3. 17.1. The marine environment - including the oceans and all seas
and adjacent coastal areas - forms an integrated whole that is an
essential component of the global life-support system and a
positive asset that presents opportunities for sustainable
development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf
聯合國《二十一世紀議程（Agenda 21）》的第十七章特別敘
明，「海洋環境是地球維生系統不可分割的一部分，也是永續
發展最珍貴的資產。」
United Nations Conference on Environment & Development
Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992
AGENDA 21
4. Marine conservation, also known
as marine resources conservation,
is the protection and preservation
of ecosystems in oceans and seas.
Marine conservation focuses on
limiting human-caused damage to
marine ecosystems, and on
restoring damaged marine
ecosystems. Marine conservation
also focuses on preserving
vulnerable marine species.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_conservation
Marine conservation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
5. How we work: safeguarding
species, habitats and livelihoods
Creating and maintaining effectively-
managed marine protected areas
Improving the sustainability of small-
scale fisheries
Conserving marine species
http://www.fauna-
flora.org/initiatives/safegu
arding-species-habitats-
and-livelihoods/
8. Adult Right Whales are about 50 feet long and can weigh up to 70 tons.
Credit: K. Sardi, Whale Center of New England
9. A Success in Marine Planning
Shipping Lane Shift Helps Mariners Steer Clear of Whales.
A small change to Boston shipping traffic is expected to play a big role in protecting
endangered whales off the coast of Massachusetts, thanks to an innovative coastal and
marine spatial planning effort by Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary staff and
partners. Cargo and passenger vessels from all over the world funnel through the shipping
lanes in and out of Boston Harbor thousands of times every year. The route takes them
through waters where high concentrations of humpback, right, and other whales are found,
putting both the whales and ships at risk of dangerous collisions.
To reduce the potential for such accidents, the United Nations International Maritime
Organization shifted the shipping lanes in 2007 based on the sanctuary's recommendation,
redirecting vessel traffic 12 degrees to the north to an area with fewer whales. The
resulting plan increased travel time for ships by just 10-22 minutes, but cut down the risk
of collisions with critically endangered right whales by an estimated 58 percent and all
other baleen whales by 81 percent. "This effort really was a triumph of marine spatial
planning," said Stellwagen Bank sanctuary Superintendent Craig MacDonald. "The vessel
traffic shift not only helps save the lives of endangered whales, it provides a safer
environment for ships traveling through this vital waterway."
For full article visit: http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/pdfs/sanctuarywatch/sw_1209.pdf
10. A map created by
sanctuary staff
shows whale
distribution and
the proposed
shipping lane shift
in the Gulf of
Maine. Source:
NOAA
http://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/ports/cmsp_whales.html
13. Natural gas from the damaged Deepwater Horizon wellhead is burned off by the drillship Discoverer
Enterprise May 16, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast Louisiana. (Patrick Kelley/U.S. Coast
Guard via Getty Images)
美國墨西哥灣油井
爆炸漏油
BP spill now hitting all Gulf
states
Two months after blowout, tar
balls wash up on Texas beach
14. Kiribati Creates World’s Largest
Marine Protected Area
The new Phoenix Island Protected Area covers 158,453 square miles
(410,500 square kilometers) of ocean that is home to one of the richest
marine feeding and spawning areas in the world. It encompasses a coral
archipelago, two submerged reef systems and deep sea habitat, including
underwater mountains.
http://www.conservation.org/FMG/ARTICLES/Pages/kiribati-
worlds-largest-marine-protected-area.aspx
15. http://www.marine-conservation.org/
歐巴馬總統劃設全球最大保護區 締造海洋保育歷史
President Barack Obama Makes Ocean Conservation
History by Creating the Largest Protected Area on Earth
September 24, 2014 | Marine Conservation Institute
President Obama will sign a
proclamation tomorrow to
designate the largest marine reserve
in the world. His proclamation
expands the existing Pacific Remote
Islands Marine National Monument
from 83,000 square miles to 490,000
square miles. To protect the whales,
seabirds, sea turtles, fishes and
corals in this region of the central
and western Pacific Ocean,
commercial fishing and mineral
extraction will now be prohibited in
this national monument.
http://blog.marine-conservation.org/2014/09/largest-
protected-area-on-earth.html
33. 加拿大的「漁業及海洋部（Department of Fisheries and
Oceans）」
韓國的「海洋水產部（Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries,
2008 年後整併為Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime
Affairs）」
印尼的「海洋事務與漁業部（Ministry of Marine Affairs and
Fisheries）」
希臘的「海洋事務與漁業部（Ministry of Maritime Affairs and
Fisheries）」
挪威的「漁業及海岸事務部（Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal
Affairs）」等，確實都是先進國家整合海洋及漁業，設置，促
使國家邁向「永續海洋」的實例，十分值得台灣參採。
國外的海洋專責主管機關
35. EXPERT STAFF
SECRETARY GENERAL
INSPECTORATE GENERAL
DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CAPTURE FISHERIES 漁業捕撈
DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF AQUACULTURE 養殖
DIRECTORATE MARINE, COASTAL, AND SMALL ISLANDS 海洋海岸島嶼管理
DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF FISHERIES PRODUCTION MARKETTING AND
PROCESSING 行銷加工
DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF MARINE AND FISHERIES RESOURCES SURVEILLANCE 海
洋巡護
AGENCY OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR MARINE AND FISHERIES 研發
GENCY OF FISH QUARANTINE, QUALITY CONTROL, AND SAFETY
http://www.kkp.go.id/en/index.php/archives/c/2456/Minister-of-Marine-Affairs-and-Fisheries-
Echelon-I-and-Echelon-II-Officers-Of-Ministry-of-Marine-Affairs-and-Fisheries/?category_id=54
59. 英國周邊
海域風場
Wind farm zones around UK
http://www.theguardian.com/envi
ronment/2010/jan/08/uk-
offshore-windfarms-100bn
60. 海上風場
Map of the wind farm area, showing the position of the 80 wind turbines, the transformer substation, the meteorology masts and the 150
kV cable to shore.
The environmental impacts of the submarine cables in the construction phase include the risk of sediment spill from the seabed work,
also during the operation phase issues such as electromagnetic fields and the effect on fish are considered.
The presence of submarine cables also constitutes an effect on the fishing industry as a Danish Executive Order on cabling provides for a
200 m protective zone around submarine cables against bottom-trawl fishing and raw materials extraction. These activities are therefore
in general not possible within a wind farm area and along the cables from a wind farm to the shore. This might indirectly have a positive
effect on the fish inside an off- shore wind farm area since fishing activities are reduced here to a certain extent.
In Nysted Offshore Wind Farm, the wind farm area is open to sailing and fishing with net and line, whereas bottom-trawling methods are
prohibited. In the Horns Rev area only fishing with line is allowed.
http://188.64.159.37/graphics/Publikatio
ner/Havvindmoeller/kap03.htm
64. Our country has never had a unified policy to guide the management and use of our
coasts and ocean intelligently, which would help both avoid and rapidly address disasters
such as the BP Deepwater Horizon blowout. Instead, we have had a piecemeal approach
and lack of coordination among agencies. Currently, more than 20 federal agencies and
over 140 laws address the management of our coasts and ocean, not to mention the state
and local institutions, with their own requirements, that share in this regulatory
patchwork. Ocean Conservancy has led the effort advocating for a better way of managing
our coasts and ocean and will continue to do so.
Almost a year before the BP disaster, President Obama recognized the problem and
established an Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force charged with drafting
recommendations for a National Ocean Policy and developing a framework for a
coordinated, science and ecosystem-based form of ocean governance known as coastal
and marine spatial planning (CMSP). In July 2010, President Obama signed Executive
Order 13547 adopting the Task Force‘s report, defining a National Ocean Policy that
prioritizes the protection, maintenance and restoration of ecosystem health and
sustainable economic development of our coastal and ocean economies. CMSP is the
planning process established to achieve these goals and the National Ocean Council and
associated committees and regional planning bodies comprise the governance structure
created to ensure implementation. http://tocdev.pub30.convio.net/our-work/marine-spatial-planning/
Ocean governance — Needed now more than ever
65. Coastal and marine spatial planning is a way to bring order to the ocean
and balance competing interests. Like comprehensive land use planning on
shore, CMSP offers a baseline assessment of the coastal and marine
environment, and can help to determine what uses are compatible (for
example, wind farms and fixed aquaculture facilities) or incompatible (for
example, dredged material disposal and critical fish habitat) and to define
areas that are best suited for protection, maintenance, restoration, or
development. With CMSP, we can manage the ecosystem as a whole—
including both environmental and human components—and evaluate
cumulative impacts of the many uses of the ocean. When implemented
properly, it is a highly transparent and participatory process that provides
comprehensive and proactive planning, long-term environmental
conservation, and sustainable economic development.
http://tocdev.pub30.convio.net/our-work/marine-spatial-planning/
Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning
— Order in the Ocean
66. In signing the Executive Order, President Obama recognized that there
is an approach that can bring order to the ocean and provide a way to
balance competing interests. Coastal and marine spatial planning is
being used effectively by other countries—and by states like
Massachusetts and Rhode Island—to do just that. It puts a process in
place to manage the ecosystem as a whole and to evaluate cumulative
impacts of the many uses of the ocean. Coastal and marine spatial
planning allows us to maximize the economic and social benefits the
ocean provides, while protecting our marine ecosystems.
In Belgium, coastal and marine spatial planning has been implemented
as a tool for managing an area of the North Sea that is crowded with
multiple, often conflicting uses. Belgium has been able to develop a
sustainable Master Plan to protect ecosystems and avoid conflicts.
http://tocdev.pub30.convio.net/our-work/marine-spatial-planning/
Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning
— Order in the Ocean
69. 紐西蘭 海洋與海岸地區法
Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011
http://www.justice.govt.nz/treaty-settlements/office-of-treaty-settlements/marine-and-coastal-area-takutai-
moana/images/marine-and-coastal-area-detailed
12浬
70. In summary, the Act:
applies to the area formerly known as the foreshore and seabed,
which will be known in the future as the marine and coastal area,
creates a common space in the marine and coastal area (the
common marine and coastal area) which allows the interests and
rights of all New Zealanders in the marine and coastal area to be
recognised in law,
does not affect existing private titles in the marine and coastal
area,
guarantees and, in some cases, extends existing rights for
navigation, ports, fishing and aquaculture,
provides tests for applicant groups to meet, to demonstrate
customary marine title in areas where they have had exclusive use
and occupation since 1840 without substantial interruption.
On 24 March 2011, the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 (the ‘Act’)
was enacted to repeal and replace the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004.
72. Marine and Coastal Area - Takutai Moana
Legislation replacing the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004.
The Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 balances the interests of
all New Zealanders in the marine and coastal area.
http://www.justice.govt.nz/treaty-settlements/office-of-treaty-settlements/marine-
and-coastal-area-takutai-moana/images/marine-and-coastal-area-detailed
Marine and coastal area
The marine and coastal area is the 'wet' part of the beach that is covered by the
ebb and flow of the tide. It does not include the dry part of the beach. The
marine and coastal area is the area between the line of mean high water springs
and the outer limits of the territorial sea (12 nautical miles from shore).
What is the common marine and coastal area?
The marine and coastal area (see above), excluding existing private titles and
certain conservation areas.
123. Joko Widodo sworn in as Indonesian president
We have to work as hard as possible to turn Indonesia
into a maritime nation once again.
Oceans, seas, straits and bays are the future of our
civilization. http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/jokowis-inaugural-speech-nations-seventh-president/
127. We will find the right balance…I would think that
most people in America would want us to address
the economic security, the national security and
the environmental security issues that confront our
country.
Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar, speaking at the Regional Offshore Drilling
Hearing, quoted in the Associated Press, April 8th, 2009.
