1. The document lists 30 scientific references related to research on topics like visceral obesity, the metabolic syndrome, effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets, conjugated linoleic acid, and low-fat diets. 2. Many of the references are journal articles that studied things like the relationship between abdominal fat and insulin resistance, effects of CLA supplementation on body fat mass, and oxidative stress related to CLA isomers. 3. The references come from scientific journals and institutions and date from 1978 to 2009.

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2. Scienti c References
1. Bosello, O., & Zamboni, M. (2000). Visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome.Obesity reviews, 1(1), 47-56.
2. Merat, S., Casanada, F., Sutphin, M., Palinski, W., & Reaven, P. D. (1999). Western-type diets induce insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in LDL
receptor-de cient mice but do not increase aortic atherosclerosis compared with normoinsulinemic mice in which similar plasma cholesterol levels are
achieved by a fructose-rich diet. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 19(5), 1223-1230.
3. Garg, A., Grundy, S. M., & Unger, R. H. (1992). Comparison of e ects of high and low carbohydrate diets on plasma lipoproteins and insulin sensitivity in
patients with mild NIDDM. Diabetes, 41(10), 1278-1285. raise plasma triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol concentrations and reduce HDL-cholesterol levels,
4. BORKMAN, M., CAMPBELL, L. V., CHISHOLM, D. J., & STORLIEN, L. H. (1991). Comparison of the E ects on Insulin Sensitivity of High Carbohydrate and High
Fat Diets in Normal Subjects*. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 72(2), 432-437.
5. Carey, D. G., Jenkins, A. B., Campbell, L. V., Freund, J., & Chisholm, D. J. (1996). Abdominal fat and insulin resistance in normal and overweight women:
direct measurements reveal a strong relationship in subjects at both low and high risk of NIDDM. Diabetes, 45(5), 633-638.
6. Despres, J. P. (1992). Abdominal obesity as important component of insulin-resistance syndrome. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 9(5), 452-
459.
7. Volek, J. S., Sharman, M. J., Love, D. M., Avery, N. G., Scheett, T. P., & Kraemer, W. J. (2002). Body composition and hormonal responses to a carbohydrate-
restricted diet. Metabolism, 51(7), 864-870.
8. McAuley, K. A., Hopkins, C. M., Smith, K. J., McLay, R. T., Williams, S. M., Taylor, R. W., & Mann, J. I. (2005). Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with
a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia, 48(1), 8-16.
9. Volek, J. S., Sharman, M. J., Love, D. M., Avery, N. G., Scheett, T. P., & Kraemer, W. J. (2002). Body composition and hormonal responses to a carbohydrate-
restricted diet. Metabolism, 51(7), 864-870.
10. Mårin, P., Darin, N., Amemiya, T., Andersson, B., Jern, S., & Björntorp, P. (1992). Cortisol secretion in relation to body fat distribution in obese
premenopausal women. Metabolism, 41(8), 882-886.
11. Epel, E. S., McEwen, B., Seeman, T., Matthews, K., Castellazzo, G., Brownell, K. D., … & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol
secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat. Psychosomatic medicine, 62(5), 623-632.
12. Kumari, M., Badrick, E., Ferrie, J., Perski, A., Marmot, M., & Chandola, T. (2009). Self-reported sleep duration and sleep disturbance are independently
associated with cortisol secretion in the Whitehall II study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94(12), 4801-4809.
13. Jevning, Ron, A. F. Wilson, and J. M. Davidson. "Adrenocortical activity during meditation." Hormones and Behavior 10.1 (1978): 54-60.12
14. E. Thom, et al. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Body Fat in Healthy Exercising Humans. Journal of International Medical Research 2001 29: 392
15. Smedman A, Vessby B. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans--metabolic e ects. Lipids. 2001 Aug;36(8):773-81.
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3. 16. Nuria Laso, et al. E ects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and
metabolic syndrome components. Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct;98(4):860-7.
17. Gaullier JM, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 yr reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004
Jun;79(6):1118-25.
18. U RiseÂrus, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-aged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: a
randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Obesity (2001) 25, 1129-1135
19. Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, and Gudmundsen O: Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese
humans. J Nutr 2000; 130: 2943-2948
20. theworldshealthiestfoods.org, July, 25, 2014.
21. dairynutrition.ca July 25, 2014
22. Mensink, R., & Katan, M. (1987). E ect of monounsaturated fatty acids versus complex carbohydrates on high-density lipoproteins in healthy men and
women.The Lancet, 329(8525), 122-125.
23. Raquel Hontecillas DVM, PhD, et al. Activation of PPAR ? and a by Punicic Acid Ameliorates Glucose Tolerance and Suppresses Obesity-Related
In ammation. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 28:2, 184-195
24. Vladimir Badmaev, M.D. et al. Piperine, an Alkaloid Derived from Black Pepper, Increases Serum Response of Beta-Carotene During 14-days of Oral Beta-
Carotene Supplementation. Nutrition Research (1999) 19(3) 381-388
25. Fernie, C. E., Dupont, I. E., Scruel, O., Carpentier, Y. A., Sébédio, J. L., & Scrimgeour, C. M. (2004). Relative absorption of conjugated linoleic acid as
triacylglycerol, free fatty acid and ethyl ester in a functional food matrix.European journal of lipid science and technology,106(6), 347-354.
26. Gaullier JM, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 yr reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004
Jun;79(6):1118-25.
27. Ra M et al. Conjugated linoleic acids reduce body fat in healthy postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2009 Jul;139(7):1347-52. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.104471.
Epub 2009 Jun 3.
28. Riserus U, Basu S, Jovinge S, Fredrikson GN, Arnlov J, Vessby B. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress
and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Circulation 2002; 106:1925-9.
29. Kent State University, University of Memphis, University of Wisconsin, USDA Western Human Research Center, Medstat Research Ltd. in Norway, Uppsala
University in Sweden, University of Kumanoto in Japan and University of Tours in France (http://www.cla.cc/tonalin_research.html)
30. Harvard School of Public Health: Low fat diets are not a cure-all
(https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2006/02/09/low-fat-diet-not-a-cure-all-womens-health-initiative/)
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