpfa,muf rQr&Sawmhb;l / tJ'vkd tcsetcgrsK;d a&mufwhJ tcgrSmaomfvnf;yJ
f d D d f
t0d Z Æ m eD 0 &Pw&m;jzif h yd w f z H k ; umqD ; cH a e&wJ h owå 0 gawG t zk d Y wPS m wnf ; [l a om oH a ,mZOf B ud K ;jzif h
&pfywfaESmifzGJUcHae&wJh owå0gawG tzdkY oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku© ukefqHk;oGm;vdrfhr,fvdkY igbk&m; ra[mygbl;/

urÇmysufykH wnfykH
'Dvdkqdk&ifawmh wpfcsdef 'D'ku©BuD;awGESifhvnf; awGU&r,f? awGUNyD; awmhvnf; aemufxyf oHo&mc&D;vnf;
rukeq;kH ao;bl;qd&ifawmh aMumufzYkd raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyaMumufzYkd aumif;w,f/ oHo&mc&D; rqH;k ao;olwtwGuf
f k f Ykd
urÇmysufwJh ab;qdkwmu awGU&rSm "r®wmyJ aemf? oHo&mc&D;udk 'DurÇm rysufcifrSm rdrdwdkYu qHk;atmif jyKvkyfEkdif
wJhpGrf;tm;ç pdwf"mwfawGudk jyKjyifajymifvJay;EdkifwJhpGrf;tm; &SdcJhrnf qdk&ifawmh 'D'ku©BuD;awGu vGwfoGm;Edkifw,f/
tJ'Dawmh oHo&mc&D; rqHk;&if b,foGm;MuovJ¿ "r®wmuav;wpfckudk enf;enf;ajymr,f/
urÇmOD;u pajymrS enf;enf; oabmaygufr,f/ urÇmOD;umv rSmaygh - tckvkd urÇmysufNyD; v[mjyiftwkdif;
wnfaeNy;D aemufç aemufxyf urÇmBu;D wnfaqmufz&eftwGuf urÇmjyKwhJ urÇmjyKr;kd Bu;D p&GmNyD qdMk updaemf? yxrawmh
Ykd Yk
rd;k ao; rd;k zGaygh? tJ'uae wjznf;jznf; rd;k awG Bu;D us,vmNy;D awmh 'Da&xkukd atmufu avxku cHxm; vduwtcgrSm
J D f k f hJ
wjznf;jznf; a&xk&JU tay:aMumawGu wif;rmNyD; awmh wjznf;jznf; ausmufawG jzpfvmw,f? ajrawG jzpfvmw,f?
wjznf;jznf; urÇmBuD; wnfaew,f/

urÇmOD;umv
tJ'vkd urÇmBu;D wnfvmNy;D wJh tcsetcgumvuae pNy;D awmh aemufawmh opfyifawG a&ajrawG awmawmifawG
D d f
ponfjzifh jzpf xGe;f vmwJh tcsetcgrSm - [dk .. jA[®mjh ynfavmufrm oufwrf; ukeq;kH oGm;wJh jA[®mwcsKUd jA[®mjh ynfrm
d f S f S
pkawNy;D awmh vlUjynf vlU avmurSm ud,xif&m;vmjzpfMuw,f? jA[®mBu;D awG vlUjynfqif;vm Muwmawmh r[kwb;l ?
k f S f
jA[®mhjynfrSm oufwrf;ukefvdkY vlUjynfudk vl tjzpfeJY a&muf&SdvmMuw,f/ 'gayrJh olwdkYu jA[®muae vlUjynfudk


jAKef;ueJa&mufp yk*¾dKvfawGjzpfawmh rif;uawmfus yHkpHrsKd;aygh? t&Sdef t0guav;awGu &SdaeMuao;w,f?
udk,fa&mifudk,f0gawG xGef;vif; awmufyvsuf &SdaeMuygao;w,f/
qkwfuyf ESifh wufuyf
tJ'D urÇmOD;umvrSm&SdaeMuwJh yk*¾dKvfawG&JU oufwrf;udk a&wGuf Munfhvdkufr,fqdk&if vlwdkY&JU oufwrf;tm;jzifh
ajymr,f q d k & if ra& rwG u f E d k i f a vmuf a tmif ouf w rf ; &S n f w ,f ? toacsF , swrf ; vd k Y a c: w,f / tJ ' D v d k
ra&rwGufEdkifavmufatmif oufwrf;&Snfae&muaeNyD; awmh 'Dvlom;awGu bmjzpfvmMuovJ¿ wjznf;jznf;
&m* a'go arm[wd ESypufwhJ 'PfcsuawGukd cHvm&w,f/ tJ'vkd cHvm&wJh tcsetcgrSm &m* a'go arm[awG
Yk d f f D d f
xlajymvmwJtwGuf wjznf;jznf; oufwrf;awGwom;vduwm aemufq;kH b,fa&mufom;ovJ¿ (10)ESpf wrf;a&muf?
h kd G k f G
(10)ES p f w rf ; usawmh owf M ujzwf M uwJ h owå E Å & uyf a wG u vT r f ; rd k ; vmMuw,f ? tJ ' D t csd e f t cgrS m
aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYwwfwJh yk*¾dKvfwcsKdUu awmxJ awmifxJ ykef;NyD;awmh arwåmç u½kPmç rk'dwmç Oayu©mvdkY
ac:qd k t yf w J h jA[® 0 d [ m&w&m; jA[® p d k & f w &m;av;yg; yG m ;vd k u f w J h t cgrS m wjznf ; jznf ; ouf w rf ; awG u
jyef&Snfvmjyefw,f? (10)ESpfuarG;wJh yk*¾dKvfu tESpf (20)ç tESpf (20)uarG;wJh yk*¾dKvfu tESpf (40)ç tESpf
(40)uarG;wJh yk*¾dKvfu tESpf (80) ponfjzifh wjznf;jznf; oufwrf;awG &SnfoGm;vdkufwmç jA[®pdk&fw&m; tm;
aumif;&if tm;aumif;oavmuf oufwrf;awG &SnfoGm;vdkufwm aemufqHk;awmh ra&rwGufEdkifwJh toacsF,swrf;
a&mufoGm;w,f/
tJ'Dvkd toacsF,swrf;uaeNyD;awmh (10)ESpfwrf;ç (10)ESpfwrf; uae toacsF,s - tJ'Dvdk qkwfuyf wufuyf
wpfpHkudk tEÅ&uyf wpfuyfvdkY ac:ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk tEÅ&uyfaygif; (64)uyfç (64)Budrf jynfhNyDqdk&ifawmh
"r®wmtavsmuf urÇmBuD; ysufw,f/
rD; - a& - av
urÇmysufwJhtcgrSm rD;aMumifh ysufwmvnf; &Sdw,f? a&aMumifh ysufwmvnf; &Sdw,f? avaMumifh ysufwmvnf;
&Sdw,f/
rD;aMumifh (7)Budrfwdkifwdkif ysufNyD;wJhtcg - (8)Budrfajrmufwdkif; (8)Budrfajrmufwdkif;rSm a&aMumifh urÇmBuD;
ysuf&jyefw,f/ 'Denf; twdkif; rD;aMumifh (7)Budrf a&aMumifh (1)Budrfç rD;aMumifh (7)Budrf a&aMumifh (1)Budrf - qdkwJh
"r®wmtwdkif; urÇmBuD; ysufvmvdkufwm (64)BudrfjynfhwJhtcg avaMumifhwpfcg urÇmBuD; ysuf&jyefw,f/
'gaMumifh 'DurÇmBuD;[m rD;aMumifhysufwJhtcgvnf; ysufw,f? a&aMumifhysufwJhtcgvnf; ysufw,f?
avaMumifhysufwJhtcgvnf; ysufw,f/
rD;aMumifhysufwJhtcg umr (11)bkHESifh ½lyg0p&jA[®mhjynfxJu yxrpsmefokH;bkHtxd tukefvkH;ysufw,f/
a&aMumifhysufwJhtcg umr (11)bkHESifh 'kwd,psmefokH;bkHtxd tukefvkH;ysufw,f/ avaMumifhysuf wJhtcg umr
(11)bkHESifh a0[yædKvfbkHatmuf wwd,psmefokH;bkHtxd tukefvkH;ysufw,f/
tJ'Dvdk urÇmBuD; ysufaewmvnf; tEÅ&uyfaygif; (64)Budrf avmufyJ tcsdefumvMumanmif;ygw,f? oH0¥uyf
= ysufqJuyfvdkY ac:w,f? y&rmPkjrLcefY trIefuav;awGawmif rusef&atmif tm; vkH; ysufoGm;w,f/
ysuom;Ny;D wJtcg bmrQr&SbJ v[mjyiftwdi;f wnfaewmvnf; tEÅ&uyfaygif; (64)BuravmufyJ tcseMf umanmif;
f G h d k d f d
ygw,f? oH0¥Xm,DuyfvdkY ac:w,f? tysuftwdkif;wnfaewJhuyfyJ/ wpfcg urÇmjyKrdk;&GmwJhtcsdeftcgupNyD; ae v
eu©wfwm&mawG xGuf vmwJh tcsdeftxd urÇmBuD; wnfvmwmvnf; tEÅ&uyfaygif; (64) BudrfavmufyJ
tcsd e f u mvMumanmif ; ygw,f ? 0d 0 ¥uyf v d k Y ac:w,f ? urÇ m wnf a eqJ u yf y J / ae v eu© w f w m&mawG
xGufwJhtcsdeftcgu pNyD; urÇmBuD; ysufwJhtcsdeftxd urÇmBuD; wnfaewmvnf; tEÅ& uyfaygif; (64)BudrfavmufyJ
Mumanmif;ygw,f? 0d0¥Xm,DuyfvdkY ac: w,f? wnfNyD;twdkif; qufvufwnf&SdaewJhuyfyJ/ ckajymcJhwJh oH0¥ç
oH0¥Xm,Dç 0d0¥ç 0d0¥Xm,DvdkY ac:wJh uyfav;uyfudk wpfurÇmvdkY ac:w,f/

cka[maewJh *'´KvA'¨owermawmh urÇmysureYJ ywfoufvYkd rD;aMumifh ysuwhJ urÇmudk pHxm;Ny;D awmh bk&m;&Siu
k å f S f I f f
w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;aeygw,f/
jA[®mhjynfu qD;BudKaeygw,f
tJ'Dvdk urÇmysufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm ckeu aeckepfpif;xGufwJh tqifh a&mufvmNyDqdk&ifawmh owå0g[lorQ
r[myx0DajrBuD;[lorQ bmrQ rusefbJ jrLrIefrQrusef tukefvHk; ysufpD;oGm;w,f? ysufpD;oGm;awmh 'Dowå0gawG
b,fa&mufovJvdkY ar;&ifawmh xdktcsdeftcgrSmaygh? tyg,fom;owå0gawGu tyg,frSvGwf? vlUjynfvlUavmu
a&mufvm NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm vlUjynfvlUavmurSm owdoHa0*awG &Muw,f/ wu,fhaoab;ESifh awGUNyDqdkawmY
xdwfvefYaMumuf&GHUNyD;awmh w&m; uav; bmuav; tm;xkwfMuawmh psmefuav; bmuav;awG & oGm;Muw,f?
tJ ' D p smef t &S d e f j zif h rD ; aMumif h od k Y r [k w f a&aMumif h od k Y r [k w f avaMumif h rysuf p D ; wJ h jA[® m jynf a wG u d k
a&muf&SdoGm;Muygw,f/

rvTJra&Smifomtm;xkwfvdkY &wJhpsmef&JUpGrf;tif
ckae - a,m*DawG enf;enf; pOf;pm;Munfhaygh? w&m;a[maewJh yk*¾dKvfa&m w&m;emaewJh y&dowfawGa&m 'Dn
(8) em&DrSm tm;vHk; aoMuawmhr,fqdk&if reufjzef bmvkyfr,fqdkwJh pDrHudef;awGudk zsuf odrf;vdkY r&bl;vm;¿
&oGm;r,f/ cku aoab;ESifh wu,f rawGUao; awmh bmjzpfvJ¿ ckeu ajymcJhwJhtwdkif; uGufvyfuav;xJudk
0if0if NyD;awmh ajy;aeMuw,f - ]]wynfhawmfu ESpfqef;wpf&ufaeYavmuf txdawmh aerSmyg}} - olu
'Davmufaewmudk olUudk,fol tawmf av; *kPf,lNyD;awmh pum;ajymaew,f/ 'Dawmh tJ'DuGufvyfxJudk
0if0ifajy;aeMuwm? wu,faoab;ESihf &ifqi&Nyqawmh 'Duuvyf xJukd 0ifO;D rvm;¿ r0ifawmhb;l ? 0ifztcsevnf;
kd f D kd G f Ykd d f
r&Sdawmhbl;/
'gaMumifh wu,fhaoab;ESifh MuHKvmwJh tcsdeftcgusrS tJ'DrSm &rd&&mw&m;awG tm;xkwfvdkufawmh
psmefuav;awG &oGm;Muw,f/ tJ'DpsmefawG&JU t&Sdeft0gaMumifh jA[®mhjynfwufoGm;Muw,f/ odkYaomf vnf;
rvTJra&SmifomvdkY tm;xkwf&wJh psmefrsKd;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ouf wrf;u cyfMumMum &Snfrvm;¿ r&Snfawmhbl;/
owå0gwdkY&JU tjrJaexdkif&m tdk;tdrf
oufwrf;ukefawmhvnf; vlUjynfwpfywf jyefaMumh&jyefw,f/ vlUjynfa&mufjyefawmhvnf; ckeu ajymcJhwJh &m*
a'go arm[awG&JU ESdyfpufwJh 'PfcsufaMumifh tyg,f av;bHkudk wpfcg jyefNyD;awmh qif;&jyefw,f/ 'gaMumifh
owå0gawG&UJ tjrwrf;aexdi&m tdronf bmvJvar;awmh tyg,fav;bHy?J tyg,fav;bHu rdrd tjrwrf; aexdiwhJ
J k f f Ykd k k J k f
tdrfyJ/ tckvdk vlUjynf ewfjynf jA[®mhjynfqdkwmu wpfcg wpf&H tcgtcGifhoifhvdkY tvnftywfa&mufvmwJh
oabmrQom &Sdw,f/
yrwåó p emr pwåma&m tyg,m o[a*[o'dom = orx 0dyóem tpjzmwJh ukodkvfw&m;awGrSm
arhavsmhaewJh yk*¾dKvftzdkY tyg,fav;bHk[m rdrd&JU tdk;tdrfeJY wlw,f/ ("r®y't|uxm-1-6/) - bmaMumifhvJ¿
owå0gwdkY&JU pdwf"mwf
owå0gawG[m pdwf"mwfawGudk jyefNyD;qef;ppfMunfhvdkuf&if ]]'g &Sifhom; r[kwfygbl;? 'g &SifhorD; r[kwfygbl;?
'gu cifAsm;om; r[kwf ygbl; cifAsm;orD; r[kwfygbl;}}vdkY ckae vlwpfa,mufu ajym&if vufcHEdkifyghrvm;¿
vufrcHEdkifbl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ t0dZÆmeD0&Pu ydwfzHk;xm;w,f? wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;uvnf; &pfywf
aESmifzGJUxm;w,f/ ]]'g &Sifha,mufsm; r[kwfygbl;}} ckaevmNyD;ajym&if 'umrBuD;awG b,fvdkrsm;jyefajzMurvJ¿
]]'Drdef;reJYaemf awmfawmf cufwJhrdef;ryJ}}vdkY ajymrSmyJ? [kwfw,fr[kwfvm;¿ 'if; bmpum;awG vmajymaeygvdrfh
qdkNyD; rauseyfwJh pdwf"mwfawG a'goawGawmif jzpfcsif jzpfukefr,f jzpfukefr,f/



'gaMumifh olu t0dZmeD0&PESihf aysmarGUNy;D ae&wmudçk wPSm wnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBuKd ;jzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG Ny;D
Æ f
cH a e&wmud k v nf ; pd w f u raysmf b l ; vm;¿ aysmf a ew,f / tJ ' D a e&mud k y J jyef o G m ;csif w ,f ? 'D a e&muae
uRwfatmifvGwfatmif ½kef;zdkYvkyfief;usawmh pdwfxJrSm xufxufoefoefjzpfovm;¿ odyfrxufoefbl;? [dk
..wpfavmuyJ qdygawmh 'Dw&m;emy&dowfxvnf; ygygvdrr,f xifyg&JU? rEÅav; wuúovu ausmif;q&mwpfO;D
k J hf kd f
ausmif;a&mufvmawmh bkef;BuD;u olUrdcifudk ar;Munfhw,f/ ]]'umrBuD; ...'umrBuD;om; olrsm; om;orD;udk
oGm;NyD; uRefcHr,fqdk&if 'umrBuD; oabmwlrvm;}}vdkY ar;Munfhawmh - ]]wlw,fbk&m;}}wJh - a[m?
uJ - owå 0 gawG u d k td k em aoa&; 'k u © a b;rS vG w f a tmif tyg,f a b;BuD ; rS vG w f a tmif
xkwfaqmifu,fwifay;rnfh w&m;awG udk a[mMum;jyoqdkqHk;rNyD; vdkufNyD;omoemjyKr,fqdk&ifawmh 'umr BuD;
oabmrwlEdkifbl;vm;vdkYar;awmh - oabmrwlEdkifbl;wJh?
olu tJ'g bmajymcsifwmvJqdkawmh t0dZÆmeD0&Pu ydwfzHk; cHae&wmudk vGwfatmif ½kef;csifwJh qE´"mwf
r&Sdovdk wPSmwnf; [laom oHa,mZOfBudK;jzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUcHae&wmudkvnf; vGwf atmif ½kef;csifwJh
qE´"mwfawGu r&Sdbl;qdkwmudk ajymcsifaewm? bmjzpfvdkY 'DqE´"mwfr&SdovJqdkwmudk jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu Oyrmu
av;ESifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ --- awmufqGJcHae&aomb0
-
ao,sxmyd bdu©a0 om *'´KvAa'¨g 'aV§ cDav 0g xarÇ 0g OyedAa'¨g/ aom *päwd apyd? war0 cDvH 0g xrÇH
0g Oy*päwd/ wd|wd apyd? war0 cDvH 0g xrÇH 0g Oywd|wd/ edoD'wd apyd? war0 cDvH 0g xrÇH 0g OyedoD'wd/
edyZÆwd apyd? war0 cDvH 0g xrÇH 0g OyedyZÆwd/ (oH-2-123/)
bdua0 = cspom; &[ef;wkYd .../ ao,sxmyd = jzpfoifjh zpf&m EIi;f cki;f zG,&m avmuOyrmonfum;/ *'´KvAa'¨g
© f d d f
= awmufjzifh zJGUcsnfíxm;tyfaom/ om = acG;ukd/ 'aV§ = jrJjrHckdifcHhaom/ cDav 0g = ikwfüaomfvnf;aumif;/
xarÇ 0g = wkdifüaomfvnf;aumif;/ OyedAa'¨g = zGJUcsnfí xm;av&m/
awmufqkdwmuawmh awmifqkyfavmuf&SdwJh wkwfwpfacsmif;ygyJ? wkwfqkdaomfvnf; 0g;&if;wkwfyHkpHrsKd;vdYk
,lq&ygw,f? tJ'wwf wpf acsmif;ukd cseom;ukuatmif tv,facgifrm BuKd ;uav;wpfacsmif;ESihf csnxm;Ny;D awmh
D k d f d f S f
acG;&JU vnfyif;rSm tJ'DBudK;wpfacsmif;ESifh 'Dawmufukd qJGNyD;awmhxm;vkdufw,f? awmuf&JUyrmP t&Snftwkdu
awmifqkyf avmuf &Sdw,f? BudK;&JUt&Snftwkdu bmESifh wkdif;wmxm;ovJqkdawmh acG;&JU'l;qpfESifh wkdif;wmxm;w,f?
aU&SvufESpfbufaygh? bmjzpfvkdYvJ qkdawmh ----
olu cPcP [kdtdrfvnf 'Dtdrfvnf vnfwwfvGef;vkdY cP cP [kdajy; 'Dajy; ajy;wwfvGef;vkdY? [kdtdrfvnf
'Dtrvnf rvnf Ekiatmifç [ktrajy; 'Dtrajy; odyrajy;Ekiatmif qkNd y;D awmh vnf yif;rSm awmufqay;vkuw,f/
d f d f d d f d f f d f GJ d f
awmufqJGay;vkdufawmh ajy;vkdufNyDqkd vkdY&Sd&if 'DqJGxm;wJh awmufu 'l;ESpfbufukd ½kdufaewJhtwGuf 'DacG; onf
ajy;Ekdifao;ovm;¿ rajy;Ekdifawmhbl;/
tJ'g 'umBu;D awG 'umrBu;D awG rajy;Ekiwmvnf; bmjzpfvv¿ tJ'gpOf;pm;MunfMh u? uJ rajy;Ediwtcgusawmh
d f Ydk J k f hJ
'DacG;udk bmvkyfao; ovJ¿
awmufqJGxm;½kHwGif r[kwfao;bl;? aemufxyfwpfck jyKvkyfxm; jyefao;w,f? tJ'DawmufqJGxm;wJh acG;ukd
bmvkyfovJ --- -

wkdifikwfrSm okdYr[kwf csnfwkdifrSm BudK;csnfcHxm;&wJhb0
'aV§ cDav 0g xarÇ 0g OyedAa'¨g/
'aV§ = jrjJ rcicaom/ cDav 0g = wkiiwüaomfvnf;aumif;/ xarÇ 0g = csnwiüaomfvnf;aumif;/ OyedAa'¨g
H dk f hH d f k f f dk f
= uyfí zJGUcsnf xm;av&m/


vnfyif;rSm awmufBuD;qJGxm;NyD; jrJjrHckdifcHhwJh ikwfwpfck okdYr[kwf wkdifwpfwkdifrSm ckdifcHhwJh BudK;wpfacsmif;jzifh
jrJjrJjrHjrH ½kef;vkdYr&atmif xyfNyD;awmh csnfxm;jyefw,f? csnfxm;vkdufwJhtwGuf 'DacG;onf bmjzpfovJ/
aom *päwd apyd? war0 cDvH 0g xrÇH 0g Oy*päwd/
(oH-2-123/)
aom = xk d a cG ; onf / apyd *pä w d = tu,f í oG m ;rl v nf ; oG m ;jim;tH h / war0 cD v H 0g =
xk d i k w f o k d Y o mvQif a omf v nf ; aumif ; / war0 xrÇ H 0g = xk d w d k i f u k d o mvQif a omf v nf ; aumif ; / Oy*pä w d =
uyfíoGm;&ay/
oGm;r,fqv&&ifvnf; BuKd ;jzifh csnxm;cH&wJtwGuf csnwhJ BuKd ;uvnf; odycicaewJtwGuaMumifh 'DacG;onf
dk Ydk dS f h f f dk f hH h f
oGm;&if 'Dwkdif em;uyfNyD;awmhyJ oGm;&w,f/
wd|wd apyd? war0 cDvH 0g xrÇH 0g Oywd|wd/ (oH-2-123/)
apyd wd|wd = tu,fí &yfrlvnf; &yfjim;tHh/ war0 cDvH 0g = xkdikwfukdomvQifaomfvnf;aumif;/ war0
xrÇH 0g = xkdwkdifukd omvQifaomfvnf;aumif;/ Oywd|wd = uyfí &yf&/
&yfr,fqvnf; 'Dwiem;u olcmvk&rvm;¿ r&bl;? 'Diwem;u cGmvkr&bl;? 'Diwem;rSm 'Dwiem;rSmyJ uyfNy;D awmh
dk dk f G Yd k f Yd k f dk f
&yfae&w,f/
edoD'wd apyd? war0 cDvH 0g xrÇH 0g OyedoD'wd/
(oH-2-123/)
apyd edoD'wd = tu,fí xkdifrlvnf; xkdifjim;tHh/ war0 cDvH 0g = xkdikwfukdomvQifaomfvnf;aumif;/
war0 xrÇH 0g = xkdwkdifukdomvQifaomfvnf;aumif;/ OyedoD'wd = uyfí xkdif&ay/
xkdifr,fqkdvkdY &Sd&ifvnf; 'Dikwfem; okdYr[kwf 'Dwkdifem;rSmyJ uyfNyD; awmh xkdif&w,f/
edyZÆwd apyd? war0 cDvH 0g xrÇH 0g OyedyZÆwd/
(oH-2-123/)
apyd edyZÆwd = tu,fí tdyfrlvnf; tdyfjim;tHh/ war0 cDvH 0g = xkdikwfukdomvQifaomfvnf;aumif;/
war0 xrÇH 0g = xkdwkdif ukdomvQifaomfvnf;aumif;/ OyedyZÆwd = uyfí tdyf&ay/
tdyfr,fqkdvnf; b,fem; uyftdyfovJ¿ 'Dwkdifem; okdYr[kwf 'D ikwfem;yJ uyfNyD;awmh tdyf&w,f? 'gu
Oyrmpum;yJ/

ynmrsufpdumPf;aewJh ykxkZefirkdufom;&JUtjrif
tJ'DOyrmav;ESifh wkdif;wmNyD;awmh 'umBuD;awG 'umrBuD;awG bufukd jrwfpGmbk&m;u vSnfhNyD;awmh
a[mjyefw,f? wkdYukd bk&m;u acG;eJY EIdif;NyD; a[mw,fvkdY 'Dvkdawmh r,lqeJYaemf? yHkpHwlaevkdY jrwfpGm bk&m;u
a[maewmaemf? b,fvkd a[movJ --- -
{0ar0 acg bdu©a0 tókw0g ykxkZÆaem ½lyH ]]{wH rr? {aom[ro®d? {aom ar twåm}}wd orEkyówd/
(oH-2-123/)
bdua0 = cspom; &[ef;wkYd .../ {0ar0 acg = þOyrm twlomvQi/ tókw0g = tm*rokw t"d*rokw[k
© f f
ac:qkd tyfaom tMum;tjrif A[kokw r&Sdaom/ ykxkZÆaem = y&rw¬ ÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;aewJh tE¨Amv
ykxkZefirkdufom;onf/ ½lyH = ½kyfw&m;ukd/ ]]{wH = þ½kyfw&m;onfum;/ rr = ig&JU½kyfw&m;wnf;/ {aom =
{wH
þ½kyfw&m;onfum;/ t[ro®d = igwnf;/ {aom = þ½kyfw&m;onfum;/ ar = ig/ twåm = twåwnf;/}} £wd


= þokdYomvQif/ orEkyówd = tzefzef txyfxyf pJGvrf;xifjrif ½Iqifjcifí aeay/
a,mufsm;ç rde;f rç om;ç orD; ponfjzifh ac:a0:oH;k EIe;f xm;tyfwhJ ½kyw&m;tpktyH&w,f qkMd upk?Yd tJ'½yw&m;em;
f k dS D k f
uyfvkdufNyDqkdvkdY&Sd &if bmjzpfovJ¿ 'gu ighom;ç 'gu ighorD;ç 'gu ighZeD;ç 'gu ighajr;ç 'gu igha,mufsm; ponfjzifh
tem;ukd oGm;uyfw,f -- [kwfovm;ç r[kwfbl;vm;¿
odyfrajzMubl;? [kwfovm;ç r[kwfbl;vm;¿ uJ 'umBuD;awG 'umrBuD;awG ajzprf;? igh[m ihg[mqkdNyD;awmh
tem;uyfw,f -aemf aemufwpfck ---
-
{aom[o®d = igyJ qkdNyD;awmhvnf; tem;uyfw,f/ {aom ar twåm = ig&JUtwåyJ qkdNyD;awmhvnf; 'Dvkd
tem;uyfw,f/ wcsKdU tzkd; tzGm;awG bmajymovJ ]]'Dajr;av;u wynfhawmf&JU toufyJ}}wJh? a[m - 'Dajr;ukdyJ
olU&JUtoufvkdY rajymbl;vm;¿ ajymaew,f? tJ'g bmvJ¿
{aom ar twåm = 'g[m olU&JU toufaumifç vdyjf ymaumifç 0dnmOfaumifç twåaumifvYdk pJvrf;xifjrifNy;D awmh
G
,lqNyD; ajymae wJh tajymyJ? 'Dawmh ½kyfw&m;em;uyf&ifvnf; igh[mqkd uyfw,f? igvkdYuyfw,f? ig&JU twåvkdY
ajy;NyDawmh uyfw,f/
a0'eH/ onH/ ocFga&/ 0dnmPH ]]{wH rr? {aom[ro®d? {aom ar twåm}}wd orEkyówd/ (oH-2-123/)

a0'emç onmç ocFg&ç 0dnmPfac:wJh emrfw&m;awG usjyef awmhvnf; igh[myJç igyJç igh&JhtwåyJvkdY ajy;NyD;awmh
uyfw,f? ighpdwf u olrsm;pdwfESifh wlwm r[kwfbl;? ighavmbu olrsm;avmbESifh wlwm r[kwfbl;? igha'gou
olrsm; a'goESifh wlwm r[kwfbl;? ighrmeu olrsm; rmeESifh wlwm r[kwfbl;? igho'¨gw&m;u olrsm; o'¨gw&m;ESifh
wlwm r[kwfbl;? ighapwemu olrsm;apwemESifh wlwm r[kwfbl; ponfjzifh 'Da0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfac:wJh
emrfw&m; awGukdvnf; igh[m igh[mqkdNyD;awmh ajy;ruyfbl;vm;¿ uyfaew,f? igvkdYvnf; uyfaew,f?
ig&JUtwåvkdYvnf; uyfw,f? tJ'Dvkd pJGvrf; xifjrif ½IqifjcifaewJh yk*¾dKvf[m bmjzpfovJ¿

ykxkZefirkdufom;&JU £&d,mykxfav;yg;
aom *päwd apyd? £ar yÍöKyg'geu©aE¨ Oy*päwd/ wd|wd apyd? £ar yÍöKyg'geu©aE¨ Oywd|wd/ edoD'wd apyd?
£ar yÍöKyg'geu©aE¨ OyedoD'wd/ edyZÆwd apyd? £ar yÍöKyg'geu©aE¨ OyedyZÆwd/ (oH-2-123/)
aom = xkdy&rwfÓPfynmrsufpd umPf;íaewJh yk*¾dKvfonf/ apyd *päwd = tu,fí oGm;rlvnf; oGm;jim;tHh/
£ar yÍöKyg'geu©aE¨ = þOyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; ½kyfemrfw&m;wkdYukdomvQif/ Oy*päwd = uyfí oGm;/
apyd wd | wd = tu,f í &yf r l v nf ; &yf j im;tH h / £ar yÍö K yg'geu© a E¨ = þOyg'geu© E ¨ m ig;yg;
½kyfemrfw&m;wkdYudkomvQif/ Oywd|wd = uyfí &yf/
apyd ed o D ' wd = tu,f í xk d i f r l v nf ; xk d i f j im;tH h / £ar yÍö K yg'geu© a E¨ = þOyg'geu© E ¨ m ig;yg;
½kyfemrfw&m;wkdYudkomvQif/ OyedoD'wd = uyfí xkdif/
apyd ed y ZÆ w d = tu,f í td y f r l v nf ; td y f j im;tH h / £ar yÍö K yg'geu© a E¨ = þOyg'geu© E ¨ m ig;yg;
½kyfemrfw&m;wkdYudkomvQif/ OyedyZÆwd = uyfí tdyfay/
[kwfovm; r[kwfbl;vm;¿ oGm;&ifvnf; 'DOyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; tem;rSmyJ uyfNyD;awmh oGm;w,f? wJGwJG wJGwJGeJY
roGm;bl;vm;¿ oGm; w,f/ &yfawmhvnf; tJ'D Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;tem;rSmyJ uyfNyD;awmh &yfw,f? xkdifawmhvnf;
'DOyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;tem;rSmyJ uyfNyD;awmh xkdifw,f? olrsm;vmxkdif&ifawmif BudKufovm;¿ tdyfawmhvnf; 'D
Oyg'geu© E ¨ m ig;yg;tem;rS m yJ uyf N yD ; awmh rtd y f b l ; vm;¿ td y f a ew,f ? tJ ' D v k d t d y f a ewJ h yk * ¾ d K vf a wG u
b,fvkdOD;wnfcsufESifh tdyfovJ? igh[m qkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufESifh tdyfw,f? igqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufESifh tdyfw,f? igh&JU


twåyJqkdwJh 'DtpGJtvrf;ESifh rtdyfbl;vm;? tdyfw,f/
igh[mvkdY pJGaewJhtpJGu wPSmpJG? igç igvkdY pJGaewJhtpJGu rmepJG? ig&JUtwåyJvkdY pJGaewJh tpJGu 'd|dpJG? 'DtpJG
oHk;ckonf bmaMumifhjzpfay: vm&ovnf;vkdY tajccHtaMumif;t&if;udk qef;ppfMunhfvkdufawmh bmudk awGUovJ¿
t0dZÆmeD0&P ESifh wPSmoHa,mZOfBudK;
t0dZÆmyJ? t0dZÆmeD0&Pw&m;u ydwfzkH;umqD;xm;w,f? 'gu ½kyfw&m;tpktykHyJ emrfw&m;tpktykHyJvkdY rodbl;?
taMumif;w&m; tpktyHk tusKd;w&m;tpktyHkyJvkdY rodbl;? tedpöw&m;tpktyHkawGyJ 'ku©w&m;tpktyHkawGyJ
tewåw&m;tpktyHkawGyJvkdYvnf; rodbl;? rodwJhtwGuf b,fvkdodovJ¿
a,mufsm;vkdYodw,f? rdef;rvkdYodw,f? vlvkdYodw,f? ewfvkdYod w,f? om;vkdYodw,f? orD;vkdYodw,f? tJ'Dvkd
todrSm;aewJh t0dZÆmu ydwfzkH;xm;wJhtwGufaMumifh owå0gawGonf - 'Da,mufsm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0gtcsif;csif;ç
vl ewf jA[®mtcsif;csif; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; wG,fwm wyfrufwJh"mwfawG udef;0yfNyD; rvmbl;vm;¿ vmw,f/
rd r d & J U ½k y f e mrf o EÅ m ef t pOf a y:rS m vnf ; ud e f ; 0yf w G , f w mwyf r uf r I "mwf a wG ud e f ; 0yf v mw,f ?
olwpfyg;&JU½kyfemrftpOfay:rSma&m vSrf;NyD; wG,fwmwyfrufrI r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f? wG,fwmwyfrufrI "mwfu
odyfNyD; jyif;xefvmNyDqkd&ifawmh bmjzpfwwfovJ? aMumufzkdY odyf aumif;w,f/ enf;enf;av;ajymcsifw,f? 'DtxJrSm
om;orD;awG&SdwJh 'umBuD;awG 'umrBuD;awG &Sdygvdrfhr,f xifygw,f? bkef;BuD; ar;cGef; av; wpfckawmh
ar;Munhfcsifw,f/ olrsm;om;orD;ESifh ukd,fhom;orD; b,folUukd ykdcspfovJ¿
]]ukd,fhom;orD;ukd ydkcspfw,f}}
bkef;BuD;uawmh odyfr,Hkbl;? r,Hkwm bkef;BuD;taMumif;uav; wpfck ajymvkdufOD;r,f? bkef;BuD; ]]tpif&Gm}}rSm
aepOftcgwkef;uaygh? 'umBuD;wpfa,mufESifh 'umrBuD; wpfa,muf &Sdygw,f? bkef;BuD;wkdY aewJh jcH&Sif
ausmif;'umBu;D &JU a,mu©r qkMd uygpkaemf? tzk;d Bu;D u touf (90)ausmom;Ny?D tzGm;Bu;D u touf (80)ausmaeNy/
Yd f G f D
tzk;d Bu;D u wpfaeYawmh awmausmif;rSm vmNy;D Oykoapmifr,fç ausmif; rSmyJ tdyawmhr,fqNdk y;D awmh txkytyk;d awGEihf
f h f f S
a&mufvmw,f? eHeuf (9)em&Davmufç oDv,lNyD;wJh tcsdefavmufMuawmh ajr;awGu vkduf vmw,f --
]]tzkd; ...tdrfrSm tzGm;u tzkd;ukd rjrifvkdY ikdaeNyD}} wJh --- -
'Dvvmajymw,f? tzk;d Bu;D vnf; 'Dpum;udk Mum;wmeJY csucsi;f yJ txkyuav;udk yduNf y;D tdrukd jyefajy;oGm;w,f?
kd f f k f
ausmif;rSm tdyNf y;D awmh Oykoapmifo;Hk r,f w&m;bm0emyGm;rsm;r,fqwhJ pdwu;l awG[m tm;vk;H t&nfaysmom;w,f/
f h kd f f G
tJ'g olrsm;om;orD;ESifh udk,fhom;orD; b,folUudk ykdcspfw,fqdkwm pOf;pm;MunfhMu pOf;pm;MunfhMu? ukd,fh
om;orD;awGu tem;rSm &Sdaeom;yJ? olUrSmjyKpkaewJh orD;wpfa,muf tem;rSm tjrJ&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh tzkd;BuD;ukd
rjrifvkdYwJh xkdifNyD;ikdaew,f? touf (80) ausmfaeMuNyD rjrif&&if ikdwkef;yJ &Sdao;w,f/
tJ'g bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmh 'DOyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;tem;rSm uyfNyD; awmh oGm;aew,f? uyfNyD;awmh &yfaew,f?
uyfNyD;awmh xkdifaew,f uyfNyD;awmh tdyfaew,f/ tJ'gESifh enf;enf;cJGvkduf&NyDqkd&if cJGEkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdovm;¿
r&SdMubl;aemf/ 'gaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u bma[m awmfrlovJ¿
rdrdwkdY&JU pdwfukd rMumcP qifjcifay;yg
wo®mwd[ bdua0 tbduPH ouH pdwHå ypöa0udwAÁH ]'DC&wår'H pdwHå oHuv|H &ma*e a'gaoe arma[em}wd?
© © © d d d
pdwåoHudavom bdu©a0 owåm oHudvdóEÅd? pdwåa0g'gem owåm 0dokZÑEÅd/
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ wo®m = xkdYaMumifh/ £[ = þavmuü/ wkarS = oifcspfom;wkdYonf
oifcspforD;wkdYonf/ ouH pdwåH = rdrdwkdY&JU pdwfukd/ £'H pdwåH = þigwkdY&JUpdwfonf/ 'DC&wåH = aenOfhoHo&m
&Snjf rifpmaom tcsetcgumvwkywfv;kH / &ma*e = &m*aMumif/ a'gaoe = a'goaMumif/ arma[e = arm[aMumif/
h G d f Yd h h h


oHudvd|EÅd = npfEGrf;í ae&ay[lí/ tbdu©PH = rMumcP tjrJrjywf/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH = qifjcifoihf
qifjcifxkdufay/ bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ pdwåoHudavom = pdwf"mwf npfEGrf; jcif;aMumifh/ owåm =
owå0gwkdYonf/ oHudvdóEÅd = npfEGrf;Mu& ukef/ pdwåa0g'gem = pdwf"mwf jzLpifoefY&Sif;jcif;aMumifh/ owåm =
owå0gwkdYonf/ 0dokZÑEÅd = pifMu,fMu&ukef/
'gaMumifh oifcspfom;wkdY oifcspforD;wkdYwpfawG[m rMumcP rdrd&JUpdwfukd qifjcifay;yg? b,fvkd qifjcif&rvJ
- aeYnOfoo&m &Snjf rifpmaom tcsetcgumvwkywfv;kH igwk&UJ pdwonf &m*aMumifh npfEr;f ae&w,f? a'goaMumifh
h H h G d f Yd Yd f G
npfEGrf;ae&w,f? arm[aMumifh npf EGrf;ae&w,fvkdY 'Dvkd rMumcP qifjcifay;yg/
bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ pdwf"mwfawG npfEGrf;&if owå0gawG npfEGrf;Mu &w,f? yifyef;Mu&w,f? qif;&JMu&w,f/
pd w f " mwf a wG jzLpif o ef Y &S i f ; vmNyD q k d & if v nf ; owå 0 gawG pif M u,f o ef Y & S i f ; oG m ;&w,f / 'D a wmh
pdw"mwfpifMu,foef&i;f atmif b,fvvy&r,fqwmuawmh Ny;D awmhrS ajymygr,f/ 'Dawmh pdw"mwfawG npfEr;f &if
f Y S dk k f dk f G
owå0gawG npf EGrf;&wJh yHkpHawGukdawmh cyfrsm;rsm;av; ajymzkdY &nf&G,fxm;ygw,f? bmjzpfvkdY 'Dpdwf"mwfawG
npfEGrf;&if owå0gawG npfEGrf;&ovJ¿ ckeu Oyrm Munfhayghav/

pdwf"mwfawG npfEGrf;&if owå0gawG npfEGrf;Mu&w,f
t0dZÆmeD0&Pw&m;u ydwfzkH;xm;w,f? trSefrodbl;? todrSm; aew,f/ todrSm;aewJh owå0gawG[m
wG,fwmp&m&Sd&if wG,fwm r,f? rdrdESpfoufzG,f&m tm½kHawGESifh oGm;NyD; awGUcJh&if wG,fwmrIawG jzpfvmr,f?
rESpfoufzG,f&m tm½kHawGESifh awGUcJh&ifvnf; a'goawG jzpfawmhr,f? ta,medaomreodum&ukd tajccHaew,f?
todrSm;rI t0dZÆmukd tajccHaew,f/
tm½kHawGukd enf;rSefvrf;rSef ESvHk;roGif;wwfbl;/ tm½HkwpfckESifh MuHKBudKufvkdufwJhtcgrSm 'Dtm½kHawGukd
½kyfw&m;tpktykHyJ emrfw&m; tpktykHyJ taMumif;w&m;tpktykHyJ tusKd;w&m;tpktykHyJ tedpö w&m;tpktykHyJ
'kuw&m;tpktykyJ tewåw&m;tpktykyvYdk 'Dvdk ESv;Hk roGi;f wwfb;l / tJ'vEv;Hk oGi;f wwfcr,fq&ifawmh a,medaom
© H H J D dk S hJ dk
reodum&vkdY ac:ygw,f? enf;rSefvrf;rSef ESvkH;oGif;jcif;yJ/
tJ'Dvkd a,medaomreodum&ukd aU&SoGm;rjyKrdbJ om;yJ orD;yJ a,mufsm;yJ rdef;ryJ yk*¾dKvf owå0gyJ vl ewf
jA[®myJvkdY 'DvkdESvkH;oGif; rdr,fqkd&ifawmh 'DESvkH;oGif;rIu rSm;aew,f/ rSm;aewJh 'DtodrSm;rI &SdaevkdY&Sd&if
ta,med a omreod u m& &S d a ecJ h r ,f q k d & if a wmh tuk o k d v f w&m;awG [ m aemuf u ae
qufwkdufjzpfay:vmwwfMuygw,f/
ta,med a omreod u m&u tajccH t aMumif ; t&if ; jzpf a ew,f ? tJ ' D a wmh tuk o k d v f w &m;wk d Y & J U
tajccHtaMumif;&if;jzpfwJh 'D ta,medaomreodum&u bmaMumifhjzpfovJvkdY jyefajymif;NyD; qef;ppfMunfh
vkdufawmhvnf; t0dZÆmeD0&Pw&m;u ydwfzHk;cHae&wmu taMumif; wpfckç wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;jzifh
&pfywfaESmifzGJUcHae& wmu taMumif;wpfck jzpfw,f/
vnfyif;rSmqJGxm;wJh ouúm,'d|dawmufBuD;
'DtaMumif;ESp&yf &SvuwhJ 'Dowå0gawG&UJ oEÅmefrm vnfyif; rSm bmqJxm;ovJ? awmufBu;D wpfck qJxm;w,f?
f d dk f S G G
tJ'Dawmufukd ouúm,'d|dvkdY 'Dvkd owfrSwfxm;w,f? ouúm,'d|dqkdwmu oaEÅm uma,m ouúma,m - t&
xif&Sm;&SdaewJh Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;ukd ouúm,vkdY ac:w,f? tJ'D ouúm,trnf&aewJh Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; tay:ü
cH,lcsufrSm;aewJh 'd|dw&m;ukd ouúm,'d|dvkdY 'Dvkdac:ygw,f/
tJ ' D a wmh 'D o uú m ,'d | d q k d w J h awmuf B uD ; u vnf y if ; rS m qJ G x m; w,f q k d w mu bmajymwmvJ ¿
[kem;uyfvuvnf; igyJç ig&JU twåy?J 'Dem;uyfvuawmhvnf; ig&JUtwåy?J [k½yemrftem;uyfvuvnf; ig&JUtwåy?J
d dk f dk f d k f dk f


'D½kyfemrftem;uyfvkdufvnf; ig&JUtwåyJ? twåqkdwmu a,mufsm;yJ rdef;ryJ yk*¾dKvfyJ owå0gyJ vlyJ ewfyJ jA[®myJ
ponfjzifh 'Dvkd cH,lcsufrSm;aewJhoabmç toufaumif vdyfjymaumif 0dnmPf aumif twåaumif ponfjzifh
cH,lcsufrSm;aewJhoabmyJ? tJ'D cH,lcsuf rSm;aewJh ouú,'d|dtwåqkdwJh awmufBuD;u vnfyif;rSmqJGxm;w,f/
ckeu ajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ - tdrf&SifrwpfOD;udk 'Da,mufsm;u nD; a,mufsm; r[kwfbl;vkdY ajym&ifvufcHyghrvm;¿
vufrcHEkdifbl;? vuf rcHwJhyk*¾dKvf[m vnfyif;rSm bmqJGxm;vJ¿ awmufBuD; qJGxm;w,f/ tdrf&SifwpfOD;udk
'D'umrBuD;u rif;'umrBuD; r[kwfygbl;? 'umBuD;&JU 'umrBuD; r[kwfygbl;vkdYajym&ifaum olu vufcHyghrvm;¿
vuf rcHbl;? bmjzpfvkdYvJ? ouúm,'d|dvkdYac:qkdtyfwJh awmufBuD;wpfcku vnfyif;rSm qJGxm;w,f? qJGNyD;awmh
wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOf BuKd ;u tifrwefcicatmif csnxm;w,f? b,frm csnxm;ovJ? cE¨mig;yg;qkwiwf
dk f hH f S f d hJ k
okdYr[kwf cE¨mig;yg;qkdwJh wkdifwpfwkdifrSm csnfxm; w,f/
csnfxm;cH&wJh 'Dowå0gawG[m oGm;&ifvnf; 'DcE¨mig;yg; tem; uyfNyD;awmh oGm;w,f? &yf&ifvnf;
cE¨mig;yg;tem;rSmyJ uyfNyD;awmh &yfw,f? xkdif&ifvnf; 'DcE¨mig;yg; tem;rSmyJ uyfNyD;awmh xkdifw,f? tdyfawmhvnf;
'DcE¨mig;yg;tem;rSmyJ uyfNyD;awmh tdyfw,f/ ½kef;vkdwJh qE´"mwf jyif;jyif;jyjy&Sdovm;¿ r&SdMubl;/ 'Dawmh tJ'Dvkd
cE¨mig;yg; tem;rSmyJ uyfNyD;awmh oGm;aewJhç &yfaewJhç xkdifaewJhç tdyfaewJh yk*¾dKvf&JU vnfyif;rSmvnf;
awmufBuD;wpfckudk xyfqJGxm;w,f? wPSm wnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;uvnf; &pfywfNyD; aESmifzJGUxm;w,f? tJ'D
yk*¾dKvfawG[m bmESifhwlovJ? ckeu Oyrmay;xm;w,f --- -
Oyrm ESifh Oyar,s

wkdifikwfwpfwkdifrSm ckdifcHhwJh BudK;wpfacsmif;jzifh vnfyif;rSm awmuf qJGNyD;awmh acG;wpfaumifukd csnfxm;wmESifh
odyfNyD;awmh wlw,fvkdY 'Dvkd jrwfpGmbk&m;u Oyrmay;xm;w,f? tJ'Dpm&if;xJrSm tck w&m; emaewJh y&dowfawG
ygovm; rygbl;vm;¿ trsm;pkuawmh ygae MuykH&w,f? rygatmif BudK;pm;zkdYaum raumif;bl;vm;¿ ygaecJh&if?
rygatmif BudK;pm;zkdY odyfaumif;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd vnfyif;rSm awmufqJGNyD; wkdifwpfwkdifrSm tcsnfcHae&wJh b0awGu
b,favmufrsm;cJhovJ¿ odyfNyD;awmhrsm;cJhw,f/ 'gaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u w&m;tprSm --- -
terwa*¾g,H bdu©a0 oHoma&m/ ykAÁm aum#d e ynm,wd t0dZÆmeD0&PmeH owåmeH wPSmoHa,mZemeH
oE¨m0wH oHo&wH/
(oH-2-121/)
bdua0 = cspom; &[ef;wkYd .../ t,H oHoma&m = cE¨m tm,we "mwfw tqufrjywfjzpf&m ½kyemrfoEÅmef
© f Ydk f
tpOftwef; [k ac:qdktyfaom þoHo&monf/ terwa*¾g = ÓPfjzifh tpOfavQmufíaomfvnf; rodtyf
rodEkdifaom tp&Sday/ t0dZÆm eD0&PmeH = t0dZÆm eD0&Pw&m;onf ydwfzkH;umqD;tyfukefonf jzpfí/ wPSm-
oHa,mZemeH = wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;u &pfywfaESmifzJGUxm;tyfukefonfjzpfí/ oE¨m0wH = xkdb0rS
þb0ç þb0rS xkdb0okdY wajymif;jyefjyef usifvnfusufpm; ajy;oGm;í aeMu&ukefaom/ oHo&wH =
wpfckaomb0üvnf;yJ xyfumxyfum usifvnfusufpm; ajy;oGm;í aeMu&ukefaom/ owåmeH = owå0g wkdY/
ykAÁm aum#d = oHo&maU&StpGef;ukd/ e ynm,wd = rodtyf rodEkdifay/
t0dZÆmeD0&Pw&m;u ydwfzHk;NyD;awmh wPSmwnf;[laom oH a,mZOfBudK;jzifh &pfywfaESmifzJGUcHxm;&wJhç
ouúm,'d|dqkdwJh awmufBuD; vnf; vnfyif;rSm tqJGcHxm;&wJh 'Dowå0gawG&JU oHo&mc&D;ukd jyef ajymif;NyD;
qef;ppfMunfhvkdufawmh ÓPfjzifh tpOfavQmufí vSrf;í MunfhwwfvkdY Munfhr,fqkd&if qHk;Ekdifrvm;¿ rqHk;Ekdifbl;?
odyf&Snfw,f/
odyf&SnfwJhtwGuf 'Dt0dZÆmeD0&Pukd ry,fzsufEkdifbl; qkd&ifç wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;ukdvnf;
ry,fjzwfEkdifbl; qkd&ifç ouúm,'d|dqkdwJh awmufBuD;ukdvnf; qJGNyD;awmh jzKwfrcsEkdifbl; qkd&if aemufxyf


oHo&mc&D;uvnf; r&SnfEkdifbl;vm;¿ &SnfEkdifw,f/
&SnfEkdifwJhtcgrSm 'DoHo&mc&D;onf 'Dt0dZÆmç wPSmç ouúm, 'd|d ac:qkdtyfwJh 'Dtukokdvfw&m;awG&JU
pGrf;t[kefu odyfNyD; tm; aumif;vmvkdY&Sd&if xkdoHo&mc&D;onf aumif;wJhoHo&mrsKd; jzpfcJw,f? tyg,fav;yg;qkdwJh
oHo&mc&D;uom rdrdukd qD;BudKaerSm jzpfw,f/
tJ'Dvkd qD;BudKaerSmjzpfwJhtwGuf 'Dvkdtyg,fab;qkd;BuD;rS vGwf atmif uRwfatmifç tkdab;qkd;BuD;rS
vGwfatmifuRwfatmifç em ab;qkd;BuD;rS vGwfatmifuRwfatmifç aoab;qkd;BuD;rS vGwfatmif uRwfatmif
½kef;uefxGufzkdY&eftwGuf &nf&G,fNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m; u bmqHk;raeovJ ---
-
wo®mwd[ bdu©a0 tbdu©PH ouH pdwåH ypöa0u©dwAÁH ]]'DC&wård'H pdwåH oHudvd|H &ma*e a'gaoe
arma[em}}wd? pdwåoHudavom bdu©a0 owåm oHudvdóEÅd? pdwåa0g'gem owåm 0dokZÑEÅd/ (oH-2-123/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ wo®m = xkdYaMumifh/ £[ = þomoemawmfjrwftwGif;ü/ wkarS =
oifcspfom;wkdYonf oif cspforD;wkdYonf/ ouH pdwåH = rdrdwkdY&JUpdwfukd/ £'H pdwåH = þigwkdY&JU pdwfonf/ 'DC&wåH =
aenOfhoHo&m &SnfjrifhpGmaom tcsdeftcg umvwkdYywfvHk;/ &ma*e = &m*aMumifh/ a'gaoe = a'goaMumifh/
arma[e = arm[aMumif/ oHuv|EÅd = npfEr;f íae&ay[lí/ tbduPH = rMumcP tjrrjywf/ ypöa0u©wAÁH
h d d G © J d
= qifjcifoihf qifjcifxkdufay/
[d = taMumif;ukd qkd&aomf/ bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ pdwåoHudavom = pdwf"mwfnpfEGrf;jcif;aMumifh/
owåm = owå0g wkdYonf/ oHudvdóEÅd = npfEGrf;Mu&ukef/ pdwåa0g'gem = pdwf"mwf jzLpifoefY&Sif;jcif;aMumifh/
owåm = owå0gwkdYonf/ 0dokZÑEÅd = pif Mu,fMu&ukef/
pdwf"mwfawG npfEGrf;cJh&if owå0gawG npfEGrf;Mu&w,f? pdwf "mwfawG jzLpifoefY&Sif;cJhr,fqkd&if owå0gawG
jzLpifoeY&i;f Ny;D awmh vmMu&w,f? 'gaMumifh igwk&UJ pdwonf aeYnOhoo&m &Snjf rifpm aom tcsetcgumvwkywfv;kH
f S Yd f f H h G d f Yd
&m*aMumifh npfEGrf;ae&w,fç a'go aMumifh npfEGrf;ae&w,fç arm[aMumifh npfEGrf;ae&w,fvkdY 'Dvkd rMumcP
rdrdwkdY&JUpdwfukd qifjcifoHk;oyfay;ygvdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u wkduf wGef;xm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd wkdufwGef;NyD;awmh aemufxyf
jrwfpGmbk&m; onf bmudk qufNyD; a[mMum;awmfrlovJ -- -
p&P yef;csDum;csyf
'd|H a0g bdu©a0 p&PH emr pdwåEÅd/ {0H baEÅ/ (oH-2-123/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ p&PH emr = p&P trnf &Sdaom/ pdwåH = qef;Mu,fwJh yef;csDum;csyfukd/
a0g = oifcspfom;wkdY onf/ 'd|H = jrifzl;Muygukefovm;¿
jrwfpGmbk&m;u &[ef;wkdYukd ar;Munfhw,f? cspfom; &[ef;wkdY ... p&P trnf&SdwJh tifrwef qef;Mu,fwJh
yef;csDum;csyfuav;ukd oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawG jrifzl;Mu&JUvm;vkdY ar;Munfhw,f/ p&PqkdwJh yef;csDum;csyfuawmh -
jAm[®Pygo@duvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh jAm[®P t,l0g' ukd;q,fausmfavmuf &Sdw,f? tJ'Dt,l0g'orm;awGu ol
wkdY&JU 0g'jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf 0g'jzefYjzL;a&; yef;csDum;csyfuav;awGudk toHk;jyKMuw,f? p&Pqdkwm olwkdY toHk;jyKwJh
yef;csDum;csyfyJ/ 'D yef;csDum;csyfuav;awGu odyfNyD;awmh qef;Mu,fw,f/ t"du &nf &G,fcsufuawmh bmvJ¿
'Dvkd raumif;wJhtrIjyKcJh&if 'Dvkd raumif;wJh tusKd;&w,f? 'Dvkdaumif;rIukd jyKcJhr,fqkd&ifvnf; 'Dvkd aumif;usKd;
awGudk &w,fvkdY 'Dyef;csDum;csyfukd Munfh½IaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG oabm aygufEkdif&eftwGuf &nf&G,fNyD;awmh tifrwef
qef;Mu,fwJh yef;csDum; csyfuav;awGukd a&;om;xm;w,f/
a&;om;NyD;wJh tcgusawmh 'D yef;csDum;csyfuav;awGukd 0g'jzefYjzL;aewJh w&m;a[mq&mawGu oGm;av&mukd
,l a qmif o G m ;Mu w,f / ,l a qmif o G m ;NyD ; wJ h t cg w&m;emy&d o wf a wG oabmayguf Ek d i f a tmif


tJ'Dyef;csDum;csyfuav;awGukd xkwfaqmifjyNyD;awmhrS ol wkdY w&m;ukd a[mavh&Sdw,f/ tJ'Da[mMum;avh&SdwJh
yef;csDum;csyf uav;awGukd p&PvkdY ac:ygw,f/
tJ ' D p&P trnf & wJ h yef ; csD u m;csyf u tvG e f q ef ; Mu,f w ,f ? od y f t qef ; wMu,f a&;xm;w,f /
qef;qef;Mu,fMu,f a&;xm;wJh 'Dyef;csDum;csyfukd oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawG oifcspforD;wkdYwpfawG jrifzl; Muygovm;vkdY
jrwfpGmbk&m;u ar;w,f/ ar;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm &[ef;awmfawGu ]]{0H baEÅ = jrwfpGmbk&m; ...wynfhawmfwkdY
jrifz;l Muygw,f}}qkNd y;D awmh jyefNy;D awmh avQmufxm;Muw,f? tJ'tcserm jrwfpmbk&m;u bmqufNy;D awmh trde&ovJ
D d f S G Yf dS
--
-

p&Pyef;csDum;csyfxuf ydkNyD;qef;Mu,fwJhpdwf
wrdÜ acg bdu©a0 p&PH emr pdwåH pdawåae0 pdwådwH/
(oH-2-123/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ p&PH emr = p&P trnf &SdwJh/ wrdÜ acg pdwåH = xkd qef;Mu,fwJh
yef;csDum;csyfukdvnf;yJ/ pdawåae0 = pdwfjzifhomvQif/ pdwådwH = MuHpnfpdwful;í a&;qJG tyfay/
tJ'avmuf qef;Mu,faewJh yef;csum;csyudk bmESihf a&;qJovJ vkYd ar;awmh pdwEihf ...ç tifrwef qef;Mu,fwhJ
D D f G f S
pdwfuav;ESifh a&;qJGxm;wmyJ? b,fvkda&;qJGovJvkdYar;awmh ---
-
yxr 'Dyef;csDum;csyfukd a&;awmhrnfh yk*¾dKvfu a&S;OD;pGm bmvkyf &ovJ? 'Dae&mrSm a,mufsm;&JU t½kyfuav;ukd
a&;r,f? 'Dae&m usawmh trsK;d om;&JUt½ky?f 'Dae&musawmh trsK;d orD;&JUt½ky?f 'Dae &mrSm rsuv;kH xnhr,f? 'Dae&mrSm
f f
rsufcHk;xnfhr,f? rsufvHk;usvkdY &Sd&ifvnf; vkdifemqkdvm; bmqkdvm; [kwfvm;¿ -- b,fae&mrSm vkdifem uav;ukd
b,fvkdqJGvdkufr,fqkdNyD;awmh pdwful;rI yxr r&Sd&bl;vm;? &Sdw,faygh/ ---
-
rSefaU&SrSm oGm;&yfNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if vkdifemukd qJGr,fqkdwJhpdwful; r&Sd cJh&if 'DtrsKd;orD; qJGvkdY&rvm;¿ r&bl;/ rSefa&SrSm
U
oGm;&yfvkduf? &yfNyD; wJhtcgrS aoaocsmcsm qJGvkdufwm? EIwfcrf;eDuav;u b,fae&mrSm xnhfr,f? vufonf;eDu
b,fae&mrSmqkd;r,f? b,fvkdta&mif qkd; r,f ponfjzifh yxrMuHpnfpdwful;rI r&Sd&bl;vm;? &Sdw,f/
tJ'yptwki;f yJ 'D yef;csq&muvnf; 'Drm trsK;d orD;½kyu av;awGç trsK;d om;½kyuav;awGukd a&;awmhr,fq&if
D kH H d D S f f dk
rsufvHk;ukd b,ftaetxm; xm;r,f? rsufcHk;ukd b,fvkd taetxm; xm;r,f? EIwfcrf;ukd b,fvkdtaetxm;
xm;r,f? rsufvHk;usawmh aq;a&mif ukd b,fvkd cs,fr,f? rsufcHk;usawmh b,fvkd aq;a&mif cs,fr,f ponfjzifh
MuHpnfpdwful;rI &Sd&w,f/ opfyifukd b,fvkdtaetxm; xm;r,f? vrf;ukd b,fvkdtaetxm; xm;r,f ponfjzifh
yxr rlv MuHpnfpdwful;rIu t&ifjzpf&w,f? tJ'DMuHpnfpdwful;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcg usawmhrS rdrd ESpfNcdKufwJhyHkpHtwkdif;
'Dyef;csDum;csyfukd a&;qJG&w,f/
a&;qJvuwhJ tcsetcgrSm rdrjd zpfcsiwmawG tm;vH;k jzpfovm;vkar;&if b,fvdk ajzrvJ¿ rjzpfb;l ...rjzpfb;l /
G dk f d f f Yd
erlemav; oabmaygufatmif wpfckajymr,f/ tJ'Dyef;csDum;csyfxJrSm ,lZem wpf&mavmuf vif;xdefaewJh
ywåjrm;BuD;wpfvHk;udk a&;qJGNyD;awmh xnfhr,fqkdMupkdY? wu,fwrf; ywåjrm;&wemBuD;wpfckudk yef;csDum;csyf xJrSm
a&;xnfvuwtcgrSm ,lZemwpf&mavmuf vif;vmovm;¿ rvif;bl;? pdwu;l wki;f jzpfovm;¿ rjzpfb;l ? [kww,f
h dk f hJ f d f
r[kwfvm;¿ 'Dawmh yef;csDum;csyf qef;Mu,f&wm pdwfaMumifh qef;Mu,f&wm jzpfawmh taMumif;&if;jzpfwJhpdwfonf
'Dyef;csDum;csyfxuf ykdNyD;awmh qef;Mu,frI r&SdEkdifbl;vm;¿ &SdEkdifw,f/ pdwfqef;Mu,foavmuf 'D yef;csDum;csyfonf
qef;Mu,fovm;¿ rqef;Mu,fao;bl;/ pdwfu omvQif ykdNyD;awmh rqef;Mu,fbl;vm;? qef;Mu,faew,f/ 'gaMumifh
jrwfpGmbk&m;u --- -
aweyd acg bdua0 p&aPe pdawåe pdwan0 pdww&H? wo®mwd[ bdua0 tbduPH ouHpwHå ypöa0u©wAÁ?H
© å å © © d d


]]'DC&wår'H pdwHå oHuv|H &ma*e a'gaoe arma[em}}wd? pdwouavom bdua0 owåm oHuvóEÅ?d pdwa0g'gem
d d d å H d © d d å
owåm 0dokZÑEÅd/ (oH-2-123/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ aweyd acg p&aPe pdawåe = xkd qef;Mu,fwJh p&P trnf&wJh
yef;csDum;csyfxufvnf;yJ/ pdwåan0 = taMumif;&if;jzpfwJh pdwfuomvQif/ pdwåw&H = omvGefí qef;Mu,fvSay/
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ wo®m = xkdYaMumifh/ £[ = þomoemawmfjrwftwGif;ü/ wkarS =
oifcspfom;wkdYonf oif cspforD;wkdYonf/ ouH pdwåH = rdrdwkdY&JUpdwfukd/ £'H pdwåH = þigwkdY&JU pdwfonf/ 'DC&wåH =
aenOfhoHo&m &SnfjrifhpGmaom tcsdeftcg umvwkdYywfvHk;/ &ma*e = &m*aMumifh/ a'gaoe = a'goaMumifh/
arma[e = arm[aMumifh/ oHudvd|EÅd = npfEGrf;íae&ay[lí/ tbdu©PH = rMumcP tjrJrjywf/ ypöa0u©dwAÁH
= qifjcifoihf qifjcifxkdufay/
[d = taMumif;ukq&aomf/ bdu©a0 = cspom;&[ef;wkYd .../ pdwouavom = pdw"mwf npfEr;f jcif;aMumif/
d dk f å H d f G h
owåm = owå0g wkdYonf/ oHudvdóEÅd = npfEGrf;Mu&ukef/ pdwåa0g'gem = pdwf"mwf jzLpifoefY&Sif;jcif;aMumifh/
owåm = owå0gwkdYonf/ 0dokZÑEÅd = pif Mu,fMu&ukef/
cspfom; &[ef;wkdY ...'gaMumifh 'Dp&Ptrnf&wJY qef;Mu,fwJh yef;csDum;csyfxuf taMumif;&if; jzpfwJh
pdwfuomvQif ykdNyD;awmh qef;Mu,fygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd pdwf"mwfawGu tvGefYtvGef qef;Mu,f aewJh twGufaMumifh
oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawG oifcspforD;wkdYwpfawG [m arharhavsmhavsmh ayghayghqqeJY raebJ 'Domoemawmfjrwf
twGif;rSm rMumcP tjrJrjywf rdrdwkdY&JUpdwfukd qifjcifay;Muprf;yg/ b,fvkd qifjcif&rvJ¿
igwkdY&JUpdwfonf aeYnOfhoHo&m &SnfjrifhpGmaom tcsdeftcg um vwkdYywfvHk; &m*aMumifh npfEGrf;ae&w,f?
a'goaMumihf npfEGrf; ae&w,f? arm[aMumifh npfEGrf;ae&w,fvkdY 'DvkdrMumcP tjrJrjywf qifjcifay;Muyg/
bmaMumifv¿ pdw"mwfawG npfEr;f &if owå0gawG npfEr;f Mu&w,f? pdw"mwfawG jzLpifoef&i;f &ifvnf; owå0gawG
h J f G G f Y S
jzLpifoefY&Sif;&w,f/ 'gu jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU qkdqHk;rcsufyJ/
wd& pämefawGqef;Mu,fwmxuf ydkqef;Mu,fwJhpdwf
aemufwpfck jrwfpGmbk&m;u qufa[mawmfrljyefw,f ---
-
em[H bdu©a0 tnH {uedum,rÜd orEkyómrd {0H pdwåH ,x,d'H bdu©a0 wd& päme*wm ygPm? awyd acg
bdu©a0 wd& päme*wm ygPm pdawåae0 pdwådwm? aw[dyd acg bdu©a0 wd& päme*aw[d ygaP[d pdwåan0
pdwåw&H/ wo®mwd[ bdu©a0 tbdu©PH ouH pdwåH ypöa0u©dwAÁH ]]'DC&wård'H pdwåH oHudvd|H &ma*e a'gaoe
arma[em}}wd/ pdwåoHudavom bdu©a0 owåm oHudvdóEÅd? pdwåa0g'gem owåm 0dokZÑEÅd/
(oH-2-123/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ £'H wd& päme*wm ygPm = þwd& pämefjzpfwJh
owå0gwkdYonf/ pdwåH ,xm = qef;Mu,fMuukefouJhokdY/ bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ {0H = þtwl/ pdwåH =
qef;Mu,faom/ tnH = wd& pämefowå0gwkrS tjcm; wpfyg;aom/ {uedum,rÜd = wpfcaom owå0gtaygif;tpkuaomf
Yd k dk
rQvnf;yJ/ e orEkyómrd = jrifawmfrrlay/
wd& pämefav;awG ...odyfNyD;awmh qef;Mu,fMuw,f/ qef;Mu,f wJhowå0gawG&JU taetxm;ukd vSrf;NyD;
MunfhMuyg/ tajcav;acsmif; &SdwJh owå0gawGvnf; rsm;pGm&Sdw,f? tajcrsm;pGm&SdwJh owå0gawGvnf; rsm;pGm &Sdw,f?
tajcESpacsmif;&SwhJ owå0gawGvnf; rsm;pGmyJ &Sw,f? tawmif&whJ owå0gç tawmifr&Swowå0gç &Snvsm;wJowå0gç
f d d dS d hJ f h
wkd wJh owå0gç 0kdif;pufwJhowå0g ponfjzifh owå0gawG trsKd;rsKd; &Sdw,f/ ta&miftqif;tm;jzifh Munfhvdkuf&ifvnf;
ta&miftqif; trsKd;rsKd; r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/ wd& pämefawG&JU trsKd;tEG,fukd MunfhvkdufvkdY&Sd&if tifrwef


qef;Mu,fMuw,f/
tJ'vdk wd& pämefowå0gawG qef;Mu,fovkd tvm;wlqef;Mu,f wJh wjcm;wjcm;aom owå0g taygif;tpkwpfcudk
D k
igbk&m; vSrf;NyD; MunfhvkdufwJhtcg wd& pämefvkd qef;Mu,fwJh owå0gtaygif;tpkukd igbk&m; rawGUbl;/
vlawGukd Munfh? trsm;pkukdMunhfvdkuf&if ajcESpfacsmif;csif; wlMu w,f? vufESpfacsmif; &Sdwmcsif; wlMuw,f?
ycHk;ESpfckMum; acgif;ayguf wmcsif;vnf; wlMuw,f? rwfwwf&yfNyD; oGm;wJh yHkpHtaetxm; tm;jzifhvnf;
rsm;aomtm;jzifh wlMuw,f/ [kd .. ajcjywfvufjywf yk*¾dKvfawGawmh cPacwå z,fxm;vkdufaygh/
okdYaomf wd& pämefowå0gawGusawmh 'Dvkdtrsm;pkrSm wlnDrI &Sdo vm;? r&Sdbl;? yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd; &SdMuw,f/
ta&mifav;awGvnf; trsKd;rsKd; &SdMuawmh odyfNyD;awmh qef;Mu,fMuw,f/ tJ'D qef;Mu,fwJh wd& pämef owå0gawG[m
b,fvdktaMumif;aMumifh qef;Mu,faeMu&ovJ¿ --- -

pdwfqef;Mu,fvdkY owå0gawG qef;Mu,fw,f
awyd acg bdu©a0 wd& päme*wm ygPm pdawåae0 pdwådwm/
(oH-2-123/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ awyd acg wd&päme*wm ygPm = xkdwd& pämef jzpfwJh owå0gawGonfvnf;yJ/
pdawåae0 = ur®0dnmPf[k ac:qkdtyfwJh pdwfaMumifhomvQif/ pdwådwm = qef;Mu,f Mu&ukef/
'Dowå0gav;awG qef;Mu,fwm bmaMumifY qef;Mu,fMu&ovJ vkdY ar;&ifawmh ... 'Dowå0gawGukd
jzpfay:vmapwwfwJh taMumif; &if;jzpfwJh ur®0dnmPfvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh pdwf"mwfawGu qef;Mu,faewJh
twGufaMumifh 'Dowå0gawG qef;Mu,fMu&wm? 'Dawmh pdwfqef;Mu,f &if owå0gawG qef;Mu,fw,f/ bmaMumifh
pdwfqef;Mu,fwmESifh owå0gawG qef;Mu,fwm uGif;qufjzpfae&ovJvkdYar;awmh ---
-
tJ'D pdw"mwfu ]]ur®pawåae0 pdwwm}} (oH-|-2-299/) qkNd y;D t|uxmu 'Dvdk zGiygw,f/ pdw"mwfqaomfvnf;
f d då hf f dk
'Dae&mrSm ur®0dnmPfvkdYac:qkdtyfwJh pdwf"mwfukd qkdvkdygw,f/ oabmaygufatmif enf;enf;av; erlemajymr,f/
tck 'umBuD;awGç 'umrBuD;awG bm qkawmif;MuovJ¿ enf;enf;av; ukd,fhpdwfukd jyeftuJcwfMunfhaygh? wcsKdUu
bkef;BuD;b0 qkawmif;w,f/ bkef;BuD;jzpfcsifwJh 'umrBuD;awG 'DxJrSm &Sdcsif&Sdr,f? bkef;BuD;jzpfcsifwJh 'umBuD;awG
'DxJ &Sdcsif&Sdr,f/ wcsKdUu bkef;BuD;rjzpfcsifbl;wJh? oDv&Sifjzpfcsifw,fwJh - a[m ---
-
pdwxm;csi;f wlovm;¿ rwlb;l ? wcsKUd u 'Dtzk;d Bu;D ESihf 'DtzGm; Bu;D ESihf 'Dom;ESihf 'DorD;ESihf rcJcsib;l ? bmjzpfvv¿
f G f Ydk J
aumif;rIukokdvf wpfckjyKawmifrS vlpHkrS aumif;rIukokdvf jyKcsifw,f? rpHknDbl;qkdvkdY&Sd &if 'Daumif;rIukokdvf
jyKcsifovm;¿ rjyKcsifbl;/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿
aumif;rIuovwpfcjk yKNyq&if om;awG orD;awG tm;vH;k pHnD rS aumif;rIuovawG jyKcsiw,fqwhJ yk*Kd¾ vawG&UJ
k dk f D dk k k kd f f dk f
twG i f ; tZÑmo, "mwf c H u k d vS r f ; Munf h v k d u f a wmh aemuf x yf v nf ; MuH K csif w ,f qH k c sif w ,f qk d w J h
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uHESifh a,med - a,medESifh owå0gqef;Mu,frI
ur®H ye a,með Oyaewd? (oH-|-2-299/)
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(oH-|-2-299/)
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tajcav;acsmif;jzpfatmifç jzL&rnfh owå0gukd jzLatmifç 0g&rnfh owå0gukd 0gatmifç tqif;trsK;d rsK;d &S&rnfh owå0gukd
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taMumif;&if;ukd qef;ppf Munfvuawmh y#doaE¨rsK;d aphukd tajccHaew,f/ rdbwd&UJ y#doaE¨ rsK;d aphu owå0gawGudk
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raem'Gg&duaZm 0Dxd pdwfapwodufawGuom tusKd;ay;wm jzpfjcif;aMumifh raem 'Gg&m0ZÆef;ç aZm (7)BudrftaeESifh
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wpfcg ocFg& uHawGudk MunhfvkdufvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; qGrf;vSLw,fç yef;vSLw,fyJ qkdMupkdY/ tJ'DqGrf;vSLwJh
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