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KIDNEY CANCER.pptx
1.
2. Kidney cancer is the abnormal growth of cells
in kidney tissue. In time, these cells form a
mass called a tumor. Cancer begins when
something triggers a change in the cells, and
they divide out of control.
A cancerous or malignant tumor can spread
to other tissues and vital organs. When this
happens, it’s called metastasis.
3.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC): This is the most
common form of kidney cancer in adults and
accounts for 85% of all kidney cancers. Renal
cell carcinoma usually develops as a single
tumor in one kidney, but it can affect both
kidneys. The cancer begins in the cells that
line kidney’s tubules (tiny tubes that return
nutrients and fluid back to blood). The most
common type of RCC is clear cell renal cell
carcinoma (ccRCC).
4.
Transitional cell cancer: Transitional cell carcinoma
accounts for 6% to 7% of all kidney cancers. This
cancer usually begins in the area where ureter
connects to the main part of kidney. This area is
called renal pelvis. Transitional cell carcinoma can
also occur in ureters or bladder.
Renal sarcoma: This is the least common form of
kidney cancer, accounting for only 1% of kidney
cancer cases. It begins in the connective tissues of
kidneys and, if not treated, can spread to nearby
organs and bones.
Wilms tumor: This is the most common type of
kidney cancer in children. It accounts for about 5% of
kidney cancers.
5. Kidney cancer may not produce any noticeable
symptoms in its early stages. But as the tumor
grows, symptoms may begin to appear. For that
reason, kidney cancer often isn’t diagnosed until
it has begun to spread.
Kidney cancer symptoms may include:
Blood in urinate (hematuria).
A lump or mass in kidney area.
Flank pain.
Tiredness.
A general sense of not feeling well.
Loss of appetite.
7. The exact cause of kidney cancer isn’t known,
but there are certain risk factors that may
increase your chances of getting the disease.
These include:
Smoking: People who smoke are at greater
risk for kidney cancer. In addition, the longer
a person smokes, the higher the risk.
Obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for kidney
cancer. In general, the more overweight a
person is, the higher the risk.
8. High blood pressure: Also called
hypertension, high blood pressure has been
linked to an increased risk of kidney cancer.
Family history: People who have family
members with kidney cancer may have an
increased risk of developing cancer
themselves.
9. Radiation therapy: Women who have been
treated with radiation for cancer of their
reproductive organs may have a slightly
increased risk of developing kidney cancer.
Gene changes (mutations): Genes contain
instructions for a cell’s function. Changes in
certain genes can increase the risk of
developing kidney cancer.
10. Long-term dialysis treatment: Dialysis is the
process of cleaning your blood by passing it
through a special machine. Dialysis is used
when a person’s kidneys aren’t functioning
properly.
Tuberous sclerosis complex: Tuberous
sclerosis is a disease that causes seizures and
intellectual disabilities, as well as the
formation of tumors in many different
organs.
11. Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL): People with
this inherited disorder are at greater risk for
developing kidney cancer. This disorder
causes noncancerous tumors in blood
vessels, typically in eyes and brain.
12. If patient have kidney cancer symptoms,
healthcare provider will perform a complete
medical history and physical exam. They also
may order certain tests that can help in
diagnosing and assessing cancer. These tests
may include:
Urinalysis: A sample of urine is tested to see
if it contains blood. Even very small traces of
blood, invisible to the naked eye, can be
detected in tests of urine samples.
13.
Blood tests: These tests count the number of each of
the different kinds of blood cells, as well as look at
different electrolytes in body. A blood test can show
if there are too few red blood cells (anemia), or if
kidney function is impaired (by looking at the
creatinine).
CT scan: This is a special X-ray that uses a computer
to create a series of images, or slices, of the inside of
body. This test is often done with intravenous
contrast (dye). People with impaired kidney function
may not be able to receive the dye.
14.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This is a
test that produces images of the inside of
body using a large magnet, radio waves and a
computer.
Ultrasound: This test uses high-frequency
sound waves that are transmitted through
body tissues to create images that are
displayed on a monitor. This test is helpful in
detecting tumors, which have a different
density from healthy tissues.
15.
Renal mass biopsy: During this procedure, a
thin needle is inserted into the tumor, and a
small sample of tissue is removed (biopsy). A
pathologist will look at the tissue under a
microscope to see if there are any cancer
cells. Because biopsies for kidney cancer
aren’t always completely reliable, healthcare
provider may or may not recommend this
test.
16. Most cancers are grouped by stage, a
description of cancer that aids in planning
treatment. The stage of a cancer is based on:
The location and size of the tumor.
The extent to which lymph nodes are
affected.
The degree to which the cancer spread, if at
all, to other tissue and organs.
17. healthcare provider uses information from
various tests, including CT, MRI and biopsy,
to determine the stage of cancer.
Stage I: The tumor is 7 centimeters (cm)
across or smaller and is only in kidney. It
hasn’t spread to lymph nodes or other tissue.
(Lymph nodes are small “filters” that trap
germs and cancer cells and store infection-
fighting cells.).
18. Stage II: The tumor is larger than 7 cm across
but is still only in kidney. It hasn’t spread to
lymph nodes or other tissue.
Stage III: The tumor has spread to major
blood vessels — renal vein and inferior vena
cava — or into the tissue surrounding kidney
or to nearby lymph nodes.
19. Stage IV: The tumor has spread outside of
kidney to adrenal gland (the small gland that
sits on top of kidney), or to distant lymph
nodes or other organs.
20. Kidney cancer treatment depends on the
stage and grade of the tumor, as well as age
and overall health. Options include surgery,
ablation, radiation therapy, targeted drug
therapy, immunotherapy and sometimes
chemotherapy.
21. Surgery
Surgery is the treatment of choice for most
stages of kidney cancer. Several surgical
options may be considered, including:
Partial nephrectomy: Surgeon removes the
part of your kidney that contains the tumor.
22. Radical nephrectomy: Surgeon removes entire
kidney and some of the tissue around it. They
may also remove some lymph nodes in the
area.
When one kidney is removed, the remaining
kidney is usually able to perform the work of
both kidneys.
23. Ablation
Sometimes, heat and cold can destroy cancer
cells. People who aren’t candidates for
surgery may benefit from cryoablation or
radiofrequency ablation.
Cryoablation: During this procedure,
healthcare provider inserts a needle through
skin and into the kidney tumor. The cancer
cells are then frozen with cold gas.
24.
Radiofrequency ablation: healthcare provider
inserts a needle through skin and into the kidney
tumor. Next, an electrical current is passed
through the cancer cells to destroy them.
Radiation therapy
healthcare provider may recommend radiation
therapy if patient only have one kidney or if not
eligible for surgery. Radiation therapy is most
often used for easing kidney cancer symptoms,
such as pain.
25. Targeted drug therapy
Targeted drug therapy blocks certain
characteristics that help cancer cells thrive.
For example, these drugs can stop the growth
of new blood vessels or proteins that feed
cancer.
26. Targeted drug therapy is often used when
surgery isn’t an option. In some cases, these
medications may be given after surgery to
reduce the risk of cancer coming back.
27. Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy uses certain medications to
boost own immune system. In turn, this helps
body recognize and destroy cancer cells more
effectively. Immunotherapy may be given as a
stand alone treatment or along with surgery.
