PixelDisplay DSSC November 2018

Imagine Light. In all it’s colors
Future Displays : Challenges, Technologies – DSSC Nov 2018
© 2018 PixelDisplay Inc, All Rights Reserved 1

Agenda: Major Challenges and Options
• Reminder: we care about overcoming display challenges ?
• Pixel Challenges
• Display Interface Challenges
• Color/Contrast/Brightness Challenges
• “Human” Interface Challenges
• Are Mini-LED Backlights Challenged ?
• MicroLED
• Flexible. Foldable Displays
Not discussing today
Time permitting

Light. Color. Contrast.
Key ingredients of communication. Knowledge. Art. Civilization

The experience …
Life-like. Zero Bezel. Multi-day use.
What we wanted What we got
6~8hr Battery-Life

Future: Moore to be excited about Displays
Si Transistors vs TFT Transistors
1990
time
Retina
Gen1 VR/AR
UHD 4K
Mobile HDR
8K Super
Hi-Vision
Gen3 VR
(16K Per-eye)
Full
High-Def
HD
Near Field
Holographic
Glasses Free Holo3D
Light Field Displays
2000 2010 2020
Hi-Vision
You are
here
Gen2 AR/VR
SXGA
Standard
Definition
PentiumPro:
5m
Pentium4:
42m
NVIDIA NV25:
63m
Core2 Duo:
169m

Pixel pipeline vs Moore’s Law
1984:CPU=Pixel&
DisplayEngine
1987:CPU+2D
Accelerators(8514/A)
1994:CPU+2D+3D
Accelerators(3Dfx)
2000:CPU+GPU
(2D+3DShader)
2006:CPU+GP-GPU
Full-HD
2012:VR+2xGPU(SLI)
(Full-HD)2Kper-Eye
2017:4Kper-Eye
1500
Mpix/s
250
Mpix/s
188
Mpix/s
124
Mpix/s
78
Mpix/s
47
Mpix/s
3
Mpix/s
2020:16K
per-Eye
?

Reality: GPU Pixels are lagging Moore’s Law
• GPU’s match Moore’s Law on
computation : FLOPS
• But GPU’s trail Moore’s Law on
Display Fill-Rate: Pixel/s
• Example: VR round-trip lag time
causing motion-sickness
• SmartPhone SoC + 8K pixel display
= 1 Hour Battery-life
Moore’s Law
GPU MPix/s
The 1990’s : “CPU + GPU + CRT model”, is broken
Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nvidia_graphics_processing_units
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units

Human Interface: Res/Hz vs Display
• Head/Eye: can swivel 60deg in 60ms
≥5 frames in <13ms* latency, min refresh: ≥85Hz
• Cable Interfaces = DP or HDMI
4K @ 85Hz : 680Mp/s | 22Gbps
8K @ 85Hz : 2.7Gp/s | 81Gbps
16K @ 85Hz : 10.8Gp/s | 345Gbps
• GPU has hit a Brick-Wall : the display interface bandwidth
Arc : 60
Response** : 60 ~ 330ms
**Reaction time for human head rotation : Oude Nijhuis et al.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2277050/pdf/tjp0584-0097.pdf
Outcome: the classic “dumb CRT refresh model” must end
*MIT Image Recognition study http://news.mit.edu/2014/in-the-blink-of-an-eye-0116
Conclusion: 16K @ 85Hz unsupported till 2035 (VESA DP = +15%/yr)

Graphics Pipeline
• There is a trend here
CPU
2D Blt
+ 3D
Pixel
Memory
CRT or Plasma
16:9 HD Display
Timing
Controller
Memory
199x
External Monitor
• Migration of pixel
processing, outwards
towards the display
• Better power +
performance +
efficiency +
experience +
connectivity
CPU
Memory
GPU
Pixel
Memory
CRT or LCD
SHD TFT Array
Timing
Controller
200x
Internal PanelLAN/WiFi
CPU
Memory
GPU
Memory
Smart Pixel
MicroLED Array
DPU
202xIoT/VR/AR
Future Display
???
WiFi / 5G
xPU
Camera
ISP
CPU+2D
Pix/Mem
GPU
Pix/Mem
LCD or OLED
UHD TFT Array
Pixel
Memory
Smart
TCON
201x
Hybrid Graphics
PSR & G-SYNCWiFi / LTE
Camera
ISP
198x
CPU
Pixel
Memory
Timing
Controller
CRT
4:3
Display
Integrated CRTMemory

Changing gears…
Let’s talk about: getting Better Quality Pixels: HDR/P3
to the eye-balls that want it

HDR
Portable Panels
60mu/yr
HDR TV’s
Hypothesis HDR QD TV’s HDR LED Portables
© 2018, PixelDisplay Inc, All Rights Reserved 11
HDR TV Growth >60% CAGR
* Source : Ooyala https://www.ooyala.com/resources/news/press-releases/mobile-video-consumption-surges-again-q2-massive-uptick-looming-q3
HDR SAM: 2019
25mu/yr Portables
45mu/yr Phones
= 400m ~ 4bil HDR LED’s/yr
or 14mu 2D Backlight Modules
TAM:
250mu/yr Portable Devices
1800mu/yr Phone Devices
60% of eyeballs* are watching their Video on: Phones, Tablets, NoteBooks …
Quantum Dots
Unserved HDR LED market worth $150 ~ $750mil/yr by 2020

HDR Across Segments
Phone Tablet Hybrid Laptop Monitor LCD TV
Diagonal Size 4.7~6.5 7~12 10~14 11~17 17~32 30 ~ 130
Backlight (SDR) 1 or 2 Edge 1 or 2 Edge 1 Edge 1 Edge 1 or 2 Edges 1~4 Edges, Direct
LED’s (SDR) 10 ~ 30 30 ~ 60 40 ~ 80 40 ~ 120 40 ~ 120 50 ~ 1000
LED Package 0.3t, 0.4t 0.4t 0.4t 0.4t, 0.6t 3230, 3535, 7030 3535, 7030
Peak Brightness 400 ~ 700 400 → 600 300 → 400, 600, 1000 300 → 600, 1000 100 → 540, 1000
Color Gamut sRGB → P3 sRGB → P3 sRGB → P3 sRGB, AdobeRGB → P3 NTSC/709 →
P3/2020
TAM* 1800 mu/yr 82 mu/yr 168 mu/yr 124 mu/yr 264 mu/yr
SAM: HDR LCD’s 45 mu/yr ** 4 mu/yr ** 8 mu/yr ** 12 mu/yr ** 57 mu/yr *
* IHSmarkit Display tracker, Smartphone report, and 4K HDR report 2017
SDR = Standard Dynamic Range, e.g. 300nits
** - Projections based on 5% early HDR TV penetration

Color
Filter
Portable LCD’s: challenged to adopt HDR
Backlight
Bar (B)
Prism
atic
Collim
ator
Reflector
Polarizer#
1
TFT
Backplane
Liquid
Crystal
Polarizer#
2
Touch/Glare
+30~50%
Gain
<10%
Loss
30~60%
Loss
10~30%
Loss
8~25%
Loss
5~10%
Loss
LightGuide
50~60%
Loss
Diffuser
Absorptive
Bandpass
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Intensity(a.u.)
Wavelength (nm)
CF-2
Nichia 1pc-LED
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Intensity(a.u.)
Wavelength (nm)
CF-1
Nichia 1pc-LED
Color
Filter #1
Color
Filter #2
3~8%
of B
Battery-life drops
Brightness: -40%
Portable Device : 70% of Battery goes to Backlight
HDR CompatibleNot HDR

Consumer LCD
100 ~ 1,000 nits
100,000,000(nits)
Direct Sunlight
AR, HUD, &
Avionics
1,000,000 nits
BluRayUHD Spec
10,000 nits
MicroLED
Brightness/Contrast Challenge
<1.5K nits
Quantum Dot limitation
<1000 nits
OLED limit
Indoor &
Outdoor, Auto
10K ~ 600K nits
0.001 cd/m2 (nits)
Night Sky
<25W/cm2
KSF limitation
Blue Sky
7K nits
MiniLED

Can KSF Phosphor LED’s deliver HDR ?
Nichia “High-Gamut” KSF LED
Slow
Inter-frame
Backlight
Changes
Fast
PWM/Direct
(Backlight or
Micro-LED)
>10mS Red
Afterglow, and
Green/Blue Haze
Red output :
Not viable
(1KHz)
PWM Drive
Vivid Color™
Perfect !
Perfect !Fail
Fail
Fail

Self-Absorption + Sensitivity Limits QD Applications
400 450 500 550 600 650
100%
50%
350 700
Excitation
400 450 500 550 600 650
100%
50%
350 700
CdSe
Excitation
≤50nm
FWHM : 18*, 32**, ≥45†nm
Large Stokes Shift. Low Self-
Absorption
⇒ Dense+Thin conversion layer
Min. Stokes Shift. Self-Absorbs Emissions
* Perovskite (Pb)
** Cadmium QD (Cd)
† Cd-Free QD (InP)
Phosphors QD’s and Newer Materials
*Source: Juan He, et al. Hybrid downconverters with green perovskite-polymer
**Source : J. Chen, et al. SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 43(1), 895-896 (2012).
⇒ Low-density packing only
⇒ More blue-light leakage. Thicker layers
EmissionEmission
InP
Excitation

What about putting QD’s into the Color Filter ?
Or is that just marketing > engineering ?

ColorFilter
Recap: LCD’s are not uniformly transmissive
Prism
atic
Collim
ator
Reflector
Polarizer#
1
TFT
Backplane
Liquid
Crystal
Polarizer#
2
Touch/Glare
LightGuideDiffuser
Electro-Optical Transfer Function
0.00E+00
5.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.50E-01
2.00E-01
2.50E-01
3.00E-01
3.50E-01
4.00E-01
4.50E-01
380 405 430 455 480 505 530 555 580 605 630 655 680 705 730 755 780
Transmissivity
Backlight Wavelength
Lowest
Eﬃciency

1. Blue-based Backlight = Lost Power
LCD Electro-Optical Transfer Function
0.00E+00
5.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.50E-01
2.00E-01
2.50E-01
3.00E-01
3.50E-01
4.00E-01
4.50E-01
380 405 430 455 480 505 530 555 580 605 630 655 680 705 730 755 780
Blue or Deep-Blue backlight is 30~85% less efficient than White
Conclusion : Emissive Color-Filters only for TV’s
Emissive
Color Filter
Source : IEEE, Haiwei Chen, Shin-Tson Wu “Recent Advances on Quantum-
Dot-Enhanced Liquid-Crystal Displays”
450nm : 70%
530nm : 100%
400nm : 15%
Blue Backlight400~450nm
Source

2. Emissive Color Filter vs Polarizer vs Ambient
Color Filter is added back in (again).
But must be moved to on-top of QD.
To block excitaLon by Ambient Light.
Add a new ﬁlter layer to reﬂect
back-radiaLon: QD’s emit
equally omnidirecLonally.
Source : IEEE, Haiwei Chen, Shin-Tson Wu “Recent Advances on Quantum-
Dot-Enhanced Liquid-Crystal Displays”
Polarizer layer must be moved
to before CF, since QD’s are
omni-polarization emitters.
Did this proposal make any sense? From any benefit or cost analysis pov ?

What’s the Path Forward for QD ?
“QDCF”
QD in Color Filter
“QDOG”
QD on Glass
“QDEF”
QD in encapsulating film
Extra
Fail Fail
Fail
Too Expensive
Lower Efficiency
Too Thick + Wide Bezel
Leaks Blue with age
Too … Something

Perovskite Quantum Dots Salts
Pro’s
• Ultra-narrow FWHM : 18nm
• High QY efficiency (with Lead). Fast Response
• They are nano-scale phosphor particles
Con’s
• Lead is more toxic than Cadmium
• Sensitivity to heat (Thermal Quenching)
• Sensitivity to light (Photo-oxidization)
• Self-Absorption (Same as QD’s)
• Sensitivity to moisture (i.e. they’re salts)
40% @ 70C
Thermal Quenching
Fail

Q: Do we need narrow-band color converters?
Or is that just QD marketing ?

A: HDR/P3 does not need narrow-band KSF or QD’s
© 2015~7, PixelDisplay Inc, All Rights Reserved 24
Peak Center Wavelength (FWHM) Coverage ratio
R G B
(fixed)
CIE 1931 CIE 1976
DCI-P3 REC.2020 DCI-P3 REC.2020
625 (50) 540 (50) 450 (20) 96.2% 71% 97.9% 77%
625 (60) 540 (50) 450 (20) 96.0% 97.4%
625 (70) 540 (50) 450 (20) 94.4% 96.2%
625 (50) 540 (60) 450 (20) 95.1% 97.7%
Cd-Free QuantumDots (e.g. Samsung JS9000) 92% 69% 95% 76%
KSF + SiAlON “High-Gamut” LED (2pc) 92.0% 69% 96.6% 76%
Tradition White “YAG” LED (1pc) 79.6% 58% 84.6% 63%
Source: SID 2017, Wyatt, Chen, Wu (University Central Florida), joint paper 67-4
Vivid Color HDR

One more thing …

Human Interface vs Natural Light
Midday. California Summer Sunset / Candle / Fire-light
There is
No Blue

Problem: “White” LED’s are not actually White
Blue
Diode
Yellow “YAG”
Phosphor
Kindle
Paper-White
hIps://www.ama-assn.org/ama-adopts-guidance-reduce-harm-high-intensity-street-lights
https://www.cnet.com/news/blue-light-from-phones-and-tablets-can-speed-up-blindness-study-finds/

Problem: Software band-aids can’t remove Blue
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-28254-8
iPhoneXs OLED
=
450nm High-Energy Blue
Full P3
Color
http://chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/14/WS5b726ef2a310add14f385aae.html
iPhoneXr LCD
Samsung “Blue-Light Filter”
Apple “Night ShiH”
=
Night-time
Ugly
(30~50%
lower eff.)

What does that mean for Display Technology ?
630nm
450nm
535nm
Traditional R-G-B Display
Simply put : at night-time, do not include High-Energy Blue
Healthier Display

Just one last thing …

Mini-LED Analysis … what ?
???
We Disagree

VividColor low-cost 2D Mini-LED HDR backlight
Fewer MiniLED’s. Brighter. Higher-Efficiency. No exotic QD-encapsulation
Thinner. Elimination of Light-Guide and Diffuser layers
2D MiniLED Array
UV/Blue LED
<300um
Polarizer #1
LC TFT
Polarizer #2
SlimBright™
Backlight Module
Re-useLCD
Color Filter
VividColor Conversion Layers Better Color and Brightness
OLED-like contrast
on prolific LCD

Call to Action
• Consumers/OEMs are paying for a better quality/experience display
• HDR and P3-color roll-out exceeded every projection
– But the eye-balls are going mobile, QD can’t = unserved need
• Advance display realism, requires better quality light + smarter pixels
• Next gen realism: >100% Rec.2020, >10K nits, faster smarter refresh
• Healthy displays : remove the “B”, from “R-G-B”
To prolifically advance displays into the visual IoT era:
Re-think What’s Possible
More informa[on : info@pixeldisplay.com

Backup

PixelDisplay: Who are we ?
• Founded Oct. 15th 2015, San Jose
• Why: Because of the HDR tsunami, the market
wanted, needed, and was ready for : be:er
• Mission Statement
Make the display experience as bright, colorful and dynamic, as the real-world. With
all-day battery-life, thinner, efficient, healthier and more prolifically available - sooner.
https://pixeldisplay.com/news
• How: Privately owned and funded, from Silicon Valley investment
San Jose: Lab & HQ. US-local materials. International manufacturing, customers

PixelDisplay DSSC November 2018

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