1. Muhd. Masri Bin Hashim
Matrix No : 01-0612-00004

2.  H. Influenzae is a gram-negative rod that
causes meninggitis and epiglottitis, occurring
most frequently in children.
 Accounting strongly for the disease’s virulence
is the presence of a polysaccharide capsule.
 Enables the organism to resist host defences.

3.  Haemophilus influeanzae is one of the
bacterium that is found around the world.
 It is only found in human, and not in any other
species of animal.
 Typically it affects children, it also causing
infection in the eyes, ears and sinuses.

4.  Haemophilus influenzae was first isolated in
1890 by Richard Pfeiffer.
 He believed it was the cause of an influenza
pandemic that was then in progress and named
the bacterium to reflect that belief.

5.  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a gram
negative coccobaccilus. T
 his respiratory tract membrane obligate parasite
requires hemin (X-factor) and NAD (V- factor)
for in vitro growth.
 Hib is non motile and non acid-fast.
 Hib is aerobic, but also able to grow in facultative
anaerobic conditions.
 H.influenzea are classified into six antigenically
distinct serotypes (a to f) based on capsular
polysaccharide antigen.

6.  One such antigen is polyribosyl-ribitol
phosphate (PRP) and this antigen characterizes
serotype b.
 Three biochemical tests (indole, urease, and
ornithine decarboxylase)
subdivide H.influenzea into 8 biotypes.
 Although most Hib strains belong to
biotype I and II, standard Hib strains, which
belong to biotype VI, also exist.

9.  HOST RANGE: Hib is a human obligate parasite.
 INFECTIOUS DOSE: Unknown
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Respiratory droplet
transmission as well as via contact with discharge
from nose and throat during infectious periods.
The portal of entry is most commonly the
nasopharynx.
 INCUBATION PERIOD: 2 - 4 days
 COMMUNICABILITY: Hib is not highly
contagious. Secondary infection may occur in the
case of particularly close contact with patients. Not
communicable 48 h after initiation of efficient
antibiotic treatment.

10.  Severe bacterial infection, primarily
in infants.
 During late 19th century believed to
cause influenza
 Immunology and microbiology
clarified in 1930s

11. Reservoir - Human
Asymptomatic carrier
Transmission - Respiratory
Droplet
Temporal pattern - Peaks in Sept-Dec
and March - May
Communicability - Generally limited
but higher in some
circumstances.

12. 50
45
40
35
Incidence
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1987 1991 1995 1999

13.  Before the haemophilus influenzae vaccine
(Hib vaccine) became available.
 It was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis
children younger than 5.
 Bacterial meningitis spreads from the
respiratory tract to the bloodstream, and then
finds its way to the meninges.
 Once there, the bacteria from the infection
produce inflammation that causes an
individual to be seriously ill, and sometimes
causes death.

14.  The vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae
type B were developed in the 1980s and
have been available in the United States
since 1987. This radically changed the
outlook for what had historically been a
wide spread health problem.

15.  We can’t avoid the disease but we can prevent
it from getting near to us. Serious infection are
treated with a specific antibiotic.
 Treatment with specific antibiotics is
recommended for people that is near to the
patient when there is at least one unvaccinated
child under 4 years of age in the home.

16. THANK YOU