financial statements

1. Edwin C. Mbwambo

2. Learning objectives
 Adjust financial statements with outstanding expenses
and income
 Adjust financial statements with prepaid expenses and
income received in advance
 Adjust financial statements with bad debt and
provision for doubtful debt.
 Prepare financial statements with adjustments

3. Introduction
Accounting concepts that guide
adjustments
Discuss how these concepts apply in accounting?
Accrual concept – used to recognise revenue and
expenses. Recognise revenue when earned and expenses when
incurred.
Matching concept – used to match revenue and
expenses of same accounting period in order to determine
profit/comprehensive income for the year.
Periodicity – require that firms are periodically assessed
to determine their performance and financial position. This
period is known as accounting period.

4. Adjustments for outstanding
Expenses
 Expenses may be due but not yet paid; this is referred
to accrued/outstanding expenses
 It is common to receive salaries of previous month
during early dates on the next month. E.g., salary of
December is received in January.
 Accrued expenses is a current liability.
 It is adjusted using the following entry
Debit - expenses account
Credit - outstanding expenses

5. Adjustments for outstanding
Expenses Example 1
 Angela pays a rent of TZS 30,000 pm to
Aman. She paid TZS 240,000 in 1st January
2013, and she is expecting to pay the
remaining balance for the year ending 31st
December 2013 in February 2014.
 Required show how this transaction will
appear in the rent account, SCI, and SFP of
Aman on 31st December 2013.

6. Adjustments for outstanding
Income
 Income may be due but not yet paid; this is
referred to accrued/outstanding income
 Accrued income is a current asset.
 It is adjusted using the following entry
Debit receivable account
Credit income account

7. Adjustments for outstanding
Income Example 2
 Firm XYZ is renting part of its building for
TZS 600,000. Its accounting period ends on
31st December. At the end of the accounting
period 30% of the rent was not yet received.
 Show how the transaction will appear in the
statement of comprehensive income (SCF)
and financial position (SFP) of XYZ on 31st
December.

8. Adjustment for prepayments
 Expenses may be paid in advance; this is referred to as
prepayments
 In order to match revenue and expenses within a specified
accounting period and basing on accrual concept, expenses
account has to be deducted by the prepaid amount. The
deducted amount are referred to as Prepaid expenses
which represent current assets
 It is adjusted using the following entry
Debit prepaid account
Credit expense account (to reduce expense account)

9. Adjustments for prepayments
Example 3
 On 1st July 2012 Chris insured his business motor and
paid annual premium of TZS 300,000. however, Chris
accounting period runs from 1st January to 31st
December.
 Required
Determine insurance expenses in Chris’s books of account
and Extract SCI and SFP for Chris on 31st December 2012 to
effect this transaction

10. Adjustment for advances
 Income may be received in advance; this is referred to as
income in advance
 In order to match revenue and expenses within a specified
accounting period and basing on accrual concept, income
account has to be deducted by the advance amount. The
deducted amount are referred to as Income in advance
which represent current liability
 It is adjusted using the following entry
Debit - income account (to reduce income account)
Credit - income prepaid

11. Adjustments for advances
Example 4
 On 1st July 2012 Chris insured his business motor and paid
annual premium of TZS 300,000. however, Chris
accounting period runs from 1st January to 31st December.
 Required
Determine insurance income in Insurance’s books of account
and extract SCI and SFP on 31st December 2012 to effect this
transaction

12. Comprehensive example 5
 Consider three accounts in the books of Malumbano whose
balances on 31/12/2012 were insurance prepaid TZS 0.56m, wages
outstanding TZS 0.3m and rent received in advance TZS 0.35m
 During 2013 Malumbano paid insurance TZS 1m; wages, TZS 15m,
and received rent TZS 2.6m. It established that at 31st December
2013 balance of prepaid insurance will be TZS 0.345m, rent
received in arrear TZS 0.1m, accrued wages TZS 0.42m
 Required:
Prepare insurance, wages, and rent account for the year ended
31/12/2013
Prepare statement of comprehensive income (extract) showing clearly
the amount transferred from each of the accounts above
Prepare statement of financial position (extract) as at 31/12/2013

13. 1/1/13 Balance b/d 560
Insurance account
“000”
Debit Credi
t
2013 cash 1,000
31/12 Balance c/d 345
Total 1,560 2013 cash 1,560
31/12 to SCI 1,215
31/12 Balance c/d 420
Wages account “000”
Debit Credi
t
2013 cash 15,000
1/1 Balance b/d 300
Total 15,420 2013 cash 15,420
31/12 to SCI 15,120
1/1/14 Balance b/d 345
1/1/14 Balance b/d 420

14. 31/12 SCI 3,050
Rent received account
“000”
Debit Credi
t
2013 cash 2,600
1/1/13 Balance b/d 350
Total 3,050 2013 cash 3,050
31/12 Balance c/d 100
1/14 Balance b/d 100
Notes:
• Adjustments were made outside financial statement
• It is possible to make adjustments within financial
statements (example to be provided)

15. Malumbano
Statement of Comprehensive Income (extract) for the year ended
31/12/213
Income
Rent received 3,050,000
Less Expenses
Insurance 1,215,000
Wages 15,120,000
Malumbano
Statement of financial position (extract) as at 31/12/213
Current assets
Prepaid insurance 345,000
Accrued rent income 100,000
Current Liabilities
Wages outstanding 420,000

16. Adjustments for bad debt and
provision for doubtful debt
 When a debtor fail to pay her debt, the debt is called
bad debt – it is an expense
 When debt is not yet known as bad by the end of
accounting period is it may be considered as doubtful
debt.
 Doubtful debts are usually estimated (provision for)
 Both bad debt and doubtful debt reduces balance of
debtor.

17. Adjustments for bad debt
 Bad debt is an expense, therefore it appears in
comprehensive income/income statement
 It reduces debtor’s account balance (written off from
debtor account)
 Entries to create bad debt are
Debit – Bad debt account
Credit – debtors account (to reduce debtors account)

18. Adjustments for provision for bad
and doubtful debt
 Some debtors may become bad, however this may not
be known at the end of the accounting period.
 To match revenue and expense therefore we need to
provide estimates on bad debt and charge to SCI and
 It reduces the balance of debtors’ account in the SFP.
 To make this adjustment we pass the following entries
Debit – Statement of comprehensive income
Credit – Provision for bad and doubtful debts

19. Example 6
 Assume in year 2012 estimated bad debts were TZS
100,000. In year 2013 actual bad debts written
amounted to TZS 80,000 and the provision for bad and
doubtful debts for year 2013 is TZS 140,000. notes PDD
is 10% on debtors
 Required.
a. Prepare a provision for doubtful account to
record the transactions for the year 2013 to
determine figures to be used in SCI and SFP
b. Prepare SCI and SFP (extracts) 2013

20. Date Details Amount
(TZS)
Date Details Amount
(TZS)
1/1/2013 Balance b/d 100,000
31/12/2013 Bad debt 80,000 31/12/2013 Income St. 120,000
31/12/2013 Balance
c/d
140,000
220,000 220,000
1/1/2014 Balance B/d 140,000
PROVISION FOR BAD AND DOUBTFUL DEBT
ACCOUNT

21. Statement of comprehensive income (extract)
for the year ended 31/12/2013
Administrative expenses:
Bad debt 80,000
Increase in provisions for bad and doubtful debt 40,000 120,000
Calculation of expense to be used in income statement from
bad and doubtful debt is as follows.
Provision – previous 100,000
Less provision this year 140,000
Increase/(decrease) in provision 40,000
Add: bad debt 80,000
120,000

22. Statement of financial position (extract)
As at 31/12/2013
Current assets:
Debtors 1,400,000
Less: Provisions for bad and doubtful debt 140,000 1,260,000
Notes:
Increase in provision is considered as an expense in
I/S
Decrease in provision is considered as income.

23. Comprehensive example 7
 The following trial balance was extracted from the
books of A. Haidari on 31st March 2013. In addition, the
following are additional information
 Stock 31st March 2013 TZS 3,500,000; salaries and
wages accrued TZS 90,000; rent prepaid TZS 140,000;
van expenses owing TZS 60,000; and increase in
provision for bad and doubtful debt TZS 100,000
 Required.
 Draw up a statement of comprehensive income and
statement of financial position as at 31st March 2013

24. A. Haidari trial balance as at 31th March 2013
Debit Credit
Sales and Purchases 11,000,000 19,500,000
Cash and bank 2,000,000
Drawings and share capital 2,500,000 9,600,000
Furniture 1,500,000
Rent 1,200,000
Salaries and wages 2,000,000
Discounts 600,000 300,000
Debtors and creditors 4,900,000 2,500,000
Provision for bad and doubtful debt 300,000
Inventories as at 1st April 2012 2,900,000
Delivery van 2,400,000
Van expenses 400,000
Bad debt written off 800,000
Total 32,200,000 32,200,000

25. THANK YOU