The Kidney cancer also called renal cancer.   It's a disease in which kidney cells become malignant and grow out of control, forming a tumor. Almost all kidney cancers first appear in the lining of tiny tubules in the kidney. This type of kidney cancer is called renal cell carcinoma.

3. The Kidney cancer also called renal cancer. It's a
disease in which kidney cells become malignant
and grow out of control, forming a tumor. Almost
all kidney cancers first appear in the lining of tiny
tubules in the kidney. This type of kidney cancer is
called renal cell carcinoma.
What is Kidney Cancer?

4. Signs and symptoms
The most common signs and symptoms of this
cancer are a mass in the abdomen or blood in
the urine. Other symptoms may include
tiredness, loss of appetite, weight loss, a high
temperature and heavy sweating, and persistent
pain in the abdomen. However, many of these
symptoms can be caused by other conditions,
and there may also be no signs or symptoms in a
person with kidney cancer, especially in the early
stages of the disease.

5. Diagnosis
A diagnostic test for kidney cancer includes taking a thorough medical history and
making a complete physical
test in which the doctor will probe the abdomen for lumps. Blood tests will be or
dered to check for
changes in blood chemistry caused by substances released by the tumor. Laborat
ory tests may show abnormal levels of
iron in the blood. Either a low red blood cell count or a high red blood cell count
may accompany
kidney cancer. Occasionally, patients will have high calcium levels.
If the doctor suspects kidney cancer, an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) may be orde
red. An IVP is an x-ray test in which a dye is
injected into a vein in the arm. The dye travels through the body,
and when it is concentrated in the urine to be
discharged, it outlines the kidneys, urethras, and the urinary bladder. On an X-
ray image, the dye will reveal any
abnormalities in the urinary tract. The IVP may miss small kidney cancers.
Renal ultrasound is a diagnostic test in which sound waves are used to form an im
age of the kidneys.

6. Ultrasound is a painless and non-
invasive procedure that can be used to detect even very small
kidney tumors. Imaging tests such as computed tomography
scans and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) can be used to evaluate the
kidneys and the surrounding organs. These tests are used to c
heck whether the tumor has spread outside the kidney to
other organs in the abdomen. If the patient complains of bon
e pain, a special x-ray called a bone scan may be ordered to
rule out spread to the bones. A chest x-
ray may be taken to rule out spread to the lungs.
A kidney
biopsy is used to positively confirm the diagnosis of kidney ca
ncer. During this procedure, a small piece of
tissue is removed from the tumor and examined under a micr
oscope. The biopsy will give information about the type of
tumor, the cells that are involved, and the aggressiveness of t
he tumor.

7. Types of Kidney Cancer
• In addition to renal cell carcinoma and renal pelvis carcinoma,
other, less common types of kidney cancer include:
• Squamish cell carcinoma:- Squamish cell carcinomas, also known
as epidermoid carcinoma are a number of different types of
cancer that result from Squamish cell. These cells from the surface
of the skin lining of hollow organs in the body and line
the respiratory and digestive tracts.
• Juxtaglomerular cell tumor:- Juxtaglomerular cell tumor (JCT,
JGCT, also reninoma) is an extremely rare kidney tumor of the
juxtaglomerular cells, with less than 100 cases reported in the
literature. This tumor typically secretes rennin, hence the former
name of reninoma.
• Angiomyolipoma:-Angiomyolipomas are the most common benign
tumor of the kidney. Although regarded as
benign, angiomyolipomas may grow such that kidney function is
impaired or the blood vessels may dilate and burst, be leading to
bleeding.

8. Collecting duct carcinoma:-Duct carcinoma is a type of
kidney cancer that originates in the papillary duct of the kidney.
:-Clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney:-cell sarcoma of the
kidney (CCSK) is a malignant renal tumor of childhood with a
propensity to metastasize to bone and other organs. This tumor
may also recur many years after its initial diagnosis. ... CCSK is
unrelated to the clear cell sarcoma of the soft tissue, also known
as malignant melanoma of soft parts
Mesoblastic nephroma:-Mesoblastic nephroma is the most
common renal tumor identified in the neonatal period and the
most frequent benign renal tumor in childhood. It represents 3-
10% of all pediatric renal tumors.
Wilms tumor:- Wilms tumor (also called Wilms' tumor or
nephroblastoma) is a type of cancer that starts in the kidneys. It
is the most common type of kidney cancer in children. It is
named after Max Wilms, a German doctor who wrote one of the
first medical articles about the disease in 1899.
Cancer in the kidney may also be secondary, the result of
metastasis from primary cancer elsewhere in the body.

9. Stages

10. Treatment
Each person's treatment is different and depends on several factors. The location,
size, and extent of the tumor have to
be considered in addition to the patient's age, general health, and medical history
. In addition, much has changed in the
treatment and management of kidney cancer since the 1980s, including new surg
ical techniques, new anticancer drugs, and the development of
effective treatments for advanced disease.
The primary treatment for kidney cancer that has not spread to other parts of the
body, which is a Stage I, II, or III tumor, is surgical removal of the diseased kidney.
because most cancers affect only one kidney, the patient can
function well with the remaining one. Two types of surgical procedure are used. R
adical nephrectomy removes the entire kidney and the surrounding tissue

11. . Sometimes, the lymph nodes surrounding the kid
ney are also removed. Partial
nephrectomy removes only part of the kidney alon
g with the tumor. This procedure is used either wh
en the tumor is very
small or when it is not practical to remove the enti
re kidney. It is not practical to remove a kidney wh
en the patient has
only one kidney or when both kidneys have tumor
s. There is a small (5%) chance of missing.
Nephrectomy can also be useful for Stage IV cance
rs, but alternative surgical procedures such as tran
sarterial angio infarction may be used.

12. The rapid development and widespread use of laparoscopic tec
hniques have made it possible for surgeons to remove
small tumors while sparing the rest of the kidney. Most tumors
removed by laparoscopy are 4 cm (1.6 in) in size or
smaller. Laparoscopy also allows the surgeon to remove small t
umors with cry ablation (destroying the tumor by freezing
it) rather than cutting.
Radiation
therapy, which consists of exposing the cancer cells to high-
energy gamma rays from an external source,
generally destroys cancer cells with minimal damage to the nor
mal tissue. Side effects are nausea, fatigue, and stomach
upsets. These symptoms disappear when the treatment is over.
In kidney cancer, radiation therapy has been shown to
alleviate pain and bleeding, especially when the cancer is inope
rable.

13. However, it has not proven to be of much use in
destroying the kidney cancer cells. Therefore radiatio
n therapy is not used very often as a treatment for c
ancer or as a
routine adjuvant to nephrectomy. Radiotherapy, how
ever, is used to manage metastatic kidney cancer.
Treatment of kidney cancer with anticancer drugs ha
s not produced good results. However, new drug
sends new combinations of drugs to
continue to be tested in clinical trials. One new drug,
semaxanib is reported to
have good results in treating patients with kidney ca
ncer. As of 2004, however, semaxanib is still undergoi
ng clinical trials in the United States.