PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY INTERCEPTIVE PHASE TREATMENT INCLUDE THE CORRECTION OF CROSSBITES.IT IS A MAJOR PROBLEMS SEEN IN CHILDREN WHICH REQUIRE PROPER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.

1. CV

2. CROSSBITES IN CHILDREN

3. DEFINITION OF CROSSBITE ACCORDING TO GRABER: A
CONDITION WHERE ONE OR MORE TEETH MAY BE
MALPOSED ABNORMALLY-BUCCALLY OR LABIALLY OR
LINGUALLY WITH REFERNCE TO OPPOSING TOOTH OR
TEETH.
OTHER DEFINITION:
- A DEVIATION OF THE NORMAL FACIOLINGUAL RELATIONSHIP
OF TEETH OF ONE ARCH WITH THOSE OF OPPOSING ARCH
WHEN THE TWO DENTAL ARCHES ARE BROUGHT INTO
CENTRIC OCCLUSION
OR
- ABNORMAL OCCLUSION IN THE TRANSVERSE PLANE
OR
- REVERSE OVERJET OF ONE OR MORE TEETH
UNDER NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES - MAXILLARY ARCH
OVERLAPS MANDIBULAR ARCH BOTH LABIALLY AND
BUCCALLY. BUT WHEN MANDIBULAR TEETH (SINGLE TOOTH
OR A SEGMENT OF TEETH) OVERLAP MAXILLARY TEETH
LABIALLY OR BUCCALLY DEPENDING UPON THEIR LOCATION
IN THE ARCH A CROSSBITE IS SAID TO EXIST.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF
CROSSBITES
ACCORDING TO THE LOCATION IN THE
ARCH
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF
CROSSBITE
SKELETALCROSSBITE
DENTAL CROSSBITE
FUNCTIONAL CROSSBITE

5. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTERIOR
CROSSBITE
 ECTOPIC INCISORS - ECTOPIC ERUPTION IS A MALPOSITION OF A
PERMANENT TOOTH BUD RESULTING IN THE TOOTH ERUPTING IN
THE WRONG PLACE.
 SKELETAL CLASS III - AN ANTERIOR CROSSBITE MAY BE
ASSOCIATED WITH A SKELETAL CLASS III DISCREPANCY SUCH THAT,
ALTHOUGH THE INCISORS ARE POSITIONED CORRECTLY WITHIN
THE ALVEOLAR RIDGES, THEY ARE IN NEGATIVE OVERJET ON
CLOSING INTO CENTRIC OCCLUSION WITH NO DEVIATION OF
MANDIBULAR CLOSURE.THE LOWER MOLAR HAS MOVED FORWARD
OF ITS NORMAL POSITION OFTEN CREATING AN ANTERIOR
CROSSBITE.THERE ARE THREE MAIN TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR
SKELETAL CLASS III MALOCCLUSION : GROWTH MODIFICATION,
ORTHODONTIC CAMOUFLAGE AND ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY
 PSEUDO CLASS III MALOCCLUSION - IT IS A HABITUAL
ESTABLISHED CROSSBITE OF ALL ANTERIOR TEETH, WITHOUT ANY
SKELETAL DISCREPANCY, RESULTING FROM FUNCTIONAL
FORWARD POSITIONING / SHIFT OF THE MANDIBLE ON
CLOSURE.PATIENTS WITH A PSEUDO CLASS III MALOCCLUSION CAN
OFTEN PRESENT WITH AN ANTERIOR CROSSBITE ,THAT CAN BE
MANIPULATED BACK TO AN ENDTO-END INCISAL RELATIONSHIP IN
CENTRIC RELATION .

6. CLASSIFICATION OF
POSTERIOR CROSSBITES
ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF TEETH
SINGLE TOOTH CROSSBITE
SEGMENTAL TOOTH CROSSBITE
ACCORDING TO EXISTENCE ON ONE/BOTH SIDES OF ARCH
UNILATERAL
BILATERAL
ACCORDING TO ETIOLOGIC FACTOR
 SKELETAL.
 DENTAL.
 FUNCTIONAL
ACCORDING TO EXTENT OF CROSSBITE
SIMPLE POSTERIOR CROSSBITE - BUCCAL CUSP OF ONE/MORE TEETH OCCLUDE
LINGUAL TO THE BUCCAL CUSP OF MANDIBULAR POSTERIORS TEETH.
BUCCAL NON OCCLUSION CROSSBITE- THE MAXILLARY POSTERIORS OCCLUDE
ENTIRELY ON BUCCAL ASPECT OF MANDIBULAR POSTERIORS.ALSO KNOWN AS
SCISSOR BITE.
LINGUAL NON OCCLUSION CROSSBITE- MAXILLARY POSTERIORS OCCLUDE ENTIRELY ON
LINGUAL ASPECT OF MANDIBULAR

7. ETIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY OF ANTERIOR CROSSBITES
I- DENTAL CAUSES
1. TRAUMATIC INJURY TO PRIMARY DENTITION THAT CAUSES A LINGUAL DISPLACEMENT
OF PERMANENT TOOTH BUD LEDS TO PERSISTANCE OF A DECIDUOUS TOOTH WHICH
PALATAL DEFLECTION OF ITS ERUPTING SUCCESSOR FORM SINGLE TOOTH ANTERIOR
CROSS BITE
2. SUPERNUMERARY TOOTH
3.A HABIT OF BITING THE UPPER LIP
4. CLEFT LIP
5.ARCH LENGTH INADEQUACY
II-SKELETAL CAUSES
1. GENETIC
2. DUE TO DEFICIENT ANTERIOR GROWTH OF MAXILLA
3. EXCESSIVE ABNORMAL MANDIBULAR GROWTH IN ANTERIORLY
4. COMBINATION OF BOTH 2 AND 3
III- FUNCTIONAL CAUSES
1. PSEUDO CLASS III
2. HABITUAL FORWARD POSITIONING OF THE MANDIBLE TO OBTAIN MAXIMUM
INTERCUSPATION MAY LEAD TO AN ANTERIOR CROSSBITE

8. ETIOLOGY OF POSTERIOR CROSSBITE:
 DENTAL
 SKELETAL
 FUNCTIONAL
DENTAL CROSSBITES
 - GENERALLY, SINGLE TOOTH/SEGMENTAL CROSSBITE.
 - NO THREAT TO GENERAL HEALTH OF THE PATIENT.
 - PROBLEMS ARISING ARE – PERIODONTAL/ ESTHETIC IN NATURE.
 - USUALLY RESULT FROM FAULTY ERUPTION PATTERN WITH NO
IRREGULARITY IN THE BASAL BONE.
 - ONCE THE TEETH ERUPT – THE OCCLUSION LOCKS THEM INTO POSITION
AND DRIVES THEM EVEN FURTHER INTO A CROSSBITE RELATIONSHIP.
ETIOLOGY OF DENTAL CROSSBITE ARE :
 1)ANOMALIES IN TOOTH NUMBER SUPERNUMERARY MISSING TEETH
 2)ANOMALIES IN TOOTH SIZE MICRODONTIA MACRODONTIA.
 3) ANOMALIES IN TOOTH SHAPE
 4) PREMATURE LOSS OF DECIDUOUS/ PERMANENT TEETH
 5) PROLONGED RETENTION OF DECIDUOUS TEETH
 6) DELAYED ERUPTION OF PERMANENT TEETH
 7) ABNORMAL ERUPTION PATH
 8) ANKYLOSIS

9. SKELETAL CROSSBITE
 - IT RESULTS FROM DISCREPANCY IN STRUCTURE OF MAXILLAAND MANDIBLE OR –
MALPOSITION OF THE JAW.
 - A BASIC DISCREPANCY IN THE WIDTH OF ARCHES IS NOTED.
 - A NARROW MAXILLARY ARCH OR A WIDE MANDIBULAR ARCH OFTEN ASSOSCIATED WITH A
BUCCAL CROSSBITE.
 - THEY CAUSE APPRECIABLE DAMAGE TO A PERSON’S HEALTH AND PERSONALITY.
ETIOLOGY OF SKELETAL CROSSBITES
 1) RETARDED DEVELOPMENT OF MAXILLA.
 2) NARROW UPPER ARCH.
 3)FORWARDLY PLACED MANDIBLE.
 4) UNILATERAL HYPO/HYPERPLASTIC GROWTH OF ANY JAW.
 5) HEREDITARY (CLASS III SKELETAL MALOCCLUSSION).
 6) CONGENITAL ( CLEFT LIP AND PALATE).
 7) TRAUMA AT BIRTH (FORCEP INJURY LEADING TO ANKYLOSIS OF TMJ.)
 8) TRAUMA DURING GROWTH (ANKYLOSIS OF TMJ AND RETARDATION OF GROWTH IN
TRAUMATIZED BONE).
 9) TRAUMA AFTER COMPLETION OF GROWTH (MALUNION OF FRACTURE
SEGMENTS).
 10) HABITS SUCH AS PROLONGED THUMB SUCKING AND MOUTH BREATHING.BECAUSE THEY
CAUSE LOWERED TONGUE POSITION ,THUS TONGUE NO LONGER BALANCES THE FORCES
EXERTED BY THE BUCCAL GROUP OF MUSCULATURE, WHICH LEADS TO NARROWING
OF UPPER ARCH LEADING TO POSTERIOR CROSSBITE.
 11) ACCORDING TO RUTRICK – THE USE OF TRADITIONAL SLENDER TYPE OF PACIFIERS CAN
CAUSE CROSSBITE.
FUNCTIONAL CROSSBITE
 - AN ACQUIRED MUSCULAR REFLEX PATTERN DURING CLOSURE OF MANDIBLE IS INVOLVED IN
FUNCTIONAL CROSSBITE.
 - PRESENCE OF OCCLUSAL INTERFERENCES CAN RESULT IN DEVIATION OF MANDIBLE DURING
JAW CLOSURE.

10. CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF
CROSSBITE
ANTERIOR CROSSBITE
 WHEN A CASE IS IDENTIFIED AS HAVING AN ANTERIOR
OR POSTERIOR CROSSBITE , IT MUST BE DETERMINED
WHETHER A FUNCTIONAL SHIFT EXISTS BETWEEN
CENTRIC RELATION (CR) AND CENTRIC OCCLUSION
(CO).
 CENTRIC OCCLUSION THE INCISORS SHOW NEGATIVE
OVERJET.
 CENTRIC RELATION THE INCISORS TOUCH EDGE TO
EDGE.
 THE ANTEROPOSTERIOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
CENTRIC RELATION AND CENTRIC OCCLUSION IS
KNOWN AS A FUNCTIONAL SHIFT. THE POSITION OF
THE TEETH AFFECTED THE POSITION OF THE JAW.
WHEN THERE IS A PREMATURE CONTACT (SEE THE
CANINE) IT CAN CAUSE THE JAW TO SHIFT SO THAT
THE TEETH CAN CONTACT. AS A PATIENT CLOSES THE
MANDIBLE IN CENTRIC RELATION, TOOTH

11. POSTERIOR CROSSBITE
 -THIS REFERS TO AN ABNORMAL TRANSVERSE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER POSTERIOR
TEETH.
 - IN NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES –MANDIBULAR BUCCAL
CUSPS OCCLUDE IN THE CENTRAL FOSSAE OF MAXILLARY
POSTERIOR TEETH.
 - IN POSTERIOR CROSSBITE CASE – MANDIBULAR BUCCAL
CUSP OCCLUDE BUCCAL TO MAXILLARY BUCCAL CUSP.
 PREVELANCE: IN A STUDY (BY KUTIN AND HAWES)
INVOLVING 515 CHILDREN, 3-9 YEARS OF AGE :- THE
PREVELANCE OF POSTERIOR CROSSBITE IN PRIMARY AND
MIXED DENTITION IS 1:13 OR 7.7% .
 AS WITH AN ANTERIOR CROSSBITE, PATIENTS WITH A
POSTERIOR CROSSBITE MUST BE EVALUATED FOR A
FUNCTIONAL SHIFT.
 A POSTERIOR CROSSBITE IN THE PRIMARY OR MIXED
DENTITION IS FREQUENTLY ASSOCIATED A BILATERAL
MAXILLARY CONSTRICTION . SUCH A BILATERAL MAXILLARY
CONSTRICTION MAY BE ACCOMPANIED WITH A LATERAL
FUNCTIONAL SHIFT.
 A LATERAL FUNCTIONAL SHIFT MAY OCCUR BECAUSE
CLOSURE OF THE MANDIBLE IN CENTRIC RELATION CAUSES
THE OPPOSING CUSP TIP TO CONTACT IN A CUSP-TO-CUSP

12. DIAGNOSIS OF SKELETAL AND DENTAL
CROSSBITE
 1. HISTORY
 2. CLINICAL EXAMINATION
 3. STUDY MODELS
 4. RADIOGRAPH
* LATERAL CEPHALOGRAM ( FOR ANTERIOR
CROSSBITE )
* POSTERO-ANTERIOR (PA) VIEW OF
CEPHALOGRAM ( FOR POSTERIOR
CROSSBITE )
 THE CASTS ARE BROUGHT INTO OCCLUSION
AND THE OCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE
EXAMINED, BEGINNING WITH THE
TRANSVERSE ( POSTERIOR CROSSBITE)
PLANE OF SPACE TO ACCURATELY
DESCRIBE THE OCCLUSION AND TO

13. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN
DENTAL AND SKELETAL
CROSSBITE
CLINICALLY
 DENTAL CROSSBITE :
* IF THE BASE OF THE PALATAL VAULT IS WIDE, BUT THE T DENTOALVEOLAR PROCESSES
LEAN INWARD , THE CROSSBITE IS DENTAL IN THE SENSE THAT IT IS CAUSED BY A
DISTORTION OF THE DENTAL ARCH.
 SKELETAL CROSSBITE:
* IF THE PALATAL VAULT IS NARROW AND THE MAXILLARY TEETH LEAN OUTWARD BUT
NEVERTHELESS ARE IN CROSSBITE, THE PROBLEM IS SKELETAL IN THAT IT BASICALLY
RESULT FROM THE NARROW WIDTH OF THE MAXILLA.
POSTERO-ANTERIOR CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS
INDICATED IN CASES OF DENTOALVEOLAR ASYMMETRIES, DENTAL AND SKELETAL
CROSSBITE, AND FUNCTIONAL MANDIBULAR DISPLACEMENTS. (TRANSVERSE
DISCREPANCIES).
* RICKETTS GAVE A NORMATIVE DATA OF PARAMETERS MEASURED, WHICH IS HELPFUL IN
DETERMINING THE VERTICAL TRANSVERSE SKELETAL AND DENTAL PROBLEMS.
*MOLAR RELATIONSHIP (RIGHT AND LEFT) (A6 – B6) DIFFERENCE IN WIDTH BETWEEN THE
UPPER AND LOWER MOLARS MEASURED AT THE MOST PROMINENT BUCCAL CONTOUR
OF EACH TOOTH .
* NORMAL VALUE: MAXILLARY MOLAR 1.5MM BUCCALY
* STANDARD DEVIATION: +/- 2MM
MOLAR RELATIONSHIP (RIGHT AND LEFT) (A6 – B6)

14. INTERPRETATION :
 THIS MEASUREMENT DESCRIBES THE MOLAR RELATIONSHIP
ON THE TRANSVERSE PLAN. O LOWER NEGATIVE VALUES
INDICATE A CUSP-TO-CUSP MOLAR OR LINGUAL CROSSBITE,
RESPECTIVELY. O VALUES HIGHER THAN +3 MM CORRESPOND
TO BUCCAL CROSSBITE.
 DENTAL RELATIONS:
 INTER MOLAR WIDTH (B6 – B6) FROM BUCCAL SURFACE OF
MANDIBULAR LEFT TO RIGHT MOLAR.
* NORMAL VALUE: 55MM FOR BOYS AND 54MM FOR GIRLS
* STANDARD DEVIATION: +/-2MM
INTERPRETATION :
 MEASURES THE ARCH WIDTH IN MILLIMETERS AT LEVEL OF
FIRST MOLARS. ALSO HELPFUL IN DETERMINING THE ETIOLOGY
OF CROSSBITE.
 SKELETAL RELATIONS:
 MAXILLOMANDIBULAR WIDTH (RIGHT AND LEFT):
* NORMAL VALUE: 11MM FOR AN PATIENT AGED 8.5 YEARS
* STANDARD DEVIATION: +/- 1.5MM
INTERPRETATION :
 INDICATES THE TRANSVERSE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAXILLA,
USEFUL FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF CROSSBITE

15. MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT OF ANTERIOR CROSSBITES
I- PRIMARY DENTITION (PREVENTIVE
ORTHODONTICS)
 ELIMINATION OF THE FACTORS THAT MAY
LEAD TO THE ANTERIOR CROSSBITE
 EXAMPLES:
 REMOVAL OF OCCLUSAL PREMATURITIES.
 EXTRACTION OF SUPERNUMERARY TOOTH
BEFORE THEY CAUSE DISPLACEMENT OF
OTHER TOOTH.
 HABIT BREAKING APPLIANCE.

16. II- IN MIXED DENTITION ( INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS )
USE OF TONGUE BLADE.
INDICATIONS:
 USED WHEN A CROSSBITE IS SEEN AT THE TIME PERMANENT TEETH ARE
MAKING AN APPEARANCE IN THE ORAL CAVITY.
 IT IS PLACED INSIDE THE MOUTH CONTACTING THE PALATAL ASPECT OF
THE MAXILLARY TEETH .SLIGHT CLOSURE OF JAW THE OPPOSING SIDE OF
THE STICK COME IN CONTACT ACTS AS A FULCRUM.THIS IS CONTINUED
FOR 1-2 HOURS FOR ABOUT 2 WEEKS.
 DRAWBACKS OF USING TONGUE BLADE :
 ONLY EFFECTIVE TILL THE CLINICAL CROWN NOT COMPLETELY ERUPTED
IN THE ORAL CAVITY.
 USED ONLY IF SUFFICIENT SPACE IS AVAILABLE FOR THE CORRECTION.
 PATIENTS COOPERATION IS REQUIRED.
CATLAN'S APPLIANCE OR LOWER ANTERIOR INCLINED PLANE:
INDICATIONS:
 USED ONLY IN THOSE CASES WHERE THE CROSSBITE IS DUE TO A
PALATALLY PLACED MAXILLARY INCISORS.
 (CONSTRUCTED AT 45 DEGREE ANGULATIONS ON THE LOWER ANTERIOR
TEETH BY ACRYLIC).
CANTILEVER SPRING / Z-SPRING
INDICATIONS
 USED WHEN ANTERIOR CROSSBITE INVOLVING 1 OR 2 MAXILLARY
ANTERIOR TEETH

17. SCREW APPLIANCE
MICRO SCREW
 USED ON INDIVIDUAL TOOTH MULTIPLE MICRO SCREW CAN BE USED TO CORRECT INDIVIDUAL
TOOTH IN SEGMENTAL CROSSBITE.
MINI SCREW
 CAPABLE OF MOVING UP TO 2 TEETH.
MEDIUM SCREW
 USED TO CORRECT SEGMENTAL CROSSBITE
 3-D SCREW (3-DIMENSIONAL SCREW)
 CAPABLE OF CORRECTING POSTERIOR AS WELL AS ANTERIOR CROSSBITE
 THE INDICATIONS FOR PALATAL EXPANSION INCLUDE:
 RELIEF OF A POSTERIOR CROSSBITE WITH A SKELETAL COMPONENT.
 GAINING A SMALL AMOUNT OF SPACE TO RELIEVE ANTERIOR CROWDING (USUALLY LESS THAN 4
MM).
CONCLUSION ABOUT SCREW APPLIANCES:
THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE RME AND SRME HAVE A SIMILAR EFFECT ON DENTOFACIAL
STRUCTURES IN THE TRANSVERSE, VERTICAL, AND SAGITTAL PLANES. WHETHER THE AMOUNT
OF RELAPSE WOULD BE LESS WITH SRME DUE TO A DECREASE IN RESIDUAL STRESSES IN
DENTOFACIAL STRUCTURES SHOULD BE EVALUATED FURTHER. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, TIPPING
OCCURRED IN BOTH GROUPS
 FACE MASK/ FACE MASK ALONG WITH RME
INDICATIONS
 USED TO CORRECT SKELETAL ANTERIOR CROSSBITE IE, ANTERIOR CROSSBITE DUE TO ACTUAL
SKELETAL DEFICIENCY OF THE MAXILLA.IF MAXILLA IS NARROW RME SCREW ALSO USED FOR
TRANSVERSE EXPANSION.
FRANKEL III APPLIANCE
 USED TO CORRECT SKELETAL CLASS III MALOCCLUSION
CHIN CAP APPLIANCE
 USED TO CORRECT OR PREVENT THE ANTERIOR CROSSBITE DUE TO A PROMINENT MANDIBLE.

18. III) IN PERMANENT DENTITION ( IN
ADOLESCENT & ADULT)
SCREW APPLIANCE :
 MINI SCREW
 MEDIUM SCREW
 MAY BE USED TO CORRECT SINGLE
TOOTH OR SEGMENTAL CROSSBITE.
 FIXED APPLIANCE :
 USED TO CORRECT SINGLE TOOTH OR
MULTIPLE TEETH

19. POSTERIOR CROSSBITE
MANAGEMENT
IN NORMALLY GROWING MANDIBLE, POSTERIOR CROSSBITES SHOULD BE TREATED AS
EARLY AS POSSIBLE TO ALLOW THE NORMAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE
DENTAL ARCHES AND THE TMJ.
IN PRIMARY DENTITION
 POSTERIOR CROSSBITE IN PRIMARY DENTITION IS USUALLY AS A RESULT OF
CONSTRICTION OF THE MAXILLARY ARCH WHICH OFTEN RESULTS FROM AN ACTIVE
DIGIT OR PACIFIER HABIT.
 DETERMINE WHETHER THERE IS AN ASSOCIATED MANDIBULAR SHIFT.
 MANDIBULAR SHIFT IS PRESENT TREATMENT IS IMPLEMENTED TO CORRECT THE
CROSSBITE.IF MANDIBULAR SHIFT NOT PRESENT TREATMENT IS DELAYED UNTIL THE
PERMANENT FIRST MOLARS ERUPT. IF THE FIRST PERMANENT MOLAR ERUPTS INTO
CROSSBITE TREATMENT IS INITIATED (IF NO OTHER MALOCCLUSION EXISTS).IF THE
FIRST PERMANENT MOLAR ERUPTS NORMALLY TREATMENT IS NOT INDICATED UNTIL
PERMANENT PREMOLARS ERUPT.
IN MIXED DENTITION
 POSTERIOR CROSSBITE CORRECTION IN MIXED DENTITION CAN BE DIFFICULT AND
CONFUSING.
 THE CLINICIAN SHOULD RELY ON A WELL DOCUMENTED DATABASE TO DETERMINE
WHETHER A SKELETAL/DENTAL CORRECTION IS NECESSARY.
 AND IN AREAS WHERE MANDIBULAR SHIFT IS PRESENT IT SHOULD BE MANAGED AS

20. POSTERIOR DENTAL CROSSBITE
1.GENERALIZED
*UNILATERAL
*BILATERAL
2.LOCALIZED
THE VARIOUS TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR
POSTERIOR CROSS BITE ARE :
1) OCCLUSAL EQUILIBRIUM.
2) COFFIN SPRING.
3) CROSS ELASTICS.
4) SOLDERED W-ARCH (PORTER APPLIANCE).
5) QUAD HELIX.
6) REMOVABLE APPLIANCE.
7) RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSION (RME).
8) NI-TI EXPANDERS.
9) ORAL SCREENING.
10) FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES.

21. CONCLUSION
 DIAGNOSIS IS THE GOLDEN KEY TO SUCCESS.A
CASES OF CROSSBITE CAN BE DECEPTIVE.
SO,IT ISALWAYS MANDATORY TO THINK BEFORE
WE LEAP INTO CONCLUSION,WHETHER IT IS
CROSSBITE OF A TRUE NATURE ORPSEUDO.TO
ACHIEVE BETTER TREATMENT
FINISH,CROSSBITES SHOULD BE DEALT AS
SOON AS DETECTED & THE CHOICE OF
ARMAMENTARIUM CAN BE LEFT TO CLINICIANS
DISCRETION.THE EARLY AND CORRECT
DIAGNOSIS OF CROSSBITE IS ESSENTIAL TO
PREVENT THE FORTHCOMING OCCLUSAL
DISCREPANCIES IN THE PERMANENT DENTITION.
ADEQUATE CURATIVE MEASURES AND
TREATMENT MODALITIES SHOULD BE
ADVOCATED TO CORRECT THE CROSSBITE.

22. REFERENCES
1) S GOWRI SHANKAR – TEXTBOOK OF
ORTHODONTICS (1ST REVISED EDITION 2016).
2) A TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS BY
GURKEERAT SINGH (3RD EDITION).
3) HANDBOOK OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY BY
ANGUS C CAMERON & RICHARD P WIDMER
(4TH EDITION).
4) TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY BY
NIKHIL MARWAH (3RD EDITION).