MEDICAION AND DRUGS CHAPTER

1. Chapter 13
Medications and Drugs

2. Lesson
13.1 Safe Medication
Use

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Lesson 13.1 Essential Question
What steps do you need to follow to use
medications safely?

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Lesson 13.1 Learning Outcomes,
1 of 2
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
• identify the main reasons people use medications;
• differentiate between over-the-counter and prescription medications;
• describe different ways to take medications;

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Lesson 13.1 Learning Outcomes,
2 of 2
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
• summarize common health risks associated with taking
medications;
• list safe strategies for choosing and using medications; and
• define medication misuse.

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•For what reasons would a person need to take a medication?
•What are some of the health risks of taking medications?
•What are some strategies for using medications safely and
effectively?
Warm-Up Activity
Understanding Medications

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Medications
• Substances used to treat disease or
relieve symptoms
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• Government agency responsible for
making sure medications are safe,
effective, and secure from tampering
• Decides whether a medication
requires a doctor’s prescription
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Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medications
• Sold without a doctor’s prescription
• Important to follow labeled
instructions and warnings
• Most common are analgesics
(pain relievers)
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Thinking Critically
OTC Medications
• What are some commonly used OTC medications with which
you are familiar?
• Do you use these medications? If yes, for what reasons?

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Prescription Medications
• Can only be purchased with a prescription from a
doctor or other licensed healthcare professional
• Different types have different functions:
• Antibiotics
• Antivirals or antifungals
• Anesthetics
• Antidepressants or antipsychotics
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Health Risks of Taking Medications
• Side effects
• Interactions with other
medications, foods, or drinks
• Drug sensitivities or drug
allergies
• Tolerance, dependence, or
substance use disorders with
long-term use
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Use Your Skills
See a Healthcare Professional
Talking to your doctor or pharmacist will help you understand the
appropriate way to take a medication. To start this conversation, use the
following steps:
1. Make an appointment with your doctor
2. Bring a list of health concerns to your appointment
3. Tell your doctor about any drug allergies or sensitivities and any
medications and drugs you are taking
4. Ask about directions, warnings, and side effects of prescribed medications
5. Fill the prescription and ask the pharmacist any other questions you have

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Use Your Skills
Use Medications as Intended
• Medications are powerful substances
that alter the body’s chemistry and
functions. Because of this, it is
important to use medications as
intended. This includes:
• Following medication instructions
• Using medications responsibly
• Avoiding medication misuse
Courtesy of the US Department of Health and
Human Services

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13.1 Lesson Review
1. Which government agency is responsible for making sure medications
are safe to use, effective, and secure from tampering?
• The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
2. What are the unpleasant symptoms that occur after taking a medication
for a long time?
• withdrawal
3. What is the proper way to dispose of medications?
• drop off at a drug take-back location or follow the instructions on the label or
prescription to dispose of at home

15. Lesson
13.2 Medication Abuse

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Lesson 13.2 Essential Question
Why is medication abuse a serious public health
issue?

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Lesson 13.2 Learning Outcomes,
1 of 3
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
• give examples of medication abuse;
• describe how abusing medications impacts the brain and body;
• analyze the mental, social, and legal consequences of medication
abuse;

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Lesson 13.2 Learning Outcomes,
2 of 3
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
• explain the health consequences of abusing depressants;
• identify the life-threatening effects of opioid abuse;
• assess the consequences of abusing stimulants;

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Lesson 13.2 Learning Outcomes,
3 of 3
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
• explain why some people abuse cold medications;
• analyze the risks of abusing diet pills; and
• summarize why performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) are
dangerous.

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• What are some questions you
could ask your doctor about pain
management after a surgery?
• How could you reduce the risks of
medication abuse or addiction?
Warm-Up Activity
Concerned About Addiction
VictorMoussa/Shutterstock.com

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What is Medication Abuse?
• Use of a medication in an unintended or
harmful way
• Includes:
• Using medications for unintended purposes
• Sharing or selling medications
• Taking too much of a medication
• Combining medications without a doctor’s
approval
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Did You Know?
Medication Abuse
• More people die each year from the abuse of prescription
medications than from illegal drug use.

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Medications and the Brain
Medication stimulates
the brain to produce
dopamine
Brain develops
tolerance and produces
less natural dopamine
Brain becomes
dependent on
medication

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Other Health Effects
Appetite
changes
Diarrhea
Weight
loss/gain
Vomiting
Insomnia Sleepiness Fatigue
Muscle/joint
pain
Blood clotting
issues
Weak
immunity
Liver damage Overdose

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Mental, Social, and Legal Consequences
Mental
• Agitation,
anxiety, and
depression
• Hyperactivity,
irrational fear,
and mood
swings
Social
• Broken trust
• Poor work and
school
performance
• Violence and
crime
• Isolation
Legal
• Jail time
• Fines
• Loss of driving
privileges
• Expulsion from
school or loss
of job
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Depressants
• Stimulate the brain to release chemicals that slow nerve activity
Barbiturates
•Slow down the nervous
system
•Abuse leads to difficulty
breathing, increased risk
of respiratory diseases,
anxiety or panic,
hallucinations, and death
Benzodiazepines
•Relieve symptoms of
anxiety disorders, panic
disorders, and seizures
•Abuse leads to digestive
issues, memory and
attention disorders,
emotional numbness, and
depression
Sleeping medications
•Treat insomnia
•Abuse leads to slurred
speech, difficulty focusing,
impaired memory, lack of
coordination, seizures,
and death by overdose

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Opioids
• Prescription medications that contain a synthetic version of opium
• Relieve pain by turning off the nerves that send pain signals and
stimulating the brain to release endorphins and dopamine
Codeine
• Treats pain and
coughing
Morphine
• Powerful
prescription
opioid for pain
Methadone
• Prescription
opioid for
severe pain
• Does not cause
euphoria
Fentanyl
• Prescription
opioid 50 to
100 times more
powerful than
morphine

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Stimulants, Cold Medications,
and Diet Pills
Stimulants
• Cause the brain to release
adrenaline
• Referred to as speed, uppers,
and vitamin R
• Abuse can lead to addiction,
cognitive impairment,
depression, delusions,
hallucinations, paranoia, and
physical health issues
Cold medications
• Reduce coughing and relieve
congestion
• Many contain
dextromethorphan (DXM or
DM)
• Abuse can cause
hallucinations, panic,
aggression, and addiction
Diet pills
• Claim to help reduce weight
• Work by suppressing appetite
or increasing metabolism
• Abuse can lead to altered
menstrual cycle, digestive
issues, headaches and
dizziness, heart failure,
hyperactivity, insomnia,
respiratory failure, anxiety,
panic attacks, mood swings,
depression, and unhealthy
body image

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Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Abused in hopes of improving
strength, speed, and stamina
• Often acquired through illegal sales
• Psychological addiction common
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Commonly Abused Performance-
Enhancing Drugs
Anabolic steroids
• Taken to enhance
muscle growth,
strength, and physical
appearance
• Abuse is dangerous
Androstenedione
• Prescribed to promote
growth
• No proven effect on
athletic performance
Human growth hormone
(HGH)
• Helps build muscle
• Not proven to increase
muscle mass and
strength in athletes
Erythropoietin
• Increases production of red
blood cells
• Risks outweigh small
competitive edge
Diuretics
• Cause the body to pass water
and salts in urine
• Used by athletes to lose water
weight
Creatine
• Used by the muscles during
short, intense activity
• Does not help muscle activity
that requires endurance or
increase muscle mass

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13.2 Lesson Review
1. True or False: Over-the-counter medications are always safe, even if
they are not used as directed.
• False.
2. Which prescription opioid is 50 to 100 times more powerful than
morphine?
• fentanyl
3. The slang terms speed, uppers, and vitamin R refer to which type of
commonly misused medication?
• stimulant

32. Lesson
13.3 Drug Abuse

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Lesson 13.3 Essential Question
What are the health consequences of drug abuse?

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Lesson 13.3 Learning Outcomes,
1 of 2
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
• analyze the role of physical and psychological addiction in drug
abuse;
• describe the impact of drugs on the brain and other body systems;
• explain the mental, social, and legal consequences of drug abuse;

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Lesson 13.3 Learning Outcomes,
2 of 2
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
• summarize how drug abuse impacts families, friends, and society;
and
• assess how different types of drugs endanger health.

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• Does the media portray drug use realistically?
• How might media depictions of drug use influence teens’
behavior?
Warm-Up Activity
Media Versus Reality

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Drugs
• Substances that cause a
physical or psychological
change in the body
• Often have no medical use
• Drug abuse occurs when
a person uses addictive,
illegal drugs
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Images

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Myth or Fact?
Experimenting With Drugs
• It is harmless to experiment with drugs.
MYTH
Fact: Experimenting with drugs can lead to regular use.

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Tolerance and Withdrawal
Drug stimulates
brain to release
dopamine
Brain releases less
dopamine on its
own
Body requires more
of the drug to
function normally

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Did You Know?
Drugs and Self-Control
• If comparing the body to a car, an
addictive drug presses the accelerator
(dopamine) and turns off the brakes
(the self-control region).
• This results in a lack of self-control and
increased likelihood of making risky
decisions and engaging in unsafe
behaviors.
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Other Health Consequences of Drug Use
• Increased likelihood of contracting communicable diseases
• Lung damage from vaping drugs
• Long-term damage to several organs
• Death or irreversible damage to the body due to overdose

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Mental, Social, and Legal Consequences
of Drug Abuse
Impaired
thinking
Interrupted
goals
Engaging in
risky behaviors
Mental illness
Arrest
Academic
trouble
Work trouble
Financial
difficulty
Loss of friends Conflict Violence
Criminal
activity

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Marijuana
• Drug made up of dried parts of the cannabis plant
• Most commonly used drug in the US
• Can be vaped, smoked, brewed into tea or consumed as an edible
• Active ingredient THC responsible for the drug’s high

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Negative Health Effects of Using Marijuana
Addiction
Substance use
disorder
Abuse of other, more
powerful drugs
Distorted
perceptions
Poor coordination
Difficulty thinking
and solving
problems
Learning and
memory issues
Cardiovascular
issues
Respiratory
conditions
Increased risk of
cancer

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Thinking Critically
Legalization of Marijuana
• The majority of people in the US who use marijuana do so
illegally.
• What are the possible effects of broader legalization of
marijuana?

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Cocaine
• A white powder that comes from
the leaves of a coca plant
• Highly addictive stimulant
• Sometimes processed into a
solid substance know as crack
cocaine
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• Loss of sense of smell
• Permanent damage to heart,
brain, kidneys, and lungs
• Disorientation
• Depression
• Sudden death
• Increased body temperature,
heart rate, and blood pressure
• Headaches
• Hallucinations
• Abdominal pain and nausea
• Paranoia and hostility
Effects of Cocaine

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Methamphetamine
• Powerful and extremely addictive
illegal stimulant
• Crystal meth—common form of
methamphetamine consisting of clear
crystal chunks
• Causes users to feel energized
• Health effects similar to cocaine
• Causes broken or rotten teeth (meth mouth)
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Images

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Bath Salts
• Synthetic drugs that contain the stimulant
methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
• 10 times stronger than cocaine
• Often marketed as incense, plant feeder, or insect repellent
• Side effects include paranoia, chest pains, headaches and nausea,
hallucinations, panic attacks, violent behavior, increased heart rate
and blood pressure, suicidal thoughts, and death

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Hallucinogens
• Drugs that change a person’s
perception of reality
• DMT
• Ketamine
• LSD
• Mescaline
• Psilocybin
• PCP
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Health Effects of Hallucinogens
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure
• Sweating and uncoordinated movements
• Trouble sleeping
• Nausea
• Extreme anxiety and depression
• Panic reactions and paranoia
• Memory loss and speech and thinking issues
• Flashbacks
• Heart attack, stroke, seizure, or death
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Heroin
• Comes from morphine
• Sometimes mixed with crack cocaine
(speedballing)
• Addiction associated with severe
withdrawal symptoms
• Causes breathing to slow or stop, leading to
coma, permanent brain damage, or death
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Club Drugs
• Several different types of drugs young people may abuse at parties,
bars, festivals, and concerts
• Common examples:
• Rohypnol®—makes a person unable to move or respond to events;
commonly called roofies
• GHB—slows the processes in the brain, causing an intense high and
hallucinations
• MDMA—increases activity of dopamine, norepinephrine, and
serotonin in the brain; also called ecstasy or Molly

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Myth or Fact?
Club Drugs
• Club drugs have no serious effects.
MYTH
Fact: Depending on the drug, side effects can include memory loss,
impaired attention, delirium, intense drowsiness, coma, and death.
Fact: These drugs can also be addictive and have unpleasant
withdrawal effects.
Fact: Some of these drugs are known as date rape drugs because
criminals use them to commit sexual assaults.

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Inhalants
• Chemicals that people
breathe to experience
some type of high
• Can cause hypoxia and
other serious side effects
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13.3 Lesson Review
1. What is the active ingredient in marijuana?
• delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
2. What causes cocaine to be so addictive?
• The high it causes does not last long, and once it wears off, the person feels
nervous and depressed and intensely craves cocaine.
3. What is the process of mixing heroin with crack cocaine called?
• speedballing

57. Lesson
13.4 Preventing and
Treating
Medication and
Drug Abuse

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Lesson 13.4 Essential Question
How can you protect yourself and others from the
negative consequences of medication and drug
abuse?

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Lesson 13.4 Learning Outcomes,
1 of 2
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
• describe risk factors for medication and drug abuse and addiction;
• assess methods of preventing medication and drug abuse;
• identify strategies for refusing medication abuse and drugs;

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Lesson 13.4 Learning Outcomes,
2 of 2
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
• describe ways to treat medication and drug abuse and addiction;
and
• determine how to help someone with an addiction to medications or
drugs.

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• How can you use effective
communication skills to get
help with a medication
addiction?
Warm-Up Activity
Reaching Out for Help
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Factors Affecting Medication and Drug
Abuse
Individual Factors
Genetic makeup
Mental health
Stage of development
Environment
Family
Culture
Peers
Community
Media

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Thinking Critically
Self-Medicating
• How can abusing medications or drugs to self-medicate
make someone’s mental health condition become worse?
• Does not treat the underlying condition
• Puts the person at risk of developing substance use disorders
(co-occurring disorders) and more severe symptoms

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Use Your Skills
Preventing Medication and Drug Abuse
Take Care of
Your Mental
Health
Avoid Risky
Situations
Plan Ahead
Just Say No
Participate in
Prevention
Programs

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Did You Know?
Prevention Programs
• Many different programs and organizations are available to
help prevent medication and drug addiction:
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
• AWARxE Prescription Drug Safety Program
• “Above the Influence” campaign
• What other resources are available in your community?

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Treating Substance Use Disorders
• First step is often getting help from a rehabilitation program
• Two types of treatment:
• Medicinal
• Behavioral
• Called Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) when both strategies
are used together
• Important to have a strong support system if relapse occurs

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Thinking Critically
Recovery Programs
• What types of programs are available for people who are
recovering from substance use disorders?
• Skills-training programs
• Support groups
• Sober living communities

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13.4 Lesson Review
1. What are substance use disorders and other mental illnesses that
occur together called?
• co-occurring disorders
2. Why are teens at particular risk of developing addictions?
• Their brains are still developing in the areas that govern decision-making,
judgement, and self-control.
3. What occurs when someone takes a medication or drug again after
deciding to stop?
• relapse