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CENTRO DE MEDICINA E TRAUMATOLOGIA DESPORTIVA
CUF PORTO
Paulo Ribeiro de Oliveira
Coordenador da Unidade Funcional do Joelho
Sara Alexandra Machado
IFE - Ortopedia
Serviço de Ortopedia - Centro Hospitalar São João
Função mecânica dos ligamentos
 Laxidez
 Resistência
 Força
 Viscoelasticidade
Diferenças entre ligamentos normais e cicatriciais
Normal
 Colagéneo alinhado
 Colagéneo denso
 Fibras longas de colagéneo
 Fibras com cross links estáveis
 Predominantemente colagéneo tipo I
( < 10% tipo III)
 Proteoglicanos pequenos
 Metabolismo celular baixo
 Baixa vascularização
 Baixa densidade celular
Ligamento Cicatricial
 Colagéneo desorganizado
 Defeitos entre as fibras
 Fibras pequenas de colagéneo
 Cross links imaturos
 Aumento do colagéneo tipo III
 Proteoglicanos grandes
 Metabolismo celular alto
 Aumento da densidade celular
 Aumento da vascularização
Rotura do LCA –Opções cirurgicas
 Reconstruções intra-auriculares
- Autoenxerto – OTO, STH, Quadricipital
- Aloenxerto – OTO , Aquiliano
- Enxerto sintético – Dacron , Gore tex, fibras de carbono, etc
- Metodologia técnica – Duplo feixe, mono feixe, transtibial, anatómico
conceito de anisometria favorável?
 Mecanismos de fixação –
parafuso absorvivel, parafuso e anilha, endo ou exo button, mecanismos
transfixantes, grampos, etc
 Procedimento extra-articular com banda iliotibial
Como reforço compensando o mecanismo rotatório ( pivot shift ***)
Rotura do L . C . A .
 Opção por tratamento cirúrgico em pacientes
desportistas ou com instabilidade marcada.
 Com análise prévia dos factores de risco
– Desvios axiais
– Lesões articulares associadas
– Instabilidades complexas
 Tratamento conservador nos pacientes sedentários e
sem grande instabilidade subjectiva ou objectiva .(
KT2000 até 5,5 mm )
O que acontece com a ligamentoplastia depois de
implantada
 Revascularizaçao
 Remodelaçao
 Ligamentalizaçao
 Crescimento dos vasos sanguíneos a partir da
sinovial e gordura retrorotuliana
 10 dia à 6 semana
 Inicia-se de fora para dentro
 Fase critica do processo , pelo que necessita de
proteção adicional
 6 semana à 12 semana
 Fase de consolidação das pastilhas ósseas e dá
vascularização interna do enxerto
 4 meses – inicia-se crescimento de colagénio com
remodelação do enxerto em função das solicitações
mecânicas
 6 -12 mês
 Estruturalmente começa a parecer-se com um
verdadeiro ligamento
 Terá no maximo 50 a 60 % da resistencia dum LCA
original – ao 6 mês
Falhanços da Ligamentoplastia
O que acontece ao enxerto ?
Como fixar o nosso enxerto ?
A fixação ideal
‣Suficientemente forte para evitar perda de fixação
‣Suficientemente resistente para evitar a fenómenos de ” bungee “e parábrisas ou
deslizamento
‣Justaarticular
‣Anatómico
‣Biocompativel
‣Seguro e reprodutivel
‣Permitir estudos imagiológicos posteriores sem dificuldades
‣Não complicar as cirurgias de revisão
Como fixar o nosso enxerto ?
Fixação
Biológica
Mecânica
Directa
Indirecta
Directa
Indirecta
Parafusos de interferência
Grampos
Cross Pin
Rigid Fx
Endobutton
Toglle lock
Tendão
Fibrocartilagem
Fibrocartilagem mineralizada
Osso
Fibras Sharpey´s
Como fixar o nosso enxerto ?
Fixação Mecânica
OTO - incorporação do osso ás
12 semanas
STG - fixação biológica indirecta
ás 12 semanas
Como fixar o nosso enxerto ?
Fixação Mecânica
Parafusos de interferência
com ou sem press-fit
Vantagens :
‣Fixação justaarticular - maior estabilidade
‣Compressão do enxerto contra a parede do túnel - fixação directa
‣Fácil inserção na tibia
Desvantagens :
Défice de fixação nos STG durante o trabalho ciclico ( pior na tibia )
Potencial lesão directa do enxerto
Divergência do tunel ( não deve ser superior a 20º )
Dependente da qualidade do osso trabecular
Maior dificuldade no fémur - eventual lesão da parede posterior do túnel
Como fixar o nosso enxerto ?
Fixação Mecânica
Parafusos de interferência
com ou sem press-fit
Depende :
Densidade do osso metafisário ( menos denso na Tíbia )
“ Torque “
Diâmetro do parafuso
Comprimento do parafuso
Design
Material de construção do parafuso
Forma do bloco ósseo
“ gap “ entre o enxerto e a parede do tunel ( deve ser inferior a 3-4 mm )
Como fixar o nosso enxerto ?
Fixação Mecânica
Vantagens :
‣Facilidade de colocação
‣Fixação mais rígida para os STG
‣Permite realizar técnicas de duplo túnel
Desvantagens :
Não existe sistema para fixar na tibia
Fixação longe da articulação
Fenómenos de “Bungee” ( longitudinal)
Efeito para brisas ( sagital )
Menor estabilidade do sistema
Sistemas de apoio cortical
Endobutton
Toglle lock etc.
Como fixar o nosso enxerto ?
Fixação Mecânica
Vantagens :
‣Facilidade de colocação
‣Fixação mais estável para os STG
‣Fixação mais próxima da articulação
Desvantagens :
Fixação longe da articulação
Fenómenos de “Bungee”
Efeito para brisas
Menor estabilidade do sistema
Cross Pin
Rigid Fx
etc
Como fixar o nosso enxerto ?
Erros !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Erros !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Como fixar o nosso enxerto ?
O método mais eficaz ( ? )
STG
Método de fixação indirecta e parafuso
justaarticular fémur
Parafuso tíbia + método extracortical
Método de fixação indirecta no fémur
Parafuso reabsorvivel na tíbia ou tipo
washer lock ou intra fix
Fixação extracortical no fémur
Fixação extracortical na tibia
Literatura
Conclusion: Two to nine years after ACLR, 16 % of athletes could not participate because of a lower extremity injury.
In the remaining group, this study showed similar results for males and females with BPTB compared with STG- level-
III
Nicky Engelen‐van Melick1,2 · Robert E. H. van Cingel3,4 · Tony G. van Tienen5 · Maria W. G. Nijhuis‐van der Sanden2
Conclusions: Both grafts and fixation methods resulted in satisfactory subjective outcome and objective stability. Both
these methods can therefore be considered as suitable alternatives for ACL reconstructions.
Level of evidence II.
Long-term follow-up of patellar tendon grafts or hamstring tendon grafts in endoscopic ACL reconstructions
Tone Gifstad • Anita Sole • Torbjørn Strand • Gisle Uppheim • Torbjørn Grøntvedt •
Jon Olav Drogset
Systematic Review
Bone-Patellar TendoneBone Versus Soft-Tissue Allograft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review- Level of Evidence: Level IV, systematic
review of Level III and IV studies.
Christopher D. Joyce, B.S., Kyle L. Randall, M.D., Michael W. Mariscalco, M.D., Robert A. Magnussen, M.D., M.P.H., and David C. Flanigan, M.D.
Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 11 reported on BPTB allografts exclusively, 5 reported on soft-tissue
allografts exclusively, and 1 compared both types. The comparative study showed no difference in failure risk, Lachman grade,
pivot-shift grade, instrumented laxity, or overall International Knee Documentation Committee score between the 2 allograft types.
Data from all studies yielded a failure risk of 10.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.5% to 18.1%) in the soft-tissue group and 15.2%
(95% CI, 11.3% to 19.6%) in the BPTB group. The risk of a Lachman grade greater than 5 mm was 6.4% (95% CI, 1.7% to 13.7%) in
the soft-tissue group and 8.6% (95% CI, 6.3% to 11.2%) in the BPTB group. The risk of a grade 2 or 3 pivot shift was 1.4% (95% CI,
0.3% to 3.3%) in the soft-tissue group and 4.1% (95% CI, 1.9% to 7.2%) in the BPTB group. Conclusions: One comparative study
showed no difference in results after ACL reconstruction with nonirradiated BPTB and soft-tissue allografts. Inclusion of case series
in the analysis showed qualitatively similar outcomes with the 2 graft types.
Literatura
Meta-analysis
Comparison of Femoral Tunnel Length and Obliquity Between Transtibial, Anteromedial Portal, and Outside-In Surgical Techniques
in Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction:
A Meta-analysis- Level III, meta-analysis
Dae-Hee Lee, M.D., Hyun-Jung Kim, Ph.D., Hyeong-Sik Ahn, M.D., and Seong-Il Bin, M.D.
Conclusions: ACL reconstruction using the AM portal and OI femoral drilling techniques resulted in a shorter length and greater
coronal obliquity of the femoral tunnel than did the transtibial technique. However, these 3 femoral drilling techniques resulted in
similar obliquities of the femoral tunnel and graft in the sagittal plane. Level of Evidence:.
Comparison of Functional Outcome Measures After ACL Reconstruction in Competitive Soccer
Players A Randomized Trial
Farshid Mohammadi, PhD, Mahyar Salavati, PhD, Behnam Akhbari, PhD, Masood Mazaheri, PhD,
Seyed Mohsen Mir, MSc, and Yasaman Etemadi, MSc
Investigation performed at the Department of Physical Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran,
Iran Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:1271-7 d http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00724
Conclusions: At the time of return to sports, the STG group had better performance in
terms of quadriceps strength and the results of the triple-hop, crossover-hop, and jump-
landing tests compared with the BPTB group. Compared with controls, soccer players
who had undergone ACL reconstruction had less quadriceps and hamstrings strength
and inferior hop performance and jump-landing strategy.
Literatura
Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Bone–Patellar
Tendon–Bone and Gracilis Tendon Graft: A Comparative Study With 2-Year Follow-up Results of
Semitendinosus Tendon Grafts Alone or Semitendinosus–Gracilis Tendon Grafts - Level of Evidence:
Level III,
Yasuo Niki, M.D., Ph.D., Hideo Matsumoto, M.D., Ph.D., Akihiro Hakozaki, M.D., Hiroya Kanagawa, M.D., Yoshiaki Toyama, M.D.,
Ph.D., and Yasunori Suda, M.D., Ph.D.
Conclusions: Clinical results including the incidence of anterior knee pain 2 years after anatomic
double-bundle ACL reconstruction with BPTB-G grafts were comparable to those after ACL
reconstruction with ST or ST-G grafts
Review
A meta-analysis of bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft versus four-strand hamstring
tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Xiaobo Xie a,1, Xuzhou Liu c,1, Zhongran Chen b, Yingdian Yu b, Sheng Peng b, Qi Li a,⁎
Conclusion: Based on the results above, ACL reconstruction with BPTB autografts might be superior in resuming
rotation stability of the knee joint and allow patients to return to higher levels of activity in comparison with
4SHT autografts. Whereas, postoperative complications of the knee joint were lower for 4SHT autografts than
for BPTB autografts. There was insufficient evidence to identify which of the two types of grafts was
significantly better for ACL reconstruction considering the limitations of this study. More high-quality
randomized controlled trials with strictly specified inclusion criteria are highly required before drawing a
reliable conclusion.
Literatura
Patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament
rupture in adults (Review)
Mohtadi NGH, Chan DS, Dainty KN, Whelan DB – 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration
AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS
• Evidence from a minority of trials indicated that neither graft was superior in terms of functional assessment
(single leg hop test), return to activity, Tegner and Lysholm scores, subjective measures of outcome, re-
rupture or International Knee Documentation Committee scores at a minimum of two years follow-up.
• Irrespective of how stability was measured, ACL reconstructions performed with a patellar tendon are more
likely to result in a statically stable knee compared with a hamstring tendon reconstruction. Conversely, the
evidence supports previous findings that patients having a PT reconstruction are more likely to experience
problems in the anterior aspect of their knees, particularly problems with kneeling.
• This review has highlighted the ongoing controversy regarding the issue of choice of graft type for
surgical reconstruction of the ACL deficient knee. Unfortunately, this meta-analysis has failed to
resolve this controversy, partly because of several methodological concerns. Therefore, there
remains a need for future methodologically sound research on the question of type of graft choice,
including use of newer techniques such as double-bundle ACL reconstruction.
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What´s new in Acl reconstrution

  • 1. * CENTRO DE MEDICINA E TRAUMATOLOGIA DESPORTIVA CUF PORTO Paulo Ribeiro de Oliveira Coordenador da Unidade Funcional do Joelho Sara Alexandra Machado IFE - Ortopedia Serviço de Ortopedia - Centro Hospitalar São João
  • 2. Função mecânica dos ligamentos  Laxidez  Resistência  Força  Viscoelasticidade
  • 3. Diferenças entre ligamentos normais e cicatriciais Normal  Colagéneo alinhado  Colagéneo denso  Fibras longas de colagéneo  Fibras com cross links estáveis  Predominantemente colagéneo tipo I ( < 10% tipo III)  Proteoglicanos pequenos  Metabolismo celular baixo  Baixa vascularização  Baixa densidade celular Ligamento Cicatricial  Colagéneo desorganizado  Defeitos entre as fibras  Fibras pequenas de colagéneo  Cross links imaturos  Aumento do colagéneo tipo III  Proteoglicanos grandes  Metabolismo celular alto  Aumento da densidade celular  Aumento da vascularização
  • 4. Rotura do LCA –Opções cirurgicas  Reconstruções intra-auriculares - Autoenxerto – OTO, STH, Quadricipital - Aloenxerto – OTO , Aquiliano - Enxerto sintético – Dacron , Gore tex, fibras de carbono, etc - Metodologia técnica – Duplo feixe, mono feixe, transtibial, anatómico conceito de anisometria favorável?  Mecanismos de fixação – parafuso absorvivel, parafuso e anilha, endo ou exo button, mecanismos transfixantes, grampos, etc  Procedimento extra-articular com banda iliotibial Como reforço compensando o mecanismo rotatório ( pivot shift ***)
  • 5. Rotura do L . C . A .  Opção por tratamento cirúrgico em pacientes desportistas ou com instabilidade marcada.  Com análise prévia dos factores de risco – Desvios axiais – Lesões articulares associadas – Instabilidades complexas  Tratamento conservador nos pacientes sedentários e sem grande instabilidade subjectiva ou objectiva .( KT2000 até 5,5 mm )
  • 6. O que acontece com a ligamentoplastia depois de implantada  Revascularizaçao  Remodelaçao  Ligamentalizaçao  Crescimento dos vasos sanguíneos a partir da sinovial e gordura retrorotuliana  10 dia à 6 semana  Inicia-se de fora para dentro  Fase critica do processo , pelo que necessita de proteção adicional  6 semana à 12 semana  Fase de consolidação das pastilhas ósseas e dá vascularização interna do enxerto  4 meses – inicia-se crescimento de colagénio com remodelação do enxerto em função das solicitações mecânicas  6 -12 mês  Estruturalmente começa a parecer-se com um verdadeiro ligamento  Terá no maximo 50 a 60 % da resistencia dum LCA original – ao 6 mês
  • 8. O que acontece ao enxerto ?
  • 9. Como fixar o nosso enxerto ? A fixação ideal ‣Suficientemente forte para evitar perda de fixação ‣Suficientemente resistente para evitar a fenómenos de ” bungee “e parábrisas ou deslizamento ‣Justaarticular ‣Anatómico ‣Biocompativel ‣Seguro e reprodutivel ‣Permitir estudos imagiológicos posteriores sem dificuldades ‣Não complicar as cirurgias de revisão
  • 10. Como fixar o nosso enxerto ? Fixação Biológica Mecânica Directa Indirecta Directa Indirecta Parafusos de interferência Grampos Cross Pin Rigid Fx Endobutton Toglle lock Tendão Fibrocartilagem Fibrocartilagem mineralizada Osso Fibras Sharpey´s
  • 11. Como fixar o nosso enxerto ? Fixação Mecânica OTO - incorporação do osso ás 12 semanas STG - fixação biológica indirecta ás 12 semanas
  • 12. Como fixar o nosso enxerto ? Fixação Mecânica Parafusos de interferência com ou sem press-fit Vantagens : ‣Fixação justaarticular - maior estabilidade ‣Compressão do enxerto contra a parede do túnel - fixação directa ‣Fácil inserção na tibia Desvantagens : Défice de fixação nos STG durante o trabalho ciclico ( pior na tibia ) Potencial lesão directa do enxerto Divergência do tunel ( não deve ser superior a 20º ) Dependente da qualidade do osso trabecular Maior dificuldade no fémur - eventual lesão da parede posterior do túnel
  • 13. Como fixar o nosso enxerto ? Fixação Mecânica Parafusos de interferência com ou sem press-fit Depende : Densidade do osso metafisário ( menos denso na Tíbia ) “ Torque “ Diâmetro do parafuso Comprimento do parafuso Design Material de construção do parafuso Forma do bloco ósseo “ gap “ entre o enxerto e a parede do tunel ( deve ser inferior a 3-4 mm )
  • 14. Como fixar o nosso enxerto ? Fixação Mecânica Vantagens : ‣Facilidade de colocação ‣Fixação mais rígida para os STG ‣Permite realizar técnicas de duplo túnel Desvantagens : Não existe sistema para fixar na tibia Fixação longe da articulação Fenómenos de “Bungee” ( longitudinal) Efeito para brisas ( sagital ) Menor estabilidade do sistema Sistemas de apoio cortical Endobutton Toglle lock etc.
  • 15. Como fixar o nosso enxerto ? Fixação Mecânica Vantagens : ‣Facilidade de colocação ‣Fixação mais estável para os STG ‣Fixação mais próxima da articulação Desvantagens : Fixação longe da articulação Fenómenos de “Bungee” Efeito para brisas Menor estabilidade do sistema Cross Pin Rigid Fx etc
  • 16. Como fixar o nosso enxerto ?
  • 19. Como fixar o nosso enxerto ? O método mais eficaz ( ? ) STG Método de fixação indirecta e parafuso justaarticular fémur Parafuso tíbia + método extracortical Método de fixação indirecta no fémur Parafuso reabsorvivel na tíbia ou tipo washer lock ou intra fix Fixação extracortical no fémur Fixação extracortical na tibia
  • 20. Literatura Conclusion: Two to nine years after ACLR, 16 % of athletes could not participate because of a lower extremity injury. In the remaining group, this study showed similar results for males and females with BPTB compared with STG- level- III Nicky Engelen‐van Melick1,2 · Robert E. H. van Cingel3,4 · Tony G. van Tienen5 · Maria W. G. Nijhuis‐van der Sanden2 Conclusions: Both grafts and fixation methods resulted in satisfactory subjective outcome and objective stability. Both these methods can therefore be considered as suitable alternatives for ACL reconstructions. Level of evidence II. Long-term follow-up of patellar tendon grafts or hamstring tendon grafts in endoscopic ACL reconstructions Tone Gifstad • Anita Sole • Torbjørn Strand • Gisle Uppheim • Torbjørn Grøntvedt • Jon Olav Drogset Systematic Review Bone-Patellar TendoneBone Versus Soft-Tissue Allograft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review- Level of Evidence: Level IV, systematic review of Level III and IV studies. Christopher D. Joyce, B.S., Kyle L. Randall, M.D., Michael W. Mariscalco, M.D., Robert A. Magnussen, M.D., M.P.H., and David C. Flanigan, M.D. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 11 reported on BPTB allografts exclusively, 5 reported on soft-tissue allografts exclusively, and 1 compared both types. The comparative study showed no difference in failure risk, Lachman grade, pivot-shift grade, instrumented laxity, or overall International Knee Documentation Committee score between the 2 allograft types. Data from all studies yielded a failure risk of 10.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.5% to 18.1%) in the soft-tissue group and 15.2% (95% CI, 11.3% to 19.6%) in the BPTB group. The risk of a Lachman grade greater than 5 mm was 6.4% (95% CI, 1.7% to 13.7%) in the soft-tissue group and 8.6% (95% CI, 6.3% to 11.2%) in the BPTB group. The risk of a grade 2 or 3 pivot shift was 1.4% (95% CI, 0.3% to 3.3%) in the soft-tissue group and 4.1% (95% CI, 1.9% to 7.2%) in the BPTB group. Conclusions: One comparative study showed no difference in results after ACL reconstruction with nonirradiated BPTB and soft-tissue allografts. Inclusion of case series in the analysis showed qualitatively similar outcomes with the 2 graft types.
  • 21. Literatura Meta-analysis Comparison of Femoral Tunnel Length and Obliquity Between Transtibial, Anteromedial Portal, and Outside-In Surgical Techniques in Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Meta-analysis- Level III, meta-analysis Dae-Hee Lee, M.D., Hyun-Jung Kim, Ph.D., Hyeong-Sik Ahn, M.D., and Seong-Il Bin, M.D. Conclusions: ACL reconstruction using the AM portal and OI femoral drilling techniques resulted in a shorter length and greater coronal obliquity of the femoral tunnel than did the transtibial technique. However, these 3 femoral drilling techniques resulted in similar obliquities of the femoral tunnel and graft in the sagittal plane. Level of Evidence:. Comparison of Functional Outcome Measures After ACL Reconstruction in Competitive Soccer Players A Randomized Trial Farshid Mohammadi, PhD, Mahyar Salavati, PhD, Behnam Akhbari, PhD, Masood Mazaheri, PhD, Seyed Mohsen Mir, MSc, and Yasaman Etemadi, MSc Investigation performed at the Department of Physical Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:1271-7 d http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00724 Conclusions: At the time of return to sports, the STG group had better performance in terms of quadriceps strength and the results of the triple-hop, crossover-hop, and jump- landing tests compared with the BPTB group. Compared with controls, soccer players who had undergone ACL reconstruction had less quadriceps and hamstrings strength and inferior hop performance and jump-landing strategy.
  • 22. Literatura Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone and Gracilis Tendon Graft: A Comparative Study With 2-Year Follow-up Results of Semitendinosus Tendon Grafts Alone or Semitendinosus–Gracilis Tendon Grafts - Level of Evidence: Level III, Yasuo Niki, M.D., Ph.D., Hideo Matsumoto, M.D., Ph.D., Akihiro Hakozaki, M.D., Hiroya Kanagawa, M.D., Yoshiaki Toyama, M.D., Ph.D., and Yasunori Suda, M.D., Ph.D. Conclusions: Clinical results including the incidence of anterior knee pain 2 years after anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction with BPTB-G grafts were comparable to those after ACL reconstruction with ST or ST-G grafts Review A meta-analysis of bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft versus four-strand hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Xiaobo Xie a,1, Xuzhou Liu c,1, Zhongran Chen b, Yingdian Yu b, Sheng Peng b, Qi Li a,⁎ Conclusion: Based on the results above, ACL reconstruction with BPTB autografts might be superior in resuming rotation stability of the knee joint and allow patients to return to higher levels of activity in comparison with 4SHT autografts. Whereas, postoperative complications of the knee joint were lower for 4SHT autografts than for BPTB autografts. There was insufficient evidence to identify which of the two types of grafts was significantly better for ACL reconstruction considering the limitations of this study. More high-quality randomized controlled trials with strictly specified inclusion criteria are highly required before drawing a reliable conclusion.
  • 23. Literatura Patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament rupture in adults (Review) Mohtadi NGH, Chan DS, Dainty KN, Whelan DB – 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS • Evidence from a minority of trials indicated that neither graft was superior in terms of functional assessment (single leg hop test), return to activity, Tegner and Lysholm scores, subjective measures of outcome, re- rupture or International Knee Documentation Committee scores at a minimum of two years follow-up. • Irrespective of how stability was measured, ACL reconstructions performed with a patellar tendon are more likely to result in a statically stable knee compared with a hamstring tendon reconstruction. Conversely, the evidence supports previous findings that patients having a PT reconstruction are more likely to experience problems in the anterior aspect of their knees, particularly problems with kneeling. • This review has highlighted the ongoing controversy regarding the issue of choice of graft type for surgical reconstruction of the ACL deficient knee. Unfortunately, this meta-analysis has failed to resolve this controversy, partly because of several methodological concerns. Therefore, there remains a need for future methodologically sound research on the question of type of graft choice, including use of newer techniques such as double-bundle ACL reconstruction.

Editor's Notes

  1. Este grafico inical pretende demonstrar os passos que levam á falencia do ligamento cruzado anterior . Assim no A estás a utilizar o joelho normalmenlte com ajoelhear etc, no B intodruzes cargas que vão colocar o ligamento em stress obrigando á utilização da sua resistencia e força para contrariar a carga e no D as cargas forma superiores á capacidade de resistencia e força do ligamento e ele rompe . Por outro lado todas as estruturas ligamentares tem um coeficiente de viscoelasticidade que resulta na sua capacidade de elongação quando submetidas a uma carga progressiva e sustentada no tempo , até ao ponto em que a sua capacidade de resistencia e força á ultrapassada. Nessa altura o ligamento rompe .
  2. Então a capacidade de resistência , força e viscoelasticidade , variam consoante o enxerto utilizado , mas também varia em função do timing da evolução da liagmentoplastia , por isso é que existem diferenças entre os vários tipos de enxerto a utilizar