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1. Environmental Studies and Forestry Sample Essay
Cytisus scoparius Species in India
Cytisus scoparius, which is commonly known as Scotch broom is among
the several invasive species that have raised environment concerns in
India. The species was introduced in the western Indian mountain
ranges (Western Ghats) from European countries for ornamental
reasons since it gives forth a spectacular annual floral display
(Srivastava & Singh, 2009, p. 19). However, the plant has become a
menace in the Nilgiri Hills of India, especially in the Shola forests and
grazing lands. While the species has continued to cause interference
with the regeneration of the Shola species that naturally grow on these
hills, this invasive species have also attacked the grasslands, thereby
decreasing the production of grass available for the livestock of Nilgiri
hills (Srivastava & Singh, 2009, p. 19). Biotic interferences like forest
fires have been established to increase the spread of this invasive
species.
There have been numerous attempts to eradicate this species using
different chemical and mechanical methods like those used in weed
control programs. Initial attempts to place the species under control
were stopped because of the high cost of the eradication program.
Recently, environmental agencies and groups in India have enhanced
the efforts of eradicating the species through biological control
measures. Several pilot projects have been pursued to evaluate the
effectiveness of the Scotch broom’s seeds, thereby reducing the
numbers available for dispersal and germination. Results from most
pilot projects showed that effective management of this species
requires the combination of biological control with repeated
application of mechanical control methods, like short-rotation
prescribed fires, in order to ensure that the species seed bank is
depleted.

2. Water Pollution in River Ganges, India
River Ganges, which is the holiest river in India, has been preserved in
history as a source of spiritual purification for devout Hindus. Each year,
the river attracts millions of Hindu pilgrims seeking spiritual purification
by dipping themselves into the waters. However, the river is currently
among the most polluted ones on earth. The pollution of the river is
caused by domestic and industrial waters from towns situated along its
length and mass bathing and ritualistic practices.
Chemical pollution in River Ganges is mainly caused by untreated
industrial effluents that are disposed directly into the river. The leather
industry is among the main contributors of pollution since the huge
amounts of chromium chemicals used in the treatment of leather find
their way into the river, making it toxic and poisonous. The level of
chemical pollution is usually high during the dry season when the river
is moving as its lowest sped and the tanning industry is at its peak. The
disposal of untreated sewage into the rivers has ensured a significant
increase in the concentration of nitrate and chloride chemicals in the
rivers’ waters. The river is also biologically polluted with the fecal
Coliforms bacteria that are hazardous to human health. The part of the
river near the pilgrimage city of Varanasi has fecal coliform counts that
are 10,000 times more than the limit set by the World Health
Organization to be acceptable to humans (Houck, 2010, p. 100). The
river is currently listed as the leading cause of infant and child mortality
rates in communities adjacent to it because of the increased level of
waterborne diseases like diarrhea caused by human excrement, and
skin problems caused by toxic chemicals discharged by industries into
the river. The high level of pollution in River Ganges is greatly attributed
to the explosion of population in India in the past few decades, and
relaxed regulations on industry.
Air Pollution due to Vehicular Emissions

3. Motor vehicle emissions are among the major contributors to air
pollution at local, regional and global levels. It is closely related to the
worst air pollution problems, such as formation of smog, depletion of
the ozone layer, and production of carbon monoxide gas that is highly
poisonous. The pollution comes from the by-products of the
combustion process that involves fossil fuels (hydrocarbons like diesel)
and oxygen. While a perfect combustion of the hydrocarbon is
expected to produce water, carbon dioxide, and unaffected nitrogen
by-products, the imperfect combustion in vehicle engines produces
unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide as pollutants in the form of vapor, gases, fumes and particles.
Apart from the emissions from exhausts, air pollution can also be
impacted by evaporative emissions where hydrocarbon pollutants
escape into the air through the evaporation of fuel, especially during
the process of refueling.
Exposure to these motor vehicle emissions can cause severe health
consequences. Carbon monoxide, which is colorless and odorless, is a
poisonous gas that is emitted from the incomplete vehicle exhaust can
cause interference with the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the
brain, heart and other tissues of the body. Healthy people who are
exposed to this gas can experience symptoms like headaches, fatigue,
reduced reflexes and even suffocation. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide
and other related nitrogen oxides can adversely affect the respiratory
system. The main matter component in exhaust emissions may be
trapped within the respiratory system, where it can cause irritation.
These particles can also act as a vector for other toxic air pollutants
from vehicle emissions like benzene and formaldehyde that are
considered to cause cancer and genetic mutations. Exposure to carbon
dioxide can cause deprivation of oxygen, which can raise the heart rate,
elevate blood pressure, coma and convulsions. Excessive exposure,
which usually occurs in enclosed garages, can cause death as a result of
suffocation.

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5. References
Houck, O. A. (2010). Taking back Eden: Eight environmental cases that
changed the world. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Onursal, B., & Gautam, S. P. (1997). Vehicular air pollution: Experiences
from seven Latin American urban centers. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Srivastava, A., & Singh, R. (2009). Key management issues of Forest-
Invasive Species in India. Indian Journal of Environmental Education, 9,
16-24.
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