CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICAL THEORIES2Ethical Lens

CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICAL THEORIES
2
Ethical Lens Inventory
Michelle Freeman
Purdue University Global
GB590M1
Professor, Pricilla Aaltonen
June 5, 2021
ELI Results
According to my ethics lens inventory results, my preferred
ethical values are based on intuition and autonomy. I value
sensibility following my heart over rationality. I do what my
intuition tells me to do over what my responsibility and
reputation require me to do. It is the inner voice that directs me
to make important ethical decisions. Sensibility helps to
discover the basic moral truths, and everyday moral decision
making and involves thinking about the choices available and

making a moral judgment following intuition. I mildly prefer
the value of autonomy. As much as I would like to pursue my
own ideas and make my own decisions about certain decisions, I
sometimes find myself considering the opinion of the other
people and the expectations of larger society regarding what
constitutes the “right thing to do”
Theories and Theorists
A major ethical theory associated with my ethical values is the
virtue ethical theory. The virtue theory argues that one’s
decisions are based on their character rather than any action that
may deviate from their normal behavior (Chonko, 2012).
Personal character is significantly linked to one’s intuition.
Virtue theory takes morals, reputation and motivation of a
person into account when evaluating one’s decision or action on
a given situation. Another ethical principle that applies to my
ethical value s is respect for autonomy. Respect for autonomy
holds that a person is able to make decisions that apply to his or
her life without influence from other people or any external
forces (American Psychological Association). This principle
holds that people should be entirely in control of their lives and
any decisions that affect their lives because they are the only
people who understand their chosen lives (Concise
Encyclopedia of Business Ethics). However, according to my
ELI report I mildly prefer autonomy, meaning that I do not
entirely have control over my life decisions because I consider
the opinions of other people, what they consider to be the good
thing. Who are some theorists associated with these theories?
Strength Example
One example of how I have I applied my preferred lens
(sensibility) in a professional setting is a situation where I was
faced with a dilemma situation of giving out some money in
order to be given a certain job I had applied. The hiring
manager requested for money so that he can offer me the chance
over the candidates who had performed better than me.
However, my intuitions convinced that it was not the right thing

to and that it was ethically wrong to get a job that I had not
qualified. I put myself in the shoes of the qualifying candidate,
that although he was not aware, he would loose a job because I
bribed my way in.
An example of how I applied my preferred lens in a
personal setting was in a situation where I wanted to pursue as
certain career that I had passion for. However, instead of taking
control over the decisions that would affect my life goals, I
considered opinions of other people as to what they considered
as a “good career.” Although I do not regret for my current
professional career, I ended up I not pursing the career that I
had much passion for because my choices were influenced by
other people’s opinion.
I will use my intuition when managing others to ensure
that I make the right decisions. As an intuitive leader, I will not
be afraid to make decisions. I will be taking time to allow my
unconscious mind to consider all the options before I finally
follow my intuition. However, intuition as consequences,
intuitive leader follows his intuition to make decision and it
allows little input from other members. Therefore, when a
certain decision results in negative outcome, the blame falls on
the leader. Therefore, to avoid this consequences, I will follow
my intuition to suggest the most appropriate decision and then
ask input from my subordinates.
References
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Ethical principles
of psychologists and code of conduct.
https://www.apa.org/ethics/code
Chonko, L. (2012). Ethical theories. https://www.dsef.org/wp-
content/uploads/2012/07/EthicalTheories.pdf
Concise Encyclopedia of Business Ethics. (n.d.). Ethical theory:
overview. https://conciseencyclopedia.org/entries/ethical-
theory/
COURSE CODE COURSE NAME: PRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT Task brief & rubrics

Task 1 – MID-TERM SUMMATIVE ASSIGNMENT
PART 1:
FLOW CHART EXERCISE (30%):
Go to the next link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iUduCtx7cA
and draw the flow chart of the process how PEANUT BUTTER
are made.
PART 2:
CASE STUDY: (45% in total – 15% for each of the questions)
NEMFEN
Company NEMFEN is located in Barcelona. They design and
manufacture high-tech LED lighting. The company is family
owned (Pedro García, owner) exporting 70% of their production
to 20 different countries all over the world. Products are usually
customized considering different design requirements, voltage,
frequency as well other electrical parameters. Quality control
has been implemented at the end of the production process.
Each and every component is dimensionally and electrically
checked by one employee separating out the wrong units.
During the last 3 years, sales have experienced a dramatic
growth. However, rejections have also increased from 0,5% up
to 1,5% of the total production. Cristina García, owner´s
daughter has recently graduated at the EU Business School. She
has joined the Company with the main task of improving quality
ratios.
1. From your point of view, which are the main weaknesses of
the existing quality control process?
2. If you were Cristina, in order to improve the Quality process
and the performance indicators of the Company, which changes
should you implement in terms of quality control?

3. Which quality systems should you put in practice? Explain
why.
Respond the questions using the different frameworks reviewed
in class.
PART 3:
CONTEXTUALIZED LAYOUT COMPARISON: (25%)
In a magnet factory the boss is considering a reorganisation of
the lay-out. She is considering the two proposals below. Which
is the best way? Complete the table below and justify your
recommendation with the reasons why.
Activity 1= 20 seconds; Activity 2= 35 seconds; Activity 3= 50
seconds;
Activity 4= 55 seconds; Activity 5= 30 seconds; Activity 6= 30
seconds
If you work with only 3 workers, the new lay-out is:
LAY-OUT 1
LAY-OUT 2
1.Productivity

2.Resources needed
3.Bottlenecks
4.Standardization
5.Multitasking
6.Specialization

Recommendations and Justification
The Mid-term assignment must be prepared individually in
essay format (word, pdf files).
Formalities:
· Wordcount for both assignments: 2000-2500 words.
· Cover, Table of Contents, References and Appendix are
excluded of the total wordcount.
· Font: Arial 12,5 pts.
· Text alignment: Justified.
· The in-text References and the Bibliography have to be in
Harvard’s citation style.
It assesses the following learning outcomes:
· Outcome 1: Understand the production management within
operation management.
· Outcome 2: Describe operations processes design and their
management to contextualize and improve production
performance.
· Outcome 3: Assess lay-out design and evaluate facility
location.
Task 2 – FINAL SUMMATIVE ASSIGNMENT
The final task is worthy of a 60% of the total grade.

Students are required to develop an individual report addressing
the following specific tasks set out in the guideline below.
Task briefing:
Part 1 (60% in total – 20% for each of the question)
Choose a specific operations system within a specific industry.
1) Explain the phases of PPC of at least one process/product,
identify the main drivers or factors that determine its overall
performance?
2) Identify the different elements that influences the quality of
this operational system. What is the system of maintenance and
explain how does it work. Give examples.
3) Propose different measures and actions to take to enhance the
effectiveness of this system. Justify your answer.
Part 2:
CASE STUDY: (40% in total – 20% for each of the questions)
GRAND LUXURY HOTELS
When Ivan and Rouslan Lartisien founded Grand Luxury Hotels
in 2007, their ambition was clear: Offer their clients exceptional
hotel experiences across the world. As children, the young
brothers traveled the globe and stayed in some of its best hotels
in the process. The experience made them develop a passion for
the luxury hotel industry, and a curiosity to go "behind the
scenes" to better understand the magic behind their favorite
hotels. Grand Luxury Hotels is born from this passion and has
grown into what it is today, thanks to their complimentary
personalities. The Quality of the hotel is found in their Rooms,
Suites, Deluxe Suites, Spa, Treatments, and Rooms for
Meetings, Weeding’s and other type of events.The hotel’s motto
is: Excellence goes further than service, technology, and
elegance. In the world’s best hotels, these are a given. Instead,
excellence is when these elements combine to create a unique
and deeply personal experience, and when you walk away with
memories that last a lifetime. This is why each of our clients
has 24/7 access to a Guest Experience Manager (GEM).
Knowledgeable of their clients’ preferences, the GEM offers

expert advice during bookings, organizes every aspect of their
trip, and guarantees that all benefits made eligible by their
membership status, are provided by the hotel.
1. Ivan and Rouslan take much pride in the “behind the scenes”
process at their hotels. What quality system would you
implement?
2. Identify who would have to participate in the QC? If you had
to implement the Total Quality Management what would be the
pillars of your strategy?
Formalities:
· Wordcount for both assignments: 2000-2500 words.
· Cover, Table of Contents, References and Appendix are
excluded of the total wordcount.
· Font: Arial 12,5 pts.
· Text alignment: Justified.
· The in-text References and the Bibliography have to be in
Harvard’s citation style.
It assesses the following learning outcomes:
· Outcome 1: Understand the production management within
operation management.
· Outcome 2: Describe operations processes design and their
management to contextualize and improve production
performance.
· Outcome 4: Understand quality control components and
measures.
· Outcome 6: Understand production in the global setting.
Rubrics
Exceptional 90-100
Good 80-89
Fair 70-79
Marginal fail 60-69

Knowledge & Understanding (25%)
Student demonstrates excellent understanding of key concepts
and uses vocabulary in an entirely appropriate manner.
Student demonstrates good understanding of the task and
mentions some relevant concepts and demonstrates use of the
relevant vocabulary.
Student understands the task and provides minimum theory
and/or some use of vocabulary.
Student understands the task and attempts to answer the
question but does not mention key concepts or uses minimum
amount of relevant vocabulary.
Application (30%)
Student applies fully relevant knowledge from the topics
delivered in class.
Student applies mostly relevant knowledge from the topics
delivered in class.
Student applies some relevant knowledge from the topics
delivered in class. Misunderstanding may be evident.
Student applies little relevant knowledge from the topics
delivered in class. Misunderstands are evident.
Critical Thinking (30%)
Student critically assesses in excellent ways, drawing
outstanding conclusions from relevant authors.
Student critically assesses in good ways, drawing conclusions
from relevant authors and references.
Student provides some insights but stays on the surface of the
topic. References may not be relevant.
Student makes little or none critical thinking insights, does not
quote appropriate authors, and does not provide valid sources.
Communication (15%)
Student communicates their ideas extremely clearly and
concisely, respecting word count, grammar and spellcheck
Student communicates their ideas clearly and concisely,
respecting word count, grammar and spellcheck
Student communicates their ideas with some clarity and
concision. It may be slightly over or under the wordcount limit.

Some misspelling errors may be evident.
Student communicates their ideas in a somewhat unclear and
unconcise way. Does not reach or does exceed wordcount
excessively and misspelling errors are evident.
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CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICAL THEORIES
Michelle Freeman
Purdue University Global

GB590M1
Professor, Pricilla Aaltonen
June 5, 2021
Introduction
Based on the results from the EthicsGame simulation it shows
that my preferred ethical lens is results. This means that I listen
to my intuition to determine what is good for myself and others.
My primary values are sensibility and autonomy which means
that. I prefer following my heart over my head and strive to be
all I can be by embodying the ideals of my roles. I respect the
individual over equality and defend the right of for others to
live life to their fullest potential while seeking their expression
of the good life (EthicsGame, 2020).
Ethical Theories
People make ethical decisions based on their own individual
value and perspective system. The Ethical Lens Inventory (ELI)
is a tool that is designed to assist us with understanding the
values that influence our choices (EthicsGame, 2020). The
Results Lens category values mutual respect, individual
responsibility, and the utilitarian view. They rely on emotion
and intuition to determine the correct course of action (Ryle,
2013). Typically, people who display the results lens focus on
the present situation and immediate action. They are effective

and try to avoid making decision for their own personal gain.
Based on the utilitarian model, the results lens is consequence-
based ethics. Decisions are judged by the results of the actions.
Ryle, D. (2013, January 1). Business Through an Ethical Lens |
BizEd Magazine. BizEd.
https://bized.aacsb.edu/articles/2013/01/business-through-an-
ethical-lens
6/5/2021 - EthicsGame - Eli Players Assessment
https://faculty.ethicsgame.com/FacultyResourceCenter//Players
AssessmentEli/EliText/Print?polarity=bottom-left&ae=-4&rs=-
6&dt=6/5/2021&u=Michell… 1/8
Completed
6/5/2021
Printed
6/5/2021
MICHELLE FREEMAN
Your preferred ethical lens is: Results Lens
Considered Sensibility and Mild Autonomy (CSMA)
You listen to your intuition (sensibility) to determine the
greatest
good for yourself and each individual (autonomy).
Your Primary Values show how you prioritize

the tension between rationality and
sensibility as well as autonomy and equality.
Your primary values are Sensibility and Autonomy
You have a considered preference for the value of sensibility
(CS)
—following your heart—over rationality—following your head.
As a
CS, your passions and emotions provide appreciable energy as
you
seek your heart's desires. You thoughtfully frame the narrative
of
your life in terms of being all you can be as you strive to
embody
the ideals of your roles.
You mildly prefer the value of autonomy (MA)—respecting the
individual—over equality—giving priority to the group.
As an MA, you want to choose your own path and life goals.
However, as you are making your decisions, you may
find that your choices are influenced by the opinions of others
and the general community expectations about what
constitutes a "good life." You defend the right of every human
to choose how they will live into their full potential as
they seek their own expression of the good life.
Know Yourself
Pay attention to your beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
The first step to ethical agility and maturity is to carefully read
the description of your own ethical lens. While you
may resonate with elements of other lenses, when you are under
stress or pressure, you’ll begin your ethical
analysis from your home lens. So, becoming familiar with both
the gifts and the blind spots of your lens is useful. For
more information about how to think about ethics as well as

hints for interpreting your results, look at the information
under the ELI Essentials and Exploring the ELI on the menu
bar.
Understanding Your Ethical Lens
Over the course of history, four different ethical perspectives,
which we call the Four Ethical Lenses, have guided
people in making ethical decisions. Each of us has an inherited
bias towards community that intersects with our
earliest socialization. As we make sense of our world, we
develop an approach to ethics that becomes our ethical
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instinct—our gut reaction to value conflicts. The questions you
answered were designed to determine your
instinctual approach to your values preferences. These
preferences determine your placement on the Ethical Lens
Inventory grid, seen on the right side of this page.
The dot on the grid shows which ethical lens you prefer and
how strong that preference is. Those who land on or
close to the center point do not have a strong preference for any
ethical lens and may instead resonate with an
approach to ethics that is concerned with living authentically in
the world rather than one that privileges one set of
values over another.
Each of the paragraphs below describes an ethical trait—a
personal characteristic or quality that defines how you

begin to approach ethical problems. For each of the categories,
the trait describes the values you believe are the
most important as well as the reasons you give for why you
make particular ethical decisions.
To see how other people might look at the world differently,
read the descriptions of the different ethical lenses under
the tab Ethical Lenses on the menu bar. The “Overview of the
Four Ethical Lenses” can be printed to give you a
quick reference document. Finally, you can compare and
contrast each ethical trait by reading the description of the
trait found under the Traits menu. Comparing the traits of your
perspective to others helps you understand how
people might emphasize different values and approach ethical
dilemmas differently.
As you read your ethical profile and study the different
approaches, you’ll have a better sense of what we mean
when we use the word “ethics.” You’ll also have some insight
into how human beings determine what actions are—
or are not—ethical.
The Snapshot gives you a quick overview of your ethical lens.
Your snapshot shows you pursuing ethical goals.
This ethical lens is called the Results Lens because people with
this focus value having others who are important to
them in their various communities think highly of their
expertise and character—their results. The Results Lens
represents the family of ethical theories known as
consequentialism, where you consider your goals to help you
determine what is ethical.
Your Ethical Path is the method you use to become ethically
aware and
mature.

Your ethical path is the Path of the Hero.
On the ethical Path of the Hero, you follow your intuition to
determine what you want to become, do, and have.
Ethical goals, sometimes called ideal goals, help you identify
what kind of a person you want to be. As you walk
through this life, do you want to be kind, generous, and
accepting instead of mean-spirited, selfish, and judgmental?
This ethical perspective also helps you moderate your desires as
you simultaneously decide what you want to
accomplish and what you want to acquire. What achievements
are really meaningful? How much stuff do you really
need?
As you walk the Path of the Hero, you energetically pursue your
own goals and strive to work with others to break
down barriers and find the good life. In the process, you explore
your own desires to determine what goals will allow
you to become the best expression of yourself and a good
member of the community. You also learn how to
moderate your desires to find satisfaction.
Your Vantage Point describes the overall perspective you take
to determine
what behaviors best reflect your values.
The icon that represents your preferred vantage point is a
magnifying glass.
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Just as a magnifying glass helps you notice details in your
surroundings, the Results Lens helps you focus on
present circumstances to make choices bounded by a respect for
human dignity—choices that help you reach your
personal goals.
Your Ethical Self is the persona the theorists invite you to take
on as you
resolve the ethical problem.
Your ethical self is a particular person with specific desires and
life goals.
Using the magnifying glass of the Results Lens, you think of
your ethical self as a particular person with specific
goals and desires. You consider your position in the community,
available opportunities, and desirable long and
short-term goals as you choose your path forward.
You believe that everyone should be able to make choices that
make them happy. You also acknowledge the right of
each person to ultimately take responsibility for their own
actions. You have confidence that as you freely make
choices that fulfill your heart’s desire and seem to make sense,
you will create the greatest amount of good possible
for your community.
Your Classical Virtue is the one of the four virtues identified by
Greek
philosophers you find the most important to embody.
Your classical virtue is temperance—being moderate and self-
restrained.
As you seek ethical maturity, you endeavor to embrace
temperance, being moderate and self-restrained, as your
desires are moderated by reason. Noticing the problems caused
by gluttony and greed, you welcome moderation in

all things as you seek to be a good community member. You
work to control your desires through discipline and self-
control.
Your Key Phrase is the statement you use to describe your
ethical self.
Your key phrase is “I make wise choices that support a good
life.”
Rather than passively choosing from options that come to you,
you engage your imagination to find ways to both
increase your own happiness and allow all others to thrive.
While you value others’ opinions, you still want to make
up your own mind and choose your own path. And, having
chosen, you live with the consequences and don’t whine.
Using the Results Lens
By prioritizing sensibility and autonomy, the Results Lens
provides a unique perspective on what specific actions
count as being ethical. This lens also has its own process for
resolving ethical dilemmas. As you translate your
overarching values into actions—applied ethics—each
perspective provides a particular nuance on what counts as
ethical behavior. This next section describes how you can use
the Results Lens to resolve an ethical dilemma.
Deciding what is Ethical is the statement that describes your
preferred
method for defining what behaviors and actions are ethical.
Individuals use their emotion and passion to determine the goals
they wish to pursue.
With a considered preference for sensibility, your emotion and
imagination provide the drive needed to determine
and reach the goals that you wish to pursue. You believe that as
individuals consider their desires as well as the

expectations of the community they can be trusted to be
ethical—choosing actions that lead to good results for
individuals, create the greatest happiness for the greatest
number of people, and serve the greater good resulting in
harmony and satisfaction for many individuals.
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Your Ethical Task is the process you prefer to use to resolve
ethical
dilemmas.
Your ethical task is to identify ideal goals, the long-term results
that will lead to a good life.
Your primary focus is seeking that which is Good. As you gaze
through this lens, you follow your heart and consult
with your reason to identify what kind of person you want to
become and what tangible results you want to see in
your life and community.
As you consider how to live into the values of a life where all
can thrive, you choose to pursue concrete actions that
will bring those moderately held values to life and help you
reach your goals while considering the expectations of
others.
Your Analytical Tool is your preferred method for critically
thinking about
ethical dilemmas.
Your preferred analytical tool is experience.

You determine what is good based on your own personal
experience and the experience of others. The interplay of
action and reflection based on experience is your most
powerful—and highly valued—analytical tool.
You begin with a careful assessment of the world and your
ability to achieve your stated goals. If you see that a
particular course of action is not leading to your desired goals
or might be hindering others from reaching their
goals, you quickly change direction.
Your Foundational Question helps you determine your ethical
boundaries.
Your foundational question is “What would make me happy?”
As you ask “What will make me happy?”, you take time to
thoughtfully explore your feelings and desires to
determine your long-term goals as well as imagine the kind of
person you want to become. And, any path forward
has to meet the ethical minimum of allowing yourself—and
others—to have meaningful choices about how best to
thrive.
Your Aspirational Question helps you become more ethically
mature.
Your aspirational question is “What are mutually good results?”
and “How can I show personal
courage?”
The path to ethical maturity begins with considering other
people besides yourself. As you harmonize your mild
preference for autonomy with a desire to include others, you
begin thinking about what goals and actions other
people might desire. You ask, “What are mutually good
results?” You want each person to have an appropriate

amount of freedom within a community. The intent is to ensure
that as many people as possible can thrive and
pursue their own life plans.
And then, as your perspective shifts to include all people and
find a greater purpose in life than only caring for
yourself, you begin to use your reason to moderate your
considered preference for sensibility and trusting your heart
and reason as you ask, “How can I be a partner in creating a
better world?” Asking this question allows you to
develop your own sense of accomplishment and to use your
imagination to help support individuals and the group.
Your Justification for Acting is the reason you give yourself
and others to
explain your choice.
Your justification for acting is “I found a win-win solution that
respects everyone.”
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You like to explain your choices by announcing that you found
a win-win solution that respects everyone as
individuals. If you can see that your action allows people to
thrive while supporting the community, you are happy.
Because you are in tune with the emotional climate of a
situation and can thoughtfully evaluate the context, you
want as many people as possible to have a good life. At your
best, you will work to find creative solutions that will

not only make people happy but also meet your long-term
ethical goals—the ability for all to succeed and live in
harmony with others.
Strengths of the Results Lens
The ethical perspective of the Results Lens has been used by
many over thousands of years to provide a personal
map toward ethical action and personal fulfillment. Striving to
embrace core goals that will allow you to thrive is an
effective strategy for energizing action, finding a purpose for
your life, and getting along well with others.
Your Gift is the insight you provide yourself and others as we
seek to be
ethical.
Your gift is free will.
Free will means not only that you get to choose your own goals
in light of community expectations but also that you
celebrate others being able to do the same. You accept the
consequences of your actions and learn to tolerate
moral ambiguity.
As you gain ethical maturity, you develop the flexibility to look
clearly at the past, imagine the future, and act in the
present to fulfill your desires as informed by your reason.
Energized by possibilities, you bring optimism and
enthusiasm to the table.
Your Contemporary Value is the current ethical value you most
clearly
embody.
Your contemporary value is seeking the greatest good.
You want to find the greatest good for as many individuals as
possible, including yourself. That commitment,

however, only mildly privileges autonomy—the right of people
to determine for themselves what is “good,” while
thinking about the desires of others as well as the community.
Still, you value people having the opportunity to live
from their own enlightened self-interest.
As you move from private action to public policy, you begin to
moderate your own desires to consider the desires of
others. As you consider others, you find the utilitarian approach
to ethics, carefully assessing which action will
create the greatest good, particularly valuable. At your best, you
take responsibility for your actions, even those that
end badly. In the process, you thoughtfully savor life.
Your Secondary Values are those that logically flow from your
primary values.
Your secondary values focus on maximizing opportunities to
support a fulfilled, purposeful life.
The Path of the Hero involves enthusiastically embracing
flexibility and creativity. You also want to achieve your
goals efficiently by consuming as few resources as possible.
You are loyal as you act in the best interest of yourself
and others in the community. Finally, you work to avoid
conflicts of interest.
Challenges of the Results Lens
One of the greatest challenges of the Results Lens is
recognizing that your desires may not be fulfilled—and in fact
may be thwarted, leading to unhappiness. Those who have a
considered preference for sensibility and a mild
preference for autonomy, are somewhat vulnerable to the ethical
blind spots of the Results Lens that come from not

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making peace with your lot in life, resenting the success of
others, and a yearning desire for “more.” Using the
magnifying glass of the Results Lens to engage in careful
personal reflection helps you avoid ethical blind spots that
come from self-deception.
Your Blind Spot is the place you are not ethically aware and so
may
unintentionally make an ethical misstep.
Your blind spot is being satisfied with too little good.
Our ethical blind spots may cause us to inadvertently be
unethical because we are not paying attention. Without
being mindful, actions that are grounded in good intentions may
wind up not meeting either your own or other’s
ethical standards.
Being very sensitive to the emotional climate of the situation
and beginning to listen to your rational voice, you still
may forget to maintain consistency between your long-term
goals and your actions. Trying to take care of meeting
everyone else’s desires, you might become angry and resentful
because no one is considering what will make you
happy.
Because you want to make people happy and are in tune with
what others might prefer, you may take the path of
expedience and be satisfied with too little good as you don’t
hold yourself and others accountable for the
consequences of their actions. By not using your reason, you

may forget to test your action against the principles
that keep unfettered desire in check.
Your Risk is where you may be overbearing by expecting that
people think
just like you.
Your risk is being calculating.
When faced with conflict, you believe that every decision can
be reduced to a cost-benefit analysis that supports you
getting what you want, as you try to balance your short-term
goals with your long-term objectives. In doing your
calculations, you may fail to respect the humanity and desires of
others. While economic utilitarianism has a place,
human beings have more complex desires than simply
maximizing their own economic status—after all, many
things do not have a monetary value. Even though you don’t
assume that everyone wants the same things that you
do, you may forget to ask others what they want or fail to honor
their wishes.
Your Double Standard is the rationalization you use to justify
unethical
actions.
Your double standard is expedience, making choices based on
what is politic or personally
advantageous.
Humans are skilled at deflecting blame if caught being
unethical—taking actions that do not live into personal or
communal expectations and that thwart human thriving. As you
view the world through the Results Lens, you judge
the ethics of yourself and others by whether the actions help
you achieve your desired goals.
When you are tempted to be unethical, your will be tempted to

deflect blame with the double standard of expedience
—making choices based on what is advantageous to you and
those you care about, rather than pursuing
excellence. Also, believing that the show is more important than
substance, you might substitute acquiring material
goods for the richness of living a good life. Failure comes as
you realize that no one ever has enough “stuff” to
satisfy the deepest longings of the heart.
Your Vice is the quality of being that could result in you being
intentionally or
carelessly lured into unethical action.
Your vice could be becoming greedy and failing to moderate
desires.
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Vices come into play when we know that the actions we are
considering are not ethical and choose to follow that
particular path anyway. These unethical choices illumine our
very human moral flaw that, if not acknowledged and
resisted, may turn unethical choices into habits.
While unethical action can come from being unaware, humans
also have moral flaws that, if not acknowledged, may
turn unethical choices into habits. Because you have a
considered preference for sensibility, your strong desires fuel
greed and recklessness. Without a measure of humility and
reflection, you could seek only to satisfy your own
unmoderated desires, regardless of the impact on others.

With a mild preference for autonomy, you may also feel twinges
of envy and jealousy. You also can forget to share
with others from your abundance and not give the knowledge
and resources others need to reach their goals.
Your Crisis is the circumstance that causes you to stop and
evaluate your
ethical choices.
Your crisis may be failure, precipitated by facing your inability
to meet deeply desired goals.
As you continue to walk the Path of the Hero, you will at some
point face a personal crisis as you acknowledge your
inability to meet seemingly rational goals. Believing that all
things are possible in a fundamentally good world, you
become so committed to reaching your goals that failure can be
overwhelming.
Confronted with an unraveling of your world, you may wind up
on a slippery slope to unethical behavior—neither
being mindful those who have entrusted their life journey to you
nor considering the wisdom of the community. Many
who have been found guilty of financial misconduct began with
one small transaction that they thought that they
could “make right” without anyone knowing the difference.
Strategies for Ethical Agility and Ethical Maturity
Resolving ethical conflict is an ongoing as well as challenging
task. Because our personal morals and community
ethics come from our deeply held values, we must approach the
problems mindfully. Great self-knowledge helps us
identify the values that are in conflict. Listening respectfully to
others as they express their preferred course of action
based on their core values also helps. Seeking harmony between
our personal expectations and the behavior that

the community rewards enhances ethical effectiveness and leads
to ethical maturity, the ability to live in personal
integrity while respecting the value priorities of and caring for
both other individuals and the community as a whole.
Ethical agility is measured by our ability to use all four ethical
lenses effectively. We develop ethical agility as we
practice looking at the world through different ethical lenses,
become more aware of the places where we are
tempted to be unethical, and remember to ask the core questions
that define each ethical perspective.
Follow the checklist for action
Ethical courage involves not just analyzing and reflecting—but
also taking action. Pausing to check a proposed
action against the value priorities of the Results Lens and the
Reputation Lens is a good final step for people from
every ethical perspective. Using the checklist from the two
lenses you favor—as well as the two you don’t—ensures
a balanced decision, one that considers the core values and
commitment of each lens.
Results Lens:
Remember to make choices that will contribute to both you and
others achieving a good life.
Focus on the abundance you want to create for yourself and
others. Expect good results from your actions
and you’ll be more likely to get those results.
Ask people what will make them happy. Remember that each
person has different goals and criteria for
happiness.

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Hold people accountable for their choices. Encourage people to
think through the consequences of their
choices. And then when choices are made, honor them and be
willing to live with the outcomes—whether
good, bad, or ugly.
Reputation Lens:
Be compassionate as you align your actions with your core
virtues. Being ethical means embodying your core
virtues as you serve others.
Consider the roles of individuals as well as the reputation of the
larger community. The goal is to make sure
each person’s role is respected, their mandate for action is
clear, and they are equipped to fulfill their role with
excellence.
Seek excellence in all you do. Entitlement is the enemy of
ethical action. By consistently working to improve,
you will develop the habits of excellence leading to a good
character.
Develop ethical agility
Ethical agility is the ability to use all four ethical lenses—and
the center perspective—effectively. You become more
ethically agile as you practice looking at the world through
different ethical lenses, become more aware of the places
where you are tempted to be unethical, and remember to ask the
core questions that define each ethical
perspective.
Recognize the language of the different lenses

As you read about different approaches to ethics, you can pick
up the subtle clues to other people’s ethical
perspectives by the words they choose to describe the problems
and the reasons for their proposed course of
action. To learn more about the other ethical lenses, read the
information about each ethical lens under the tab
Ethical Lenses on the menu bar or review the descriptions of the
ethical traits for each lens under the tab Traits. You
can also print the document “Overview Four Ethical Lenses”
found under the Ethical Lens tab to have a quick
reference guide to all four ethical perspectives.
Use all the ethical perspectives
Each ethical lens has a unique perspective on both the way to
solve a problem as well as the specific characteristics
of the most appropriate solution. To learn more about how each
ethical perspective approaches ethical dilemmas,
click Lens in the top navigation bar and read through the
descriptions of each ethical lens.
Ethical agility is the first step towards ethical maturity, a life-
long process of becoming ever more self-aware and
learning how to move with dignity and grace in our community.
As we move from fear into confidence, from thinking
only of our self to considering others and the community as a
whole, we gain ethical wisdom—a primary task of life
as we seek that which is True and Good to find the Beautiful.
If you want to learn more about the how to understand and
effectively use your ethical profile, please refer to The
Ethical Self, by Catharyn Baird and Jeannine Niacaris (2016).

CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICAL THEORIES2Ethical Lens

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