9. CASE STUDY HOUSE 1950
CAR MANUFACTURE 1. BODY IN WHITE AND BODY PANELS
Body in white component fabrication and assembly
is fully automated along with the fabrication of
individual body panels. Sheet metal is sent through a
series of automated presses which shape each
element with robots transferring pieces between
presses. Mercedes have developed a fully automated
panel assembly method, that uses laser-guiding
technology to ensure that panels are correctly
aligned to within the required tolerances. The
painting process is also fully automated in carefully
controlled conditions achieving high quality finishes
and sealing.
1. SITE AND COLUMNS
The was site dug and levelled. Formwork and
reinforcement bars for the foundations were
assembled on site and the concrete was poured.
Prefabricated columns were brought to site and fixed
to‘u-bolts’set in the foundation. Automation and
digital fabrication methods could easily be applied to
the prefabricated columns however, it would me
more difficult to automate the process of making the
foundations. The site is an organic environment and
machines would need to make constant adjustments
to be able to operate. This could be done with
detailed scans feeding data through feedback loops
to respond to site conditions.
2. STEEL BEAMS
The beams were delivered to site and craned into
position. They were aligned with the beam
connection plates to the tops of the columns and
bolted in place using the pre-drilled holes. Beams
were cut to size, with holes drilled off site. This
process could easily be motivated within the factory.
The automation of the positioning and assembly of
the beams to the columns could be more difficult. It
would probably be necessary to redesign the nature
of the fixings to make them more compatible with
the motions of a robot. Scanning or laser positioning
would also have to be implemented to accurately
align pre-drilled holed in the beams and columns.
3. FASCIA PANEL, JOISTS, ROOF DECKING
Fascia panels were pre-cut off site and welded onto
the plates at the tops of the columns on site. Steel
decking was craned onto the beams and spot-weld-
ed into position. Joists were delivered to site pre-cut
and installed using spacing blocks and fixings
through pre-drilled holes between beams.
Operations such as positioning and welding fascia
panels and decking are synonymous with the
assembly and welding of a car chassis and could
borrow from processes used in the automotive
industry. Timber as a material is not as homogeneous
as steel and thus automation of positioning and
fixing would need to incorporate a system capable of
making small corrections to allow for differences.
4. INSULATION AND CEILING
The insulation and ceiling are brought to site in
standard sizes from the manufacturer and were cut
to size on site. This was labour intensive and time
could have been saved through prefabrication but
this would take into account for variations from the
design on site. On-site digital manufacture could
address the issue so that pieces could be easily and
accurately cut allowing for the‘as built’situation by
using 3D scanned information.
5. WALLS AND WINDOWS
Exterior wall elements were constructed on site using
simple stud wall construction. Windows would have
been prefabricated by a specialist contractor and
brought to site. Windows have long lead-in times and
so any changes to the design or differences in the
‘as-built’condition cannot be easily accommodated.
Due to glass being a specialist product, it could be
brought prefabricated to site with a frame digitally
manufactured on site which would use 3D scanned
data of the built structure. This could improve
tolerances and hence thermal performance of the
building. Exterior walls could also take advantage of
on-site digital manufacture.
6. INTERIOR PARTITIONS, FLOOR-TO-CEILING
CABINETS AND INSTALLATION OF SERVICES
Interior partitions and floor-to-ceiling cabintets were
prefabricated off site and installed towards the end
of the construction process. When these components
were delivered to site, Soriano realised that they were
the wrong height and so needed to by cut down to
size by hand. This not only added delay to the project
but would have also increased build costs and
removed any advantage presented by prefabrication.
Similar to the previous two steps, digitally
manufacturing these components on-site could have
alleviated these problems. The installation of services
such as the on-site incinerator and waste disposal
would have required penetration of the completed
building, which would compromise the performance
of the building skin as well as creating the need for
remedial work to‘make good’the finishes. Better
coordination between services and the building
architecture from an early stage could solve this with
penetrations being designed into the building skin
from the start. Lessons could be learn from the
aircraft and automotive industries with regard to
how they mate drive trains to the vehicle architec-
ture.
1.MANUFACTURING THE FUSELAGE
The fabrication of components making up the
fuselage is automated but the process of assembling
them is done manually. Once the fuselage assembly
is complete a strengthening composite layer is
applied by mounting sections into a giant rotating
lathe, which applies composite tape in layers. The
entire process is automated. Fuselage components
are sent to the assembly hangar, where they are
mounted onto computer-guided trolleys. These
carefully align the fuselage sections and the final
fixing is conducted manually.
2. THE DRIVE TRAIN
The painted chassis is mated to drive trains which
may be manufactured on a separate site. These
components are heavy and the positioning and
fixing of the chassis onto the drive train requires a
high degree of precision and are fully automated.
4. GLASS AND DOORS
Glass is installed into doors and mated to the
winding mechanism manually due to the intricate
nature of the task. The front and rear windscreens are
also installed manually. Doors, which were previously
fitted to the car during the painting process are
reattached and wired manually.
FULLY AUTOMATED FABRICATION
LIMITED CLEARANCE
PARTIALLY AUTOMATED FABRICATION
FULLY AUTOMATED ASSEMBLY
AUTOMATED POSITIONING
2. WINGS AND TAIL
The wings and tail section are positioned with the
help of computer guided trolleys and overhead
cranes and are manually attached to the fuselage
assembly. In the mean time, the interior fit out
begins, with the installation of insulation, interior
panels, carpets, seats, storage lockers bathrooms and
the cockpit. All these operations are done manually
as the levels of precision required are not the same as
those required for the exterior also the manoeu-
vrability within the cabin is limited for the use of
robots.
INTERIOR COMPONENTS
3. TAIL FIN, LANDING GEAR AND ENGINES
Similar to the earlier components, computer guided
trolleys and forklift trucks position these elements
however all fixing is carried out manually. The
landing gear and engine attachment is a complicated
task requiring both fixing and wiring. Operation
needs to be tested after installation with computers
being used to assist in alignment and correct
connection.
4. PAINTING AND TESTING
The aircraft is transferred to a separate painting
hangar to be painted. The painting process is
automated, ensuring an even paint coverage over
the large area. A test flight in undertaken to ensure
that the aircraft meets the required standards prior to
delivery to the customer.
5. LIGHT CLUSTERS AND WHEELS
Lights and wheels are installed manually. The lights
have difficult-to-reach hidden fixings and need to be
wired from behind. Wheels need to be aligned with
the bolts on the hub and then bolted in place. This
job can be easily conducted using unskilled labour.
, LIGHTS AND GRILL
6. FINAL TESTING
Completed cars are driven to a rolling road and the
ECU is connected to a computer. Measurements of
the vehicles’outputs are assessed by a computer
which compares them to the required values. Visual
inspections are conducted throughout the
production process.
AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE
10. CHASSIS AND BODY INTERIOR
COMPLETED VEHICLE
DRIVETRAIN
FUSELAGE INTERIOR
WING
JET ENGINE
COMPLETED AIRCRAFT
CAR MANUFACTURE IN THE 1950S
11. 1. Rolls of steel delivered to manufacturing
plant
4. Pressed components are placed on a conveyor
belt and robots place them into racks until
they are required for assembly.
5. The assembly of the body in white is fully
automated including welding and gluing of
components.
3. A series of completely automated metal
presses shape body and chassis panels. Robots
move components from one press to the next.
6. Certain manufacturers still require body
components need to be guided into position
manually.
7. Mercedes have developed a fully automated
method of fitting and adjusting openings to the
required tolerances. Lasers take measurements,
fed to a computer which operates a feedback
loop allowing small adjustments to be made by
the robots.
10. The majority of the interior fit outs are
carried out manually. This is probably due to
small, fiddly components and the limited space
for maneuverability within the cabin making it
difficult for robots to operate.
11. Exterior elements such as light clusters
are also installed by hand due to the wiring
that needs to be fed through the cabin and
connected.
9. The dashboard is a large and heavy interior
element that is positioned using a robot with
very carefully controlled movements as the
openings are small. The robot also fixes the
dashboard in place however final electrical
connections and installations of sub elements
such as satellite navigation are carried out
manually.
12 The mating of the chassis and drive train
on the production line is fully automated.
13. Windscreens are bonded in place manually.
This process could easily be automated by
using devices such as laser positioning or 3D
scanning to ensure the glass is accurately
aligned within the bodywork.
16. The installation of the seats takes place
late on the production line and so there is
limited space available for maneuverability
once other interior components are in place.
The positioning and fixing of the seats is
usually carried out manually.
2. CNC milling machines use 3D information in
the form of tool paths fed via a computer to
the cutter to manufacture tools that the steel
will be pressed against.
8. Painting is carried out in a fully
controlled environment and the process is
fully automated. Nozzles follow the optimum
path to ensure flawless paint coverage. By
digitally vmore advanced paint finishes such
as flip paints. Doors are removed after the
painting process and reattached later in the
manufacturing process.
14. The front and rear bumpers are manually
installed and screwed into position. The
careful alignment and the requirement for the
fixings to be hidden out of sight within the
engine bay make it tricky for this process to
be automated.
17. Glass is installed into the doors and fixed
to the winding mechanism. The door is then
hung on to the hinges. All this is conducted
manually due to the fiddly nature of the
operations.
15. Wheels are attached manually although with
advances in positioning technology, this could
easily be automated in the future.
18. Final testing of completed vehicles is not
fully automated. Labourers must drive the car
on to the rolling road and computers analyse
readouts from the ECU.
| CAR INDUSTRY |
The Car Industry has embraced automation and digital fabrication in a bid to improve quality as well as
reduce production costs. The initial stages of fabrication and components assembly such as manufacturing
the body in white and door panels are conducted by automated means. Technology such as laser positioning
allows panel gaps to be greatly reduced and using robots to paint and seal the bodywork ensures even
coverage hence reducing the risk of corrosion. The later stages on the production line however seem to
still be labour intensive and this is due to several reasons. Firstly laser positioning and scanning
technology may still not provide a high enough accuracy to assemble certain components to the small
tolerances demanded by the manufacturer. Secondly there may not be enough clearance in some cases to
allow robots the access to work such as within the cabin. Thirdly, the costs of automation may far
outweigh the cost of employing cheap, unskilled labour.
1. Composite ‘tape’ is applied in layers
to fabricate incredibly light yet strong
components. This process is completely
automated to ensure that components are
manufactured correctly. An optimum path is
calculated to ensure that the correct amount
of composite is applied to the component and
in the shortest time.
2. The fuselage assembly uses prefabricated
components that are assembled manually. This very
intricate task requires fixing from the cabin side
and it would probably be difficult to use a robot to
assemble each individual piece within the confined
space.
5. Completed fuselage sections are delivered
(often by air in specially modified aircraft)
to the assembly site. Components are manually
removed from the plane and manually moved into
the assembly hangar.
6. The hangar is a very clean space and
aircraft components rest on either computer
controlled trolleys or cranes, which allow
components to be correctly aligned.
3. The fuselage assembly is fitted into a giant lathe
and rotates slowly as composite tape is applied. As
the fuselage is rotated the tape applicator moves
from one side to the other to ensure even coverage
of the composite. The process is wholly
automated.
4. The composite is heat cured to bond and
strengthen the component. This process is
computer controlled to ensure the curing is
consistent.
7. Overhead cranes lift the fuselage sections
onto computer guided trolleys.
8. Computer guided trolleys carefully move and
align the fuselage sections together.
9. Automated fork-lift-trucks bring other
components and align them with the body of
the plane.
16. Once complete, the aircraft is moved
to another hangar with the help of a man
controlled tug.
14. Levels of precision in the interior do
not need to be as high as the exterior and so
unskilled manual labour can carry out these
tasks cheaply.
13. The lack of space within the cabin
means that interior fit outs are conducted
manually as robots would probably not have
sufficient space to maneuver. In addition
difficult to reach hidden fixings are probably
not compatible the movements most robots are
capable of.
17. The painting of the outside of the
aircraft is in some cases automated. There is
a large area to cover and automation ensures a
consistant finish.
15. The computer guided trolleys slowly move
the aircraft along the hangar as they become
more complete.
18. The test flight ensures that the plane is
working properly prior to being delivered to
the customer.
10. The final alignment of the fixings of
components such as the tail fin to the
fuselage is controlled manually either by
machine or human force.
11. Components once in position are fixed in
place manually. This is potentially due to the
process being relatively simple and the lack
of clearance within which the work needs to be
carried out.
12. The engines are brought to the wings on
a computer guided trolley. Final attachment
and connection to the controls are conducted
manually.
| AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY |
Aircrafts are far larger than cars and are closer in size to buildings. It is therefore very exciting
to look at automation and digital fabrication used in aircraft manufacture as it could be used to
inform progression within the construction industry. In a similar vein to motor vehicle manufacture,
the fabrication of individual components is heavily automated and relies greatly on digital fabrication
techniques. Positioning of individual components also appears to be carried out in most cases by
computer guided trolleys or cranes. What this case study reveals is that the sheer size of aircraft
means that it is difficult to automate the assembly of individual components. Manual labour is still
required in mating components and installing fixings. The interior fit outs of aircraft seem to be the
domain of manual labour and the process has not been automated. Narrow openings into the cabin together
with limited interior space and difficult to reach fixings make the processes impractical for automation.
The automation of the interior fit out does not become possible unless sequencing is changed or the cabin
architecture is rethought.
12. Press
Profile Cutter CNC Milling
Blade Etching
Bolt
Screw
Push Fit
Moulding/Formwork
Folding
Stamping/Pressing
Extrusion
Welding
Nailing
Stapling
Mechanical Fixing
Contour Crafting
2 Axes
3 Axes
4 Axes
Direct Metal Deposition(DMD)
Laser CUSING
Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)
Laminated Object Manufactuing
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Fused Deposition Modelling
Direct Metal Laser Sintering
(DMLS)
Digital Light Processing (DLP)
StereoLithography (STA/STL)
Solid Ground Curing (SGC)
3D Inkjet Printing (3DP)
Laser Engineered Net Shaping
(LENS)
5 Axes
6 Axes
6+ Axes
Laser Cutter
Plasma Cutter
Water Jet Cutter
Hot Wire Cutter
2D METAL
PLASTIC
MULTI-MATERIAL
CUTTING
CNC MILLINGADDITIVE - PLASTIC +
MULTI-MATERIAL
ADDITIVE - METAL FORMATIVE 2D CUTTING 3D CUTTING
Press
Profile Cutter
Blade Etching
Moulding/Formwork
Folding
Stamping/Pressing
Extrusion
Contour Crafting
FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING
Laminated Object Manufactuing
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Digital Light Processing (DLP)
StereoLithography (STA/STL)
Solid Ground Curing (SGC)
3D Inkjet Printing (3DP)
Fused Deposition Modelling
Direct Metal Deposition(DMD)
Laser CUSING
Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)
Direct Metal Laser Sintering
(DMLS)
Laser Engineered Net Shaping
(LENS)
2 Axes
3 Axes
4 Axes
5 Axes
6 Axes
6+ Axes
Laser Cutter
Plasma Cutter
Water Jet Cutter
Hot Wire Cutter
SMALL SCALE BUILDING SCALE
FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLINGADDITIVE - METAL
Direct Metal Deposition(DMD)
Laser CUSING
Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)
Direct Metal Laser Sintering
(DMLS)
Laser Engineered Net Shaping
(LENS)
ADDITIVE - PLASTIC +
MULTI-MATERIAL
Laminated Object Manufactuing
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Digital Light Processing (DLP)
StereoLithography (STA/STL)
Solid Ground Curing (SGC)
3D Inkjet Printing (3DP)
Fused Deposition Modelling
Contour Crafting
2D CUTTING
Press
Profile Cutter
Blade Etching
FORMATIVE
Moulding/Formwork
Folding
Stamping/Pressing
Extrusion
CNC MILLING
2 Axes
3 Axes
4 Axes
5 Axes
6 Axes
6+ Axes
3D CUTTING
Laser Cutter
Plasma Cutter
Water Jet Cutter
Hot Wire Cutter
HIGH COST PER UNIT VOLUME LOW COST PER UNIT VOLUME
MASS CUSTOMISATION
ADDITIVE - METAL
Direct Metal Deposition(DMD)
Laser CUSING
Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)
Direct Metal Laser Sintering
(DMLS)
Laser Engineered Net Shaping
(LENS)
ADDITIVE - PLASTIC +
MULTI-MATERIAL
Laminated Object Manufactuing
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Digital Light Processing (DLP)
StereoLithography (STA/STL)
Solid Ground Curing (SGC)
3D Inkjet Printing (3DP)
Fused Deposition Modelling
FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING
Contour Crafting
2D CUTTING
Press
Profile Cutter
Blade Etching
FORMATIVE
Moulding/Formwork
Folding
Stamping/Pressing
Extrusion
CNC MILLING
2 Axes
3 Axes
4 Axes
5 Axes
6 Axes
6+ Axes
3D CUTTING
Laser Cutter
Plasma Cutter
Water Jet Cutter
Hot Wire Cutter
ADDITIVE - METAL
Direct Metal Deposition(DMD)
Laser CUSING
Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)
Direct Metal Laser Sintering
(DMLS)
Laser Engineered Net Shaping
(LENS)
ADDITIVE - PLASTIC +
MULTI-MATERIAL
Laminated Object Manufactuing
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Digital Light Processing (DLP)
StereoLithography (STA/STL)
Solid Ground Curing (SGC)
3D Inkjet Printing (3DP)
Fused Deposition Modelling
Contour Crafting
2D CUTTING
Press
Profile Cutter
Blade Etching
FORMATIVE
Moulding/Formwork
Folding
Stamping/Pressing
Extrusion
CNC MILLING
2 Axes
3 Axes
4 Axes
5 Axes
6 Axes
6+ Axes
3D CUTTING
Laser Cutter
Plasma Cutter
Water Jet Cutter
Hot Wire Cutter
HIGH ACCURACY LOW ACCURACY
MASS PRODUCTION
FORMATIVE ASSEMBLY SUBTRACTIVE ADDITIVE
3D
13. LONDON
0 £100,000 £200,000 £300,000 £400,000 £500,000
NEW DWELLINGS
OTHER DWELLINGS
ALL DWELLINGS
FIRST TIME BUYERS
FORMER OWNER OCCUPIERS
NEW DWELLINGS £202,000
£216,000
£215,000
£161,000
£248,000
£277,000
£357,000
£353,000
£274,000
£424,000
OTHER DWELLINGS
ALL DWELLINGS
FIRST TIME BUYERS
FORMER OWNER OCCUPIERS
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
UK
LONDON
LONDON
0
£100,000
£200,000
£300,000
£400,000
£500,000
£600,000
£700,000
£800,000
DETACHED
SEMI-DETACHED
AVERAGE
BUNGALOW
PURPOSE-BUILT FLAT
CONVERTED FLAT
TERRACED
LONDONHOUSEPRICE
LONDON
0 £100,000 £200,000 £300,000 £400,000 £500,000
NEW DWELLINGS
OTHER DWELLINGS
ALL DWELLINGS
FIRST TIME BUYERS
FORMER OWNER OCCUPIERS
NEW DWELLINGS £202,000
£216,000
£215,000
£161,000
£248,000
£277,000
£357,000
£353,000
£274,000
£424,000
OTHER DWELLINGS
ALL DWELLINGS
FIRST TIME BUYERS
FORMER OWNER OCCUPIERS
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
UK
LONDON
LONDON
0
£100,000
£200,000
£300,000
£400,000
£500,000
£600,000
£700,000
£800,000
DETACHED
SEMI-DETACHED
AVERAGE
BUNGALOW
PURPOSE-BUILT FLAT
CONVERTED FLAT
TERRACED
LONDONHOUSEPRICE
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
PERCENTAGENEWHOUSEHOLDSBYTENUREINTHEUKHOMEREPOSSESSIONSINTHEUK[THOUSANDS]
£10,363/yr£199.30/wk
on rental payments
[LONDON]
COST OF A HOME
£9,318.40/yr£179.20/wk
on mortgage payments
[LONDON]
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
17.6%
SUBSIDISED
RENTERS
12.5%
MARKET RATE
RENTERS
69.9%
OWNER
OCCUPIERS
OWNER OCCUPIERS
MARKET RATE RENTERS
SUBSIDISED RENTERS
14. 62,641,000Current UK population
[world bank]
50,oootarget over 4 years
for affordable
homes london
only
7,500affordable homes
built in london
in 2012
1951 2061
ENGLAND
PRIVATE
WALES
SCOTLAND
NORTHER IRELAND
PUBLIC
1961
POPULATION[MILLIONS]
ANNUALUKHOUSINGCONSTRUCTION[£MILLIONS]
1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051
PREDICTED POPULATION GROWTH
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
£26,500 30%
over
15 years
x
average UK income
length of mortgage
£670
monthly payments
at 2% interest rate
£100,000
borrowed
affordable house at
30% of income
http://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/property/mortgagecalculator.shtml
annual outlay for
affordable house
=
=
£8,000
monthly outlay for
affordable house
£670
£26,500 30%
over
15 years
x
average UK income
length of mortgage
£670
monthly payments
at 2% interest rate
£100,000
borrowed
affordable house at
30% of income
http://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/property/mortgagecalculator.shtml
annual outlay for
affordable house
=
=
£8,000
monthly outlay for
affordable house
£670
Average London
House Price
Average London
House Rent
£365,000
£1250/month
Average UK House
Price
Average UK House
Rent
bbc.co.uk/news
bbc.co.uk/news
bbc.co.uk/news
bbc.co.uk/news
Property Price Graph, London. Prices on an upward trajectory, even during the recession.
(www.dailymail.co.uk)
£250,000
£750/month
CURRENTPRICESITUATIONAFFORDABILITY
15. 68.4 km2
greenbelt land
ENGLAND
LONDON
Hertfordshire
980 persons/km2
population density
350 km2
greenbelt land
53,012,456ENGLAND Population 2011
5200 persons/km2
population density
16,400 km2
greenbelt land
410 persons/km2
population density
1572 KM2
TOTAL LAND AREA
88.1 KM2
TOTAL LAND AREA
350 KM2
TOTAL GREEN
BELT LAND AREA
1222 KM2
TOTAL NON GREEN
BELT LAND AREA
1572 KM2
TOTAL LAND AREA
16,400 KM2
TOTAL GREEN
BELT LAND AREA
113878 KM2
TOTAL NON GREEN
BELT LAND AREA
68.4 KM2
TOTAL GREEN
BELT LAND AREA
24.1 KM2
TOTAL NON GREEN
BELT LAND AREA
THREE RIVERS
Chorleywood
Three Rivers
HERTFORDSHIRE
green belt
LONDON
16. 98sq m
£1200
/sq m
£120
/sq m
x
recommended size
for 3 bedroom property
CURENT
NEWBUILD
COST
AFFORDABLE
NEWBUILD
TARGET
average London
build cost
total construction cost
= £117,600
£225,000
£71,500
= £11,500
aim for new
affordable house
http://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/costs/calculator
http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/Policy
AndInternationalRelations/HomeWise/CaseforSpace.pdf
CONSTRUCTION - 51.93%
CONSTRUCTION - 11.23%
ARCHITECTS FEES - 1.68%
ARCHITECTS FEES - 7.79%
INTERNAL PARTITIONS - 2.65%
INTERNAL DOORS - 2.75%
FLOOR FINISHES - 4.53%
WALL FINISHES - 8.40%
CEILING FINISHES - 2.90%
SANITARY FITTINGS - 5.73%
WASTE PIPES - 0.84%
HOT AND COLD WATER - 1.61%
HEATING - 3.48%
FOUNDATIONS - 10.2%
EXTERNAL WALLS - 15.77%
ROOF - 11.60%
UPPER FLOORS - 2.53%
STAIRS - 0.99%
CHIMNEY - 1.99%
WINDOWS AND EXTERNAL DOORS - 8.42%
ELECTRICAL - 4.97%
LANDSCAPING - 7.79%
FIXED COSTS AND FEES - 3.79
FIXED COSTS AND FEES - 8.24%
LANDSCAPING - 16.84%
LAND - 57.28%
60SQM
@ £1000/SQM
= £60,000
LAND - 37.77%
60SQM
@ £1000/SQM
= £60,000
KITCHEN FITTINGS - 7.06%
BUILT-IN CUPBOARDS - 3.55%
land price based on typical plot for sale in zone 4 London (www.rightmove.co.uk)
INTERNAL PARTITIONS - 2.65%
INTERNAL DOORS - 2.75%
FLOOR FINISHES - 4.53%
WALL FINISHES - 8.40%
CEILING FINISHES - 2.90%
SANITARY FITTINGS - 5.73%
WASTE PIPES - 0.84%
HOT AND COLD WATER - 1.61%
HEATING - 3.48%
FOUNDATIONS - 10.2%
EXTERNAL WALLS - 15.77%
ROOF - 11.60%
UPPER FLOORS - 2.53%
STAIRS - 0.99%
CHIMNEY - 1.99%
WINDOWS AND EXTERNAL DOORS - 8.42%
ELECTRICAL - 4.97%
KITCHEN FITTINGS - 7.06%
BUILT-IN CUPBOARDS - 3.55%
ELIMINATE
ELIMINATE
REDUCE/SHARE
BETWEEN MULTIPLE
UNITS
COMBINE/REUSE EXISTING/
USE MATERIALS ON SITE/
STANDARD SIZES/SHARE BETWEEN
MULTIPLE UNITS
COMBINE/REUSE/
SHARE BETWEEN MULTIPLE UNITS
REMOVE/COMBINE
WITH PARTITIONS OR WALLS
REMOVE/COMBINE
17. 2.5m
13.6m
3.0m(5.0mmax)
Maximum permissable
dimensions of a lorry
on UK roads without
special arrangement
COST
REDUCTION
STRATEGY
Minimise Time on
Site
+
High UK Labour
Costs
Mass Production,
Mass Customisaion,
Controlled Environment
Maximise
Fabrication in
factories
Deliver Finished
Product to Site
Larger loads require
10 Weeks advanced
notice and permission
from police and
authorities
Toutenkamion lorry trailer chassis Toutenkamion lorry trailer construction Toutenkamion lorry travels to site in its
collapsed form for ease of transportation
before being expanded at its destination.
Oversized motorhome transportation
needs vehicles to be specially adapted
with additional lights and markers
Adopt strategies to
expand space on site
13.6 x 2.5 x <5.0m
34 sqm
54 sqm
18.6 x 2.9 x <5.0m
18. 1 2 3 4 5
UTILITY CORE
SLEEPING
INSULATING
BLANKET
SLEEPING
LIVING LIVING
SLEEPING
FOLDED SECTION EXPANDED SECTION
FOLDED PLAN EXPANDED PLAN EXPANDED PLAN MEZZANINE
SLEEPING
UTILITY CORE
SLEEPING
INSULATING
BLANKET
SLEEPING
LIVING LIVING
SLEEPING
FOLDED SECTION EXPANDED SECTION
FOLDED PLAN EXPANDED PLAN EXPANDED PLAN MEZZANINE
SLEEPINGUTILITY CORE
SLEEPING
INSULATING
BLANKET
SLEEPING
LIVING LIVING
SLEEPING
FOLDED SECTION EXPANDED SECTION
FOLDED PLAN EXPANDED PLAN EXPANDED PLAN MEZZANINE
SLEEPING
1 2 3 4
INSULATED FABRIC FORMS
DWELLING ENVELOPE
TENSION CABLES LIFT PLANES
ALONG FACADE RAILS
PLANES BETWEEN FLOORS
PROVIDE INTEGRATED
FURNITURE AND FIXTURES
5
19. Name Miura Ori Miura Ori Pleat Bellows Square Bellows Yoshimura Water Bomb Closed Water Bomb Hyperbolic Paraboloid Hexagonal Hyperbolic Paraboloid Developed Waterbomb
Deployment +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ ++
Transportation +++ + ++ +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
Deployed Structural
Rigidity
-- ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ + + ++
Sealability + + +++ + + --- --- - - ---
Material Efficiency +++ + ++ +++ ++ - + + + ---
Simplicity ++ ++ +++ + + --- --- -- -- ---
Form + ++ - - ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++
Potential Use Non-structural, infill. Supported
floor, supported wall, supported
roof.
Supported floor, supported roof. Enclosed space open at two ends -
walls, roof and floor.
Wall/roof/floor structure. Could be
used for cantilevers. A closed form
could be created.
Arch roof structure. Could be used
for cantilevers if arch is placed
on its side. An enclosed form could
be created.
Curtain/wall mounted to additional
structure.
Enclosed space open at two ends -
walls, roof and floor.
Roof structure. Roof structure. Could be used as a wall with
additional structural support.
Notes Structurally, the performance of
this system is poor however it
can provide good coverage from a
material that could be folded into a
very small area.
If supported from four edges of
the pleat, the structure remains
stable. This makes it unsuitable for
use in cantilevers. Deeper folds
improves strength characteristics
in Z direction. Can be formed into
an arch by modifying the crease
pattern.
Expanding form reduces structural
performance as depth of structure
reduced. Can create curved
extrusions.
The square fold at the edge creates
a strength that maintains the
orthogonal edge. Could be used to
create curved extrusions.
The approximated arch form creates a
structurally efficient form. Can be
locked into position by pinning one
pair of parallel segments.
The behaviour of this system is
complex. It does not provide
sufficient stability on its own to
perform as an independent structure.
Could be used to create a textured
shell structure.
The behaviour of this system is
complex. It collapses in a scalar
manner in the X, Y and Z direction.
The expanded form can be locked into
its expanded state by pushing out
concave nodes.
By connecting the top two points
with a cable and tethering the
parabola to the ground, the
structure can be stabilised. The
structure is very complex. The
form could be used to form a shell
structure.
The behaviour of this system is
complex. It collapses in a scalar
manner in the X, Y and Z direction.
The expanded form can be locked into
its expanded state by pushing out
depressed nodes.
The behaviour of this system is
complex. It does not provide
sufficient stability on its own to
perform as an independent structure.
The structure can generate a rotated
enclosed form around both the x and
y axis, open at either end.
20. UTILITY
STUDY
ELECTRICITY
LIGHT
INTERNET
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
SHELTER
WARMTH
WATER
SLEEPING
BATHING
WC
STORAGE
GARAGE
OUTDOOR SPACE
PERSONALITY
LIVING
KITCHEN
EATING
SECURITY
The dwelling for nomadic artists involves
understanding the existing condition of temporary
and communal living. Temporary living arrangement
stretch from one end of the spectrum as a campsite
to that of squatting in luxury homes in London.
Communal living is commonplace with young artists
who require large spaces to produce work combined
with low and unsteady incomes that are incompatible
with the financially driven UK property markets.
One factory centrally located within the UK
manufactures the building components from where
they are loaded onto a lorry and driven to site
ready to be assembled.
An initial investment into the building components
is made by artists as a cooperative. As this
building can be deployed across a variety of sites,
the investment can be spread across a number of
years. Favourable rental agreements for the site
and services will be possible as otherwise unusable
sites or spaces in a state of change are occupied
temporarily. Certain sites may be occupied for free
due to the presence of the artists acting as a
deterrent to vandals to disused or dormant sites or
because they provide a catalist for regeneration.
Materiality will be informed by the level of
permanence in addition to the climatic conditions.
The simplest temporary dwellings would be tents,
which are generally made from rigid poles which
have fabric draped over them. They are designed to
be occupied for short periods of time usually up to
a maximum of one week. This dwelling will be more
comfortable than a tent as it will be designed to
be occupied for up to 6 months at a time on one
site. Short term occupation of sites means that the
structures will be exempt from many requirements
outlined by UK building regulations. Quick and easy
deployment will exploit the characteristics of the
Yoshimura origami pattern.
Manufacturing the building elements digitally off
site in a factory will ensure better construction
quality and lower costs resulting from the
potential for automation and mass production. The
dwellings will be delivered to site 90% complete
with only foundations and connections between
building components needing to be made on site.
The temporary presence of the nomadic artists act
to engage the community with art. Local people can
experience and learn. The artists have the
opportunity to create pieces inspired by the
temporary surroundings and exhibit them locally.
The client is a cooperative of young artists who
are looking to live communally across a series of
sites.
The buiding acts as paracitic to its surroundings.
It borrows power, uses services and benefits from
local amenities as far as possible. Components can
be easily replaced and like a vehicle, a full
service is conducted at the factory once a year to
replace faulty components.
21. HOTEL HOSTEL CARAVAN TENT SQUAT RENTED HOUSE PROPERTY GUARDIAN
DWELLING FOR
NOMADIC ARTISTS
Cost: £££££
Rates: Daily
Comfort: *****
Typical area: 25-35 sq m
Usual occupation: up to one week
Facilities: Private bedroom, en
suite/shared bathroom,
private/shared lounge, bar,
storage.
Services: Food provided through
staffed kitchen, outsourced
laundry, room thermal control,
light, electricity, water,
sewerage, waste collection, TV,
internet, linen.
Notes: There is usually little
interaction between guests of
hotels with facilities and
services are provided on a room
by room basis. This is an
expensive option and cannot
realistically be considered for
longer-term occupation.
Cost: £££
Rates: Daily
Comfort: ***
Typical area: 4 sq m (bed +
locker)
Usual occupation: up to two
weeks
Facilities: Shared bedroom,
shared bathroom, shared kitchen
and dining, shared lounge and
bar, storage lockers.
Services: option to cook own
meals, self service laundry,
light, electricity, water,
centralised heating/cooling,
sewerage, waste collection,
communal TV, internet, linen.
Notes: Cheaper than hotels,
hostels require guests to share
more facilities including
bedrooms thus creating more
social interaction. Guests are
also require to undertake more
tasks themselves such as cook-
ing, washing dishes and removing
bedding at the end of their
stay. For the longer-term, this
option can be more costly than
rental. Many temporary, low paid
workers can spend longer periods
of time in hostels as rooms are
charged on a daily basis and do
not require deposit.
Cost: £££
Rates: Daily/Weekly
Comfort: ***
Typical area: 10 sq m
Usual occupation: up to two
weeks. In some cases retirees,
temporary workers and members of
the traveller community can
occupy sites for longer.
Facilities: Beds, bathroom,
kitchen and dining, sitting
area. Lounge, bar may be provid-
ed centrally.
Services: Kitchenette, communal
laundry, light, electricity, off
grid water (tank), off grid
sewerage (tank), off grid gas
(cylinder), paraffin heating,
internet may be provided
centrally, TV.
Notes: Caravan parks can be
legal or illegal. The ability
for a caravan to function off
grid means that it can relocate
almost anywhere that has road
access but regulations may not
allow vehicles to park in
certain areas. Occupants are
required to maintain services
such at emptying and filling
tanks. Certain services cannot
be provided within the dwelling.
Space within the dwelling is
limited.
Cost: £
Rates: Daily/Weekly
Comfort: *
Typical area: 4 sq m
Usual occupation: up to one
week.
Facilities: Sleeping bag,
limited storage.
Services: Some services may be
provided centrally such as
bathrooms, kitchens, laundry but
usually any comforts need to be
provided by the individual. Gas
cooking stove/barbecue,
battery-powered light.
Notes: Campsites can be legal or
illegal. Tents are the most
versatile dwellings in terms of
being able to locate virtually
anywhere as sites can be reached
by foot. Occupants need to
separately provide or do without
certain services. In most cases
tents provide basic shelter and
nothing more and so are not
considered suitable for long
term inhabitation. Illegal sites
such as the Occupy London
campsite outside St Paul’s
Cathedral survived for a number
of months before being disman-
tled. Over this time a number of
temporary support services had
time to develop including
bathroom facilities, catering
tents and shops.
Cost: £
Rates: N/A
Comfort: ***
Typical area: N/A
Usual occupation: N/A
Facilities: Bedroom, kitchen,
lounge, dining room, bathroom
and more depending on type of
property occupied.
Services: Light, heat, electric-
ity, laundry, water, sewerage.
Some of these could be discon-
nected.
Notes: Squatting is now illegal
in the UK. There is therefore an
uncertainty associated with this
type of living. It may be
possible to live in relative
comfort for little money due to
many facilities and services
being free to the occupants. Due
to the occupants having no
liability over the dwelling,
there is often little incentive
to keep the property in a good
state of repair. Artists have
traditionally lived in squats,
but they do not provide a
suitable long-term solution
there is a continuous threat of
eviction.
Cost: £££
Rates: Initial deposit + monthly
Comfort: ****
Typical area: 100 sq m
Usual occupation: min. 6 months
Facilities: Bedroom, kitchen,
lounge, dining room, bathroom
and more depending on type of
property occupied.
Services: Light, heat, electric-
ity, laundry, water, sewerage,
internet, TV, gas.
Notes: In London, this is an
expensive proposition. Rents are
high and a sizable deposit
together with a regular income
are required. Sharing is a
possible option and a variety of
properties can be rented
addressing the issues of afford-
ability and suitability.
Cost: ££
Rates: Weekly
Comfort: **
Typical area: N/A
Usual occupation: 3 months - 3
years
Facilities: Vary depending on
type of property but usually
include, bed, bathroom and
kitchen.
Services: Light, heat, electric-
ity, water, sewerage.
Notes: The occupation of vacant
property provides a deterrent
against vandalism and squatting,
whilst providing an income for
the landlord. Rents are lower
due to the type of property
(which could be commercial or
residential) and shorter notice
periods. These types of proper-
ties offer the advantages of
rented houses but with lower
costs and shorter rental agree-
ments. There are disadvantages
surrounding how the property may
be occupied with clauses
preventing artists from working
there.
Cost: ££
Rates: One off purchase price +
monthly local ground rent.
Comfort: ***
Typical area: 50 sq m
Usual occupation: 10 years
across a variety of sites with
6-month rotations.
Facilities: Bed, communal
bathroom, communal kitchen,
communal living space, communal
studio.
Services: Light, heat, electric-
ity, water, sewerage - connected
to a ‘host’ property.
Notes: The aim is to provide the
basic comforts of a traditional
static home with the flexibility
and mobility of a caravan.
Services that are not provided
within the building can be
provided by the locality the
scheme resides in e.g. laundry.
Building is commissioned by a
cooperative who purchase the
building outright and a ground
rent is paid at a monthly rate
agreed with the landlord depend-
ing on the site occupied.
COMPARISON OF TEMPORARY DWELLINGS
