2. The aim of the course is to provide students with the basics of pharmacology
including the effect of human body on drugs (pharmacokinetics) and the effect
of drugs on human organ systems (pharmacodynamics) identifying how these
properties influence routes of administration, drug distribution in the body,
drug efficacy and potency, drug toxicity and to apply this information in the
proper choice of drug for pharmacotherapy.
Moreover, the course aims to educate students about the commonly used groups
of drugs affecting autonomic nervous system regarding their pharmacological
actions, uses, contraindications and adverse effects
Overall aim of course
3.
4. • 1. Regularly laundered Laboratory coats must be worn at all times.
• 2. Gloves must be worn when handling chemicals. (However, all gloves
should be removed before opening doors, taps or when using the
telephone).
• 3. Eating, drinking and smoking are strictly forbidden in the laboratory.
• 4. Laboratory refrigerators must not be used for the storage of food and
beverages
LAB SAEFTY
5. • 5. Any abrasion, cut or open wound in the skin should be
covered with an adhesive plaster before beginning work.
• 6. Needles must not be bent or broken.
• 7. Place the needle and syringe (still connected) into the
designated disposal container after use.
• 8. Never handle broken glass with your bare hands. Use a brush
to clean up broken glass. Place broken glass in the designated
disposal container.
LAB SAEFTY
6. • 9. Work areas, including walkways and passages should be kept clean and free of
obstruction. The floor should also be kept dry at all times.
• 10. Spilled chemicals must be cleaned up immediately and contaminated materials
properly disposed.
• 11. Report any accident or injury to the supervisor immediately, no matter how trivial it
seems.
• 12. All chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous. Avoid handling
chemicals with fingers.
LAB SAEFTY
7. • 13. Before operating any laboratory instrument, please consult the supervisor.
• 14. All faulty or damaged laboratory equipment must be reported to the supervisor.
• 15. All users of laboratory instruments must remember to turn off their electrical
switches after use (unless stated otherwise).
• 16. All laboratory reagents and chemicals must be returned to the appropriate shelves
or special storage areas immediately after use.
LAB SAEFTY
8. Introduction
• Pharmacology
Is a term derived from the Greek word pharmakon (= a drug or poison) and logos
(= the science)
Is the science which deals with drugs and their actions on biologicalsystems
• Drug
Is a substance affecting living processes and used for diagnosis, prophylaxis,
ameliorating or treatment of a human or animal disease
9. Introduction
•Pharmacology Is divided to several divisions such as
1. Pharmacodynamics (PD)
2. Pharmacokinetics (PK)
3. Pharmacotherapeutics
4. Experimental pharmacology
10. Introduction
Pharmacodynamics (PD)
• Describe the actions of a drug on the body (Mechanism of
drug action) and the influence of drug concentrations on
the magnitude of the response.
• Most drugs exert their beneficial and harmful effects by
interacting with receptors present on the cell surface or
within the cell forming Drug Receptor Complex
• The drug–receptor complex initiates signal transduction
(they are alterations in biochemical and/or molecular activity
of a cell that ultimately result in a specific intracellular
response).
11. Ligand (Drug)-Receptorinteraction
Receptor:Specific molecular protein component of a biologic system that
interacts with a ligand (Adrug) and initiates the chain of events leading to the
drug’s observed effects.
Ligand:refers to a small molecule that binds to a site on a receptor protein.
• The ligand may be a naturally occurring molecule (endogenous ligand) or a
drug (exogenousligand).
Introduction
12. Lock and Key Theory
Ligands are very specific & both the ligand and the receptor possess
specific complementary geometric shapes that fit exactly into one another.
• In order for drugs to bind to receptor, they must exhibit affinity for this
receptor
Introduction
Affinity
• Strength of interaction between
ligand andreceptor
• It tells us how attracted a drug is to
its receptors
13. Introduction
Pharmacokinetics (PK)
• Describe what the body does to the drug
• There are Four pharmacokinetic phases (ADME)
1) Absorption 2) Distribution 3) Metabolism 4) Elimination
• Determine the onset, intensity, and the duration of drug
action.
Pharmacotherapeutics
• Describe the proper clinical uses or indications of drugs in
prevention or treatment of diseases.
14. Introduction
Experimental Pharmacology
• is one of the cornerstones of the drug
development process.
Preclinical Study
Test drug in animals and produce adequate
data to progress to human trials (from bench
to bedside) such as therapeutic dose, toxic
dose, pharmacological action and safety of
drug on animals.
Stages of drug development:
Preclinical
Studies
In-vivo Study In-vitro study
15. Experimental Pharmacology
Preclinical Study
In-vivo Study :
• Study the drug effect in an ' INTACT ' animal .
• like : frog- rat - mouse - guinea pig
In-vitro study:
• Study the drug effect on an isolated organ that kept
alive outside the body.
• Like : frog rectus abdominis - rabbit intestine
Introduction
16. Introduction
Experimental Pharmacology
• The main tasks of experimental pharmacology:
1. Discover therapeutic agents suitable for human or animal use.
2. Study the mechanism and the site of drug action
3. Study drug’s toxicity
• Advantages of studying experimental pharmacology in labs
1. Helps student to learn pharmacology without any interaction with
patients.
2. Used in academic and research fields.
Editor's Notes
Pharmacology can be defined as the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes.
American Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics
onset of drug action: The time from drug administration until the drug exerts an observable specific effect or response.
Dose Intensity is the total amount of drug given in a fixed unit of time (usually 1 week), thus is a function of dose and frequency of administration.
Experimental pharmacology is one of the cornerstones of the drug discovery process. The medicinal chemist may create the candidate compound, but the pharmacologist is the one who tests it for physiologic activity. A promising compound is investigated by many other scientists—toxicologists, microbiologists, clinicians—but only after the pharmacologist has documented a potential therapeutic effect.
