3. Learning objectives
8.
Endocrine change
in mother
10. Changes in
maternal
circulation
12.Consequences
of pregnancy on
respiration
• Physiological
symptoms (13)
• How pregnancy
is detected (14)
4. A trigger !
A 26 years old G1P0 at 35
weeks of pregnancy came to
Antenatal clinic with the
complaint of sudden blackout
while getting up from the
couch
she has noticed increasing
spell of breathing difficulty
and feels her heart moves
faster for no obvious reason .
she feels burning sensation
below the ribs and she has
bowel motion every two days .
A clinical
scenario
Her pulse is 90 /m
BP : 100/70
Respiration rate : 24/m
Mild pedal edema
Cardiac sound : S1, S2 normal
Chest : normal to auscultation
How do you plan to manage
advise this lady ?
Your
response
?
5. Outliner
Hormones of the placenta
fetal adrenal gland
Changes in the various systems
Hormones of the labor and
lactation
14. Protein hormones
• Human chorionic gonadotropin
• Human placental lactogen
• Growth Factors
• Early pregnancy factor (EPF)
• Pregnancy specific B 1 Glycoprotein
• Pregnancy associated plasma protein (PAPPA)
15. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
• Glycoprotein
• Molecular weight : 36K-40K Dalton
• Hormone Nonspecific unit : alpha (92amino A)
• Hormone specific unit : Beta (145 amino A)
16. HCG : Function
Stimulus for
• Corpus luteum
• Leydig cells
• Immuno suppression
• Adrenal / placental steroidogenesis
• Maternal thyroid
• Relaxin from CL
18. Human Placental Lactogen
• HC somato mammotropin
• Syn cytiotrophoblast
• similar to GH , Prolactin
• 3rd week
• 5 to 25 micg/ml ( 36 wks)
• Plasma conc placental mass
19.
20. Function of HPL
• Antagonize insulin
• Maternal lipolysis
• Angiogesis : fetal vasculature
• growth of breast lactation
26. Estrogen
What placenta does not have ?
17,20-lyase (CYP17)
C21 C19
• helped fetal adrenal gland .
What placenta has ?
27. Function
Progesterone
• Maintenance of pregnancy
• uterine growth
•
• endometrim decidua
• myometrial contraction
• Development of breast
• Lobulo alveolar system
Estrogen
• Maintenance of pregnancy
• Hypertrophy
hyperplasia
• accomodation
blood flow
Development of breast
• Hypertrophy
proliferation of duct
28. Function
Progesteron
• quiescence
• lysosomal membranes
• prostaglandin synthesis
• Immuno modulatory
Estrogen
• Sensitize myometrium to
oxytocin and prostaglandin
• Ripens the cervix
29. Both
• adaptation of the maternal organs
increasing demand growing fetus
• activity of gonadotropin –gonadal axis
30. Fetal adrenal Gland
• largest
• unique fetal zone. (85%)
100 to 200 mg/d
30 to 40 mg/day (A)
55. Hormones of the lactation
• ejection
•oxytocin
• maintenance
•Prolactin
• synthesis and
secretion
•prolactin
•preparation
•Estrogen : duct
formation
Mammogenesis lactogenesis
galactokinesisgalactopoiesis
56. Answer to our case
The reason for
sudden black
out
The reason for
breathing
difficulty
The reason for
heart burn and
constipation
57. Summary
• Hormones liberated after conception are
responsible for establishment and
maintenance of a successful pregnancy and
lactation.
• These hormones regulate and help in
adaptations of various maternal systems .
• It may produce certain vexing symptoms of
pregnancy, which is physiological and
disappears immediately after the delivery .
58. A teaser for the day !
What is the reason for
increasing cardiac
output in later half of
the pregnancy ?
Circulatory volume
Decreased PRMaternal heart rate
Stroke volume
Ovulation : LH surge
Preovulatory rise of 17 alpha OH progesterone
Positive feed back of estrogen
Combined FSH rise and LH surge
Completion of reduction division of oocyte
Lutenisation of granulosa cell
Synthesis of progesteron and prostaglandin
CL Secretes about 40 mg of progesterone per day
Syncytiotrophoblast after implantation secretes HCG and HPL
Maintains the growth and function of CL
Chemically and functionally similar to LH
A subunit is similar to LH , FSH and TSH
B subunit is unique to HCG
Placental GnRH has a control over HCG
Peak levels reach about 100,000 mIU/mL (D60-80 )
beginning of 10 to 12 wks GA, hCG begins to decline
nadir is reached by about 20 weeks
Lower level in ectopic pregnancy / abortion
Higher level in hydratidiform mole , Rh isoimmunisation
Following delivery , not detectable after 24 hours
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), secreted in
fetal adrenal glands, is converted to 16 -hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16 OH DHEA-S) in the fetal liver.
These steroids, DHEA-S and 16 OHDHEA-S, are converted in the placenta to estrogens, viz., 17 -estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3).
Near term, half of E2 is derived from fetal adrenal DHEA-S and half from maternal DHEA-S.
90 percent of E3 in the placenta arises from fetal 16 OHDHEA-S and only 10 percent from all other sources
can synthesize cholesterol from two-carbon fragments,
All enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis are elevated
lipoproteins are used as a source of cholesterol