1. Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma
Moderated by:
Dr. Pinaki Chakravarty,
Prof. & HOD,
Dept. of Pharmacology,
TMCH
Presented by:
Dr. Karabi Adak
3rd yr PGT,
Dept. of Pharmacology,
TMCH
7. Elevated IOP can be reduced by
outflow through:
• the trabecular meshwork
• the uveoscleral pathway
• a surgically created pathway
production of aqueous
humor by ciliary body
8. Maintain IOP –
nerve damage
unlikely to happen
Reset IOP to lower
level
Minimise local and
systemic S/E-
improve quality of
life
Patient
education-
Improved
compliance
Major goals
of therapy
14. 3. Prostaglandin analogs
• Latanoprost 0.005%
• Bimatoprost 0.01% drops
• Unoprostone 0.15%
• Travoprost 0.004%
• Tafluprost 0.0015%
Systemic side effects minimal (cold hands and feet)
• Local reactions : iris pigmentation; eyelid skin darkening;
eyelash lengthening, thickening, pigmentation, and
misdirected growth; conjunctival hyperemia; ocular
irritation; superficial punctate keratitis
• Latanoprost brown pigmentation in iris
onset of increased iris pigmentation; first
year of treatment and
can be permanent
*The nature and severity of adverse events are not affected
by the increased pigmentation of the iris
15. 4. Rho kinase inhibitor
• Netarsudil
• Inhibits NA transport decreased aq.
humor production
• Expensive
• S/E: Tearing,Redness, blurred vision,
corneal staining
17. 1. Non- selective beta blockers
• Timolol 0.25%
• modest reduction of resting pulse rate
worsening of heart failure
• adverse pulmonary effects (dyspnea,
airway obstruction, pulmonary failure)
• chronic administration corneal
anesthesia
• care should be taken with sinus
bradycardia, heart failure
• systemic side effects could be exaggerated
in elderly patients
18. 2. Beta 1 blocker
• Betaxolol 0.5% drops
• Carteolol 1%
• Levobunolol 0.5%
• Metipranolol 0.3%
• Betaxolol- can be used in
pts. With HF and
pulmonary disease
• Rest should be used
cautiously
19. 4. Selective alpha 2 agonists
• Apraclonidine 0.5%-1% drops
• Brimonidine 0.2%drops
• Used preoperatively and
• Postoperatively for the prevention of ↑ IOP
• Does not penetrate BBB
negligible systemic hypotension
• Local adverse effects common
• Tachyphylaxis may be observed
• Effective long-term monotherapy or adjunctive
• therapy
• Penetrates the BBB mild systemic
hypotension and lethargy
• Local ADR < with apraclonidine
20. 5.CAI
• Topical: Brinzolamide 1%, dorzolamide 2%
• Systemic: Acetazolamide 250 mg qid
• Topical CAIs: well tolerated
• ADRs-ocular burning, stinging, discomfort
and allergic reactions, bitter taste, and
superficial punctate keratitis.
• Dorzolamide, brinzolamide are
sulfonamides attributable to
sulfonamide S/Es
• Should not be used in patients with renal
or hepatic impairment
• Acetazolamide : Headache, metabolic
acidosis
22. Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
Diagnosis- measuring IOP during an acute attack/ performing gonioscopy
Acetazolamide (PO or IV): 500mg iv stat/ 250mg tablet
topical beta blockers, prostaglandin analogues, α2-adrenergic agonists and
pilocarpine miosis
If above measures fail- iridotomy using laser
*a single attack of angle closure after pharmacologic dilatation rarely cause
permanent damage to the eye
24. Chronic Open Angle Glaucoma
Life long therapy
DOC- Latanoprost very expensive; OD regime better compliance
Alternative- Timolol
Dorzolamide, brinzolamide- less systemic toxicity than oral acetazolamide
Absorption minimized by digital compression of eye canthus