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如何閱讀一本書
目的
獲得資訊而讀
增進理解而讀
基礎閱讀
檢視閱讀
第一步驟
1.先看書名、書序
2.研究目錄頁
3.翻閱索引(index)
4.出版者的介紹
5.快速翻閱跟這本書主題有關的章節
6.東翻西翻
有系統的略讀或粗讀
第二步驟
1.不停下腳步的把全書閱讀過一次
2.用手指輔助閱讀的眼神
粗淺的/不停下腳步的閱讀
分析閱讀
第一步驟:整理內容大綱,了解這本書到底在談甚麼
規則1.知道自己在閱讀哪一類的書
規則2(一本書的整體).使用單一的句子或簡單幾句,敘述整本書在說甚麼
規則3(一本書的細節).將書中重要章節標註起來,說明為什麼作者要按照這個架構編排內容
規則4.找出作者要問的問題
第二步驟:詮釋書中內容/作者的意圖
規則5.找出作者關鍵字的詞義,並與他達成「共識」
規則6.將書中最重要的句子圈出來,找出其「主旨」
規則7.從相關文句的關聯中,找出一本書的基本論述
規則8.找出作者的解答
第三步驟:公正的評斷一本書
規則9.在說出「我同意」、「我不同意」、「我暫緩評論」之前,要能肯定的說出:「我了解了」
規則10.當不同意作者的觀點時,要理性的表達自己的意見,不要「無理」的辯駁(要有理由)
規則11.尊重知識與個人觀點得不同,在做評斷之前,要先找出自己的理論基礎
讀者必須要提出評論/批評,才算是真正完成了閱讀。如何評論就是這個步
驟關心的事情
評論的前提:我了解了,但我不同意
理由概括有四點:
A、作者的知識不足→通常作者不足的知識,會由後來的其他作家(例如弟子)補足
B、作者的知識有錯誤
C、不合邏輯,推論令人無法信服
D、分析不夠完整(我暫緩評論)
 →如果讀者說讀懂了,但卻找不出證據來支持不同意作者論點的理由,讀者有義務要先同意作者的
任何觀點。
只適用在單一的書
主題閱讀
矛盾:閱讀之前主題就被確認了,但隨著閱讀進行,探討主題也會隨著調整
準備的捷徑:使用檢視閱讀來塞選書單(使用分析閱讀太佔時間)
五個步驟
1.找到書中有關主題的相關章節
在主題閱讀中,讀者關心的主題才是重點,而不是閱讀的那本書(PQ4R法)
2.帶引作者與你達成共識
由讀者建立共識(中立詞彙),帶領不同書籍的作者達成共識
3.釐清問題,建立主旨
研究甚麼問題?這個問題如何被發現?這個問題會有甚麼影響?
4.界定議題
不同作者會有不同觀點,我們要做的是將論點分門別類
5.分析討論
讀者工作
不只要整理,也要用自己的想法回答問題。
將共通性的議題放在比較沒共通性議題的前面,並將各作者的論述依序歸類
通常答案不會建立在任一主旨或主張上,現實是不同狀況答案會不相同
就同一個主題,閱讀兩本以上的書
主動閱讀
1. 整體來說,這本書在說甚麼?(規則1~4)
2.作者的共識、主要論述、論點是甚麼?(規則5~8)
3.這本書說的要道理嗎?是全部有道理還是部份有道理?(規則9~11)
4. 這本書跟我有甚麼關係?(規則9~11)
帶著4個問題來閱讀一本書
檢視閱讀要問的問題
1.這是一本甚麼樣的書
書籍的分類
2.整本書再說甚麼
3.書的整體架構為何
輔助閱讀
I、相關經驗
一般經驗(生活中的經驗):有助於閱讀小說、哲學類書籍
特殊經驗(實驗室的研究):有助於科學類書籍
II、其他書籍:閱讀巨著尤其適用
可以依照寫作順序的作品來讀
III、導讀與摘要使用時機
當閱讀完後還有疑惑時
自己未做摘要時,有助於喚回記憶
做主題閱讀時,可了解某些議題是密切相關的
IV、工具書
字典
百科全書
又稱「外在閱讀」,藉由其他書籍來閱讀一本書
閱讀不同讀物的方法

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How to read a book mind map(如何閱讀一本書心智圖)