6. Investigations:
1 ) Laboratory investigation
CBC
K, Na
LDH, lipase, amylase
2) radiological :
A- x ray erect and supine
B- gastrograffin follow through
c-gastrograffin enema
d - US
E- CT
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Gastrograffin follow through :
Adva :
1) After 24 h if not appear in colon >>> failure of non operative management
2) therapeutic
Precautions :
1) aspiration pneumonia
2) shock like state
3 ) anaphylaxis
Intake :
1) immediate with admission
2) after 24-48 h after admission
16. Colonoscopy :
Limited if suspect malignancy
Precautions :
1) Not emergent case
2) Stent available
3 ) CO2 insuffilation:
18. Cardinal signs :
1) S&S of cause : IO , petic ulcer
2) signs of peritonitis :
tachycardia
tachypnea
hypotension
absent bowel sounds
19. Investigations:
1 ) Laboratory investigation
CBC
K, Na
RBS
2) radiological :
A- x ray erect and supine
B- US ( peritoneal diagnostic tap)
C- CT
3) Laparoscopic assessment
20.
21. Management :
Surgical intervention after resuscitation ( NPO , NGT , fluids ,
analgesia and triple Abs )
goals :
1) correct underlying problem
2) ttt cause
3 ) remove necrotic tissue
22. ● Bleeding
1) Primary bleeding
* During the surgical procedure.
* Documented on the operation note.
2)Reactive bleeding
* Bleeding within 24 hours of the operation.
*During surgery patients often become relatively hypotensive and vasoconstricted.
3) Secondary bleeding
* Bleeding occurring within 7-10 days after the operation.
* Wound infection.
23. ● Intraoperative bleeding blood loss exceeding 1000 mL or requiring a blood transfusion.
Preoperative :
1 ) correct anemia and bleeding disorders
2) anticipate patients with high risk ( post RT , adhesions )
3) blood preparation
4) anatomy orientation
5) incision and good exposure
24. Intraoperative :
1 ) call for assistance
2) anesthesia team for monitoring loss , UOP
3) proper light
4) Proper visualization of bleeding vessel
5) Maneuvers and techniques to reduce bleeding
6) Proximal and distal control
7) Proper instrumentation
8)Avoid blind suturing and efforts
9)Have Confidence and patience
10)Keep a clear head even in presence of massive hemorrhage
11)Boost moral support of assistants and nursing
25. Post-operative bleeding
signs :
1 )Tachycardia
2 )Hypotension (typically develops late)
3)Tachypnoea
4)Cool peripheries
5)Pre-syncope/syncope
6)Confusion/agitation
7)Swelling and/or bruising at the wound site (secondary to haematoma
formation)
8)Bleeding from the wound site
9)Increasing tenderness at the wound site
26.
27. * Treat all problems when discovered.
* Re-assess regularly and after every intervention to monitor a patient’s
response to treatment.
* Make use of the team around you
* continuous monitoring equipment
* call for help early
*Review results as they become available (e.g. laboratory investigations).
* Your assessment and management should be documented clearly in the
notes, however, this should not delay initial clinical assessment, investigations
and interventions.