This document summarizes key factors that affect feed quality and nutrition, including raw material quality, formulation, and production processes. Specifically, it discusses how grain size, batching accuracy, mixing conformity, heat treatment during pelleting, and the removal of anti-nutritional factors can impact feed digestion and nutrient absorption. It also provides examples of how technical improvements to equipment and processes, such as batching systems, conditioners, and leaching methods, can help optimize feed quality.

1. September | October 2010
Feature title: Technical design and equipment:
Key to improving feed quality and nutrition
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2. F: Equipment F: Equipment
adjusted or the materials should be added duction of premix feed
after pelleting. 3: In case of change of for-
As the core process of feed production, mula, the mixer should
batching accuracy has a direct impact on be thoroughly cleaned to
feed composition and nutrition absorption avoid cross contamination
of the animals. As a result, the feed nutrition 4: Premix should be sepa-
can be balanced only with appropriate rated from major mixing
batching system. process in order to pre-
The batching process has a important vent cross contamination
effect on batching accuracy and composi- 5: The transportation distance
Technical design and equipment tion. The major technical improvements lie and height of materials
in following aspects: after batching should be as
Key to improving feed 1: The batching scale must be checked
regularly so as to ensure measure-
ment accuracy of batching equipment
short as possible and no
conveying equipment like
pneumatic device should be
quality and nutrition 2: The formula should be right and the
raw materials can be replaced
3: The materials should be fed at proper
adopted as it would cause
separation of materials
speed Impact of pelleting
by Shao Jianxin, Engineer, ZCME, China 4: The control system should be correct on feed nutrition
5: The batching equipment must be 1. Pellet quality control: pellet
W
operated in correct way quality is the precondition of feed nutri- must be unsaturated steam, free from con-
hy do some feed facto- With the same level of raw material and after repeated grind would decrease 40 6: The batching equipment should tion which must be strictly manipulated. densed water so as to ensure enough ‘pasting’
ries earn profits while formula, the quality of feed only depends percent. be clean so as to avoid cross The conditioning quality is the primary of starch and prevent machine blockage due
others don’t? Why do on process technology and equipment The key point of grain size control contamination control point of pellet quality which to too much moisture. The steam must go
feed of some factories performance. technology is to grind each raw material 7: The batching process especially the includes temperature, time, water and through a water trap and a pressure reducing
sell well? The reason behind is technical As the digest system of chicken, pig, fish, to the best size suitable for digestion so as use of medicine should be carefully ‘pasting degree’ of starch. A second- valve before entering the conditioner.
design and equipment selection. shrimp and pet varies, feed of different size to ensure the batch feed can acquire best recorded ary control
and degree of ripeness are demanded. It raising efficiency and economic profit. It is No-error computer control technology point covers
Choosing skilled feed engineering con- is one of the important methods for the mandatory to study the best digestion size is adopted to manipulate batching accuracy. powder
structors and comprehensive solutions modern feed companies to improve prod- of each raw material for different animals as Micro additives can be premixed and rate, cooling
The event that
GROWiNG iS
providers are also vital for the success of uct quality by upgrading process technology. shown in Table 1. batched and high accurate batching system tempera-
a company.
The factors affecting feed quality can be
Impact of grain size on feed nutrition
Generally, grain size should take con-
Pulverization and micro-pulverization
must be applied for aquatics feed.
can be adopted. ture, mois-
ture, blade-
will energize
your BUSINESS
beautiful
summed up in three aspects, namely: sideration of many factors like feeding Research has shown that carp feed ratio Impact of mixing even degree
• The quality of raw material method, process costs, capacity and growing could raise 5-10 percent if the screen of conformity on nutrition and water
• The feed formula characteristics of animals. grinder has been reduced from 1.5mm, Conformity is vital for feed quality as it durability
• The process technology Its empirical value should be no more 1.2mm to 1.0mm, 0.8mm, 0.6mm. As a will determine whether the animal can get of the feed.
than 1/3 of the diameter result, grain size has a markable influence full nutrition from the feed. The air balance To meet VI INTERNATIONAL
AQUACULTURE
Table 1: International best grinding particle size of pellet. on variation of nutrition. between mixing bin and mixer also has an the above
EXHIBITION
Appropriate grain size Grain with excessive small or big diam- impact on nutrition. require-
Best size
can improve digestion eter could break into layers which would Too big finish product bins and pellet ments man-
recommended
Animal Raise stage (µm) rate of the nutritious affect the digestion rate of feed nutrition. It bins and too long transportation lines will ufacturers
element. Research has is only by selecting proper technical design, destroy conformity of feed and reduce the need proper
shown that if the even professional company and equipment can conversion rate of the animal. steam supply
Ablactation 0~14d 300 size of corn feed for sow good quality feed be made. It is critical to choose the right mixer, and control
Pork Ablactation 14~35d 400 is reduced from 1200um mixing period and feeding method in order systems,
Grice ≤500�Corn� to 400um, its digestion Impact of batch on to ensure conformity and nutrition. The conditioning,
Fattening pig 500~600�Corn�
rate could be raised by feed nutrition control of mixing conformity covers mixing pelleting,
14 percent, dry materi- Formula is a major impact factor for feed feed, concentrated feed, additives, premix cooling and October 20th to 23rd
Sow 500~600�Corn� als in manure could be nutrition and pellet quality. Formula with feed and liquid feed. screening Puerto Montt - Chile
Growing pig 15~30kg 323(batch) www.aqua-sur.cl
reduced by 21 percent high content of grain like corn and soybean The technical improvements in batching equipment
Dorking 700~900�Corn� and the nitrogen would cannot produce high quality pellet feed due process have the following aspects: with all
be lowered by 31 percent. to the lack of natural bond. 1: Proper mixer must be selected to control
900
Over grind could lead Addition of highly cohesive wheat can ensure conformity parameters
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2~7cm�corn
energy, less capacity and It is necessary to combine each element rect order with big materials added adjusted.
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destroy of nutrition of in the formula and keep fat to lowest at first and small ones added later. All The steam SponSorS organizerS
Thanks to their biological action on fish and shrimp growth mechanisms,
Fish ≤0.5mm�batch� they boost your feed performance and help you substituting fish meal.
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Shrimp 150~175 proves that VA of pellet materials, the condition process should be amount and order especially for pro-
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | September-october 2010 ditioning units contact@aquativ-diana.com - www.aquativ-diana.com
IAF10-05.indd 13 07/09/2010 14:55
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | September-october 2010 September-october 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33

3. F: Equipment F: Equipment
F: Binders
Table 2: Anti-nutritional factors of common raw materials of feed
Anti- ing of feed with vitamins is as Table 1: Composition of test dietsfor specific
material of specific size of security, Results and nutrition of
sanitation of anti-nutrition factory and keep vita-
following: temperature ≥90°C, animals.Ingredientdenaturation hasDiet PBP feed,UF is necessary h i n g
Protein little it Table 2: Leaching rate enzymes uptake of test diets
L e a c to equip residue- mins; and water preparation cannot only
nutritional Diet WG Diet
factors Distribution Inhibit function moisture≥15%, time ≥60 seconds. influence on amino acid but improves free conveyor and bins, apply scientific Sample
rate and water erase toxicWG of feed but also provide
Diet effect Diet PBP Diet UF
As a result, it is necessary to its absorption rate greatly so that technology uptake - Analysis sequencing.
of cleaning and a health function.
Corn gluten 11 11 12,5
Protease Pea seed, beet Restrain activity of trypsin and pepsin, facilitate secrete of choose formulation with sound protein can be highly utilised. Heat treatment technology should be
for leaching rates Getting rid of anti-nutrition factors in
thermal stability. A good pellet Fish meal 20
6. The impact of post-cooking: after 20 20
applied which includes cooking atWater uptake materials has 105,13% vital in selec-
and water uptake high raw 107,63% become 89,89%
inhibitor broomcorn pancreas
Rapeseed, cabbage,
conditioner, correct air admission conditioning,flour ‘paste’ degree and
Wheat the 31 31 31
temperature, extrusion, at
were done high-pressure rate of process technology and equipment.
Leaching tion 7,75% 8,29% 6,75%
Glucoside Kale, etc Prohibit growth, increase cardiolipin and reduce appetite and mixing methods are also the water durability of pellet should be
Pro-Bind Plus - 2 treatment and ultraviolet irradiation, etc.
- the labora- Feed quality and nutrition can be only
Impair intestinal wall, lose more endogenous protein, inhibit
vital factors for pelleting process. improved, however, some thermal With the comprehensive application of ibility as verifiable in Lemos et al. technol-
tory of CreveTec. be guaranteed using professional (2009).
Wheat gluten 2 - -
Lectin Pea seed growth 3. Feed enzymes: pellet proc- alert vitamins are destroyed. As a the above technology, the finish pellet Feed and equipment. With the development
Leaching was done during one ogy samples with PPD (Predicted Protein
Urea-formaldehyde
ess also affects feed enzyme and result, it is better to use- formulations - 0,5
feed can obtain in fresh water.
hour satisfactory quality and Digestibility) from 90.7 to of professional
of nutrition, technicians 92.0% may be
Pea seed and cake,
other microbials. Other * 7,5
with sound thermal stability or apply 7,5 7,5
nutrition. As could be expected consideredcan work out very high protein
company of high to better methods to
Tannin etc Weaken absorption of protein, carbohydrates
Enzyme and microbial are bio- the Crude protein
improved coating technology so
37,74 38,01 38,05 from previous results, the digestibility anti-nutrition factors and make
eliminate diets.
injures gastric mucous membrane, destroy metabolization of
Gossypol Cottonseed and cake protein and iron logical products, the activity of as to Crude lipid nutrition values 8,66
preserve 8,61 of Impact of technical process
8,63 inclusion of ureumformal- more contribution in improving feed quality
which are usually damaged under the feed as much as possible; which dehyde reduces in feed can Growth trial
The anti-nutrition factors the water and nutrition.
Interfere biological effectiveness of mineral elements, form protein Crude fibers 2,92 2,91 2,94
Phytic acid Pea seed complex the comprehensive function of is mostly used in the production of cause disease of pigs andinpets and retard
uptake that turn reduces Experimental system - Shrimp were put
Ash content 6,44 6,48 6,47
high temperature, humidity and aquatics feed or special aquatics feed the growth the leaching rate. The values
process. As they are closely in 12 nets of 150 liters each. The nets were
Saponine Soybean Destroy absorption of nutrition, reduce appetite * Canola, Soybeanexample. oil, Soybean lecithin,
pressure. It is reported that the for shrimp for meal, Fish related with for the three diets are within
process technology, nutrition- submerged in a bigger tank, which is con-
Lignin Pasture Destroy absorption of nutrition, reduce appetite premix More inforMation:
activity of phytase drops by 87.5 7. Impact of storage and transportation: standards.
ists have developed many methods to elimi- nected to a biofloc reactor. Water quality
Alkaloid Pasture Reduce appetite, inhibit growth percent at temperatures of over cross contamination usually takes nate anti-nutrition factors. is maintained through bioflocs and is the
ZCME
Facilitate pasting of materials inside enteron, weaken absorption 80�. place during storage and transporta-
binders or natural binders on the digest- Digestibility
However, the nutrition elements same in 25th, Friendship Building No.159
Floor all nets. There were four replicates
NSP Grain feed of nutrition Zhao Jia Bang Rd Shanghai
So the utilisation rate of N.P. will ibilitytion. Residue growth of shrimp vehi-
of the feeds in transportation in The three samples of at the same time. for each diet.
feed would lose feed were analysed
PC:200032
be affected. The microbe addi- cles, bins, buffer hoppers and process for in vitroand expansion at high tempera-
Extrusion digestibility with the pH stat PR China
Meanwhile, the flow rate of steam must High temperature conditioner with short tives in the feed is especially reactive Material and Methods contami-
equipment could cause cross ture can improve by Lemos et and limit Shrimp21 64188282
method, as described feed quality al (2009). Tel:+86
be matched to the feeding rate. As a result, time (60-160 seconds) can kill bacteria. to high temperature so that its activity Diets - Three different diets were are
nation. Harmful microbe and pests for- lost of nutrition; anoxia sterilisation could
DH values were used to predict protein Fax:+86 21 was stocked with 25 shrimp
Each net 64163299
steam with proper characteristics is a Many conditioners of this type have been will be lost completely if the pellet mulated (see table). cross contamination. on
also source of Feeds were pelleted digestibility by separateand keep vitamins; (Litopenaeus vannamei) of 12-13g each.
kill bacteria effectively models relating
precondition of pellet quality. developed in several countries. The durabil- temperature exceeds 85�. It is better To meet increasingly high demand ingredients or could eliminate vivo digest-
a 2mm die. fermentation diet DH to in toxic effect They were acclimatised in the nets during
Technical improvements of steam pres- ity of feed at high temperature should also to coat enzyme after pelleting or
sure and flow rate covers following aspects be considered during conditioning. to use enzymes with better thermal
to ensure high quality of feed: 1: Materials with bad durability under stability.
1: Control the conditioning of meals, high temperature and poor ‘strength’ 4. Impact on anti-nutrition factors:
including the adding of steam and oil, should avoid conditioning at high part of anti-nutrition factors and
and check the quality of steam and
keep a good record of it
temperature. Instead, they should be
coated later so as to ensure pellet
harmful substances will be killed
during the conditioning of pellet.
fr
Contact us bout
2: Control the product from the pellet
mill and keep record of it
quality.
2. The impact on vitamins: it is vulner-
Anoxia sterilisation before pelleting
can kill various bacteria effectively
o
more info apowder
Hemoglobin
3: Control the cooling time, moisture able to increase conditioning time and improve feed quality. It has been
and temperature of feed in accord- and raise temperature as the vitamins a key research subject for profes-
ance with the room temperature and with poor thermal stability would be sional technicians.
moisture easily lost during the pelleting process. Animals have different reactions to the
4: Control the fat coated on the surface Vitamins like A, E, C, thiamine hydro- same anti-nutrition factors as its spe-
of feed chloride, etc will be killed rapidly cies and age vary. The anti-nutrition
5: Check the hardness of pelleted feed as the temperature and conditioning factors can be divided into positive
and keep good records time is raised. inhibitors for carbohydrate, miner-
Conditioning process is vital for pellet The critical condition for condition- als and prolease, etc. The pelleting
quality. The mixed materials with process adopts conditioning,
high content of grain usually stay high temperature extrusion
for at least 40-60 seconds in the methods to weaken the anti-
conditioner.
SO NATURAL
nutrition factors as listed in
Meanwhile, the temperature Table 2 to maximum limit.
inside the conditioner should be 5. Impact of pellet on starch
kept between 85-98� to improve and protein: the starch would Natural ingredients for aqua feed • Pro-Bind Plus, a nutritional, gelatin based pellet binder,
Whether you’re looking for a natural EU especially for pelleted (shrimp) feed.
‘pasting’ of starch. Materials with become ‘pasted’ and protein
and USDA approved pellet binder for your • Blood meal, a fish meal alternative, especially for
high fibers must stay for shorter would be denaturated after
production of stable pellets or nature’s best carnivorous fish species.
time in the conditioner. In case of conditioning so that the ani- alternatives for fish meal, you can contact • Muco-Pro®, high contents of natural proteins,
addition of liquids like molasses, mal can digest and aborb the Sonac. Sonac produces valuable and essential amino acids and peptides.
the materials should stay longer in starch and protein better. ingredients for the production of aqua feed. • Hemoglobin Powder, high protein content and good
conditioner (maximum 30 minutes) However, it is the technical digestibility, for better feed conversion
so that it would absorb molasses issue of a professional com- www.sonac.biz
fully. pany to determine the raw
10 | | InternatIonal AquAFeed | September-october 2010
34 InternatIonal AquAFeed | September-october 2010 September-october 2010 | | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
September-october 2010 InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11

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