1. Science, Technology and Innovation Policy for Iraq, Past and Present
Ali Abdulazez Ali Albeer
Ministry of Science and Technology
albeer_ali2@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
Iraq hasn’t established a clear Science, Technology and Innovation(STI) strategy for the past years, The main reasons
that led to the failure of science and technology systems are political, economic, human and organizational management
reasons, Iraq seeks in the future to put strategy that being able to get him in the centre stage in the Middle East for the
scientific level, Also, Iraq is looking forward to reach the industrialized countries level in sciences, technology after the
victory in the war against terrorism and to achieve peace and security community in Iraq at a period of not more than
five years. Iraq's Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) can offer major contributions to realize Iraq's high priority
economic development objectives, mainly economic growth, job creation, and economy diversification.
Few decades ago, Iraq was well known for its leading position in science and technology in the region. However,
political instability, series of wars, and economic sanctions led to detrimental effects on Iraq's scientific infrastructure
and forced many of its science and technology elite to leave Iraq.
Now, Iraq faces several challenges where science, technology, and innovation can offer solutions and support Iraq's
efforts to respond to such challenges. Inclusion of science, technology, and Innovation in Iraq's development plans will
support transition to a knowledge economy, diversification of Iraq's economy, and creation of jobs for a growing
workforce, specifically new university graduates. Furthermore, Iraq faces several challenges such as climate change.
Being one of the most impacted countries by climate change in the region, Iraq faces major challenges in agriculture,
water resources, and several other sectors related to climate change. Certainly, science, technology, and innovation can
play an important role in developing necessary adaptation measures to respond to these challenges.
In order to adequately meet these and other challenges, Iraq needs a well developed and effective science, technology
and innovation system aligned with its strategic national development targets. Unfortunately, at the present time, Iraq
does not have a national STI strategy and lacks institutions that govern and fund science, technology, and innovation
activities at the national level. Moreover, Iraq's national development plan does not recognize STI as a sector with a
constituted mandate, and hence does not articulate STI objectives in its development goals. The technical cooperation
with UNESCO yielded the project to implemented policy document for (STI) in Iraq in 2010 and sent policy report to
UNESCO in January 2013, and complete the final draft of the policy document in February 2015, the policy document is
currently awaiting Iraqi government honest.
Keywords: Policy, Technology and Innovation, strategy, Investment
1- Introduction:
The challenges to achieving progress in the Sciences sector can be related to security, the political substantial lack of
institutional capacity within the Government and the difficulty of situation and the climate. The rapidly changing
political scene in Iraq, the managing interventions primarily from outside Iraq all pose implementation challenges.
Difficult climatic conditions (e.g. drought), and the urgency to react quickly to environmental degradation and
humanitarian needs are additional important factors.
Science and technology have not been highlighted among the main priorities for the UNCT as evidenced by the absence
of mentions of either “science” or “technology” in the International Compact for Iraq (ICI). Nevertheless, strengthening
national capacity in science and technology will be necessary for building a knowledge‐based society that creates an
environment favorable for sustainable development, eradicating poverty and securing long‐term peace.)
1-1 The features of scientific research in Iraq before 2003 are:
1. There are no integrated system to draw scientific research policies and monitor their implementation in terms of Iraq,
and there are no strategies for define the objectives and policies of scientific research.
2. Research centers established in a random manner, and for personal desires
3. Tasks of Scientific Research and the Department of Research and Development for the Ministry of Higher Education
and not for whole of Iraq.
4. Scientific research is not subject to scientific censorship, and a means to raise funds, and it depends on the quantity
not on the quality and lacks credibility.
5. Higher education is no longer a means of developing scientific research or to meet community needs, but a way to
certification, which led to widespread fraud and theft of unpublished thesis and prosecutors conducting experiments
impossible to take place under poor laboratories conditions.
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2. 6. Inflated the number of local PhDs in science departments in the universities (some of them are civil or not completed
its organizational structure) as a result of the absence need in the other state institutions.
7. There is no central authority funding scientific research, and there is no financing budget.
8. There is no cooperation with international universities, and there are no joint ventures.
2- Steps toward Development Iraqi (STI) System:
Once among the strongest in the region in STI, Iraq is currently facing many challenges in this area. It has suffered
substantial setbacks in its intellectual infrastructure following years of isolation, diminishing resources, and
infrastructure damage. After decades of war and sanctions, both the quantity and quality of Iraqi scientific research have
decreased significantly.
According to UNESCO, after the beginning of the most recent war in Iraq in 2003, followed by the destruction or
looting of much of the science and technology infrastructure in the country, scientific research more or less collapsed
completely.
While the situation has recovered and improved, challenges still exist. Challenges to achieving progress in the Sciences
sector can be related to security, political uncertainty, STI Institutional policies, structure and capacity:
1. It is still that most of the technology research and development guidelines are based on suggestions rather than on
actual needs. That is, researchers at academia or public sectors suggest the topics and directions/guidelines of their
research and development projects based on their personnel assessments and initiatives, rather than on solid
directions from a governing national STI policy. Obviously, the absence of such policy, yet, is the main reason of
this drawback.
2. Iraq would still need to invest more in order to;
a) Increase the number of full-time researchers and benefit from part-time researchers through the use of
specialized network and initiatives (e.g. Researchers mobility) and
b) Manage research and development centers in collaboration with regional and global players.
3. Involvement of science and technology foundations in the private sector is absent. The need exists to establish a
mechanism that links science and technology institutions and the national economy. This link could be through the
utilization of funding mechanisms, incentives, venture capital and incubators, the contribution of academic teachers
to the private sector, eclipsing the distance between university curricula and the actual demands of the local market.
Inclusion of science, technology, and Innovation in Iraq's development plans will support transition to a knowledge
economy, diversification of Iraq's economy, and creation of jobs for a growing workforce, specifically new university
graduates.
To this end, many efforts, local and international, were taken to reform the STI sector and cross-sector institutions and
activities.
2-1The major important steps are:
1. Design and establish workable strategy for Iraqi (STI) system according to the requirements of development and in
line with the government program. which including:
• Determine the policies and the development of legislation
• Development of plans
• Put the road map
• Implementation
2. Establish a stable and sustainable financial base for (STI) system.
• Government should allocate a separate budget for research, innovation and development.
• In addition to grant-funded research, activities that will contribute to the portfolio include; business/industrial-
funded research and internationally-funded research.
• Establish Research Committees at the level of Ministry, University, College and Department to review and monitor
the action plans.
• Each Research Institute, Centre, Department, Unit will develop an action plan for developing a balanced and
sustainable portfolio of activities to support their fundamental research.
• New mechanisms for providing incentives for individuals and research centre to increase quality of research should
be introduced
3. Ensure that there is effective leadership and management in place at all levels of the ministry.
• The ministry should embed a programme of leadership and management training for the universities’ senior
academic, research and professional managers. Training programmes for research managers cover skills training,
performance targets, and individual performance management.
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3. • The speed and effectiveness of decision-making should be improved to ensure that the authority and responsibility
for decision-making is clarified.
• The ministry must apply rigorous staff review procedures to promote individual performance.
• Establish research chairs
4. Create a positive research environment to maximise the potential of staff.
• To include an advantageous entitlement to research, relative freedom from unnecessary bureaucracy and
administration and good scientific and administrative support.
• Academic staff is expected to deliver teaching and undertake research. World-class research (including applied
research) and/or high quality development programme is a pre-condition for the entitlement of Professorship.
• Access to essential published material not held locally and not available electronically should be facilitated by a
travel fund.
• Universities should ensure that travel funds are available for staff to attend international conferences.
5. Focus investment in the strongest research and into a relatively small number of key themes.
• In setting budgets, priority should be given to building up and maintaining capacity in areas of research that have
or will have significant national economic impact and/or have or will have world class potential.
• The research commission/ international advisors should develop schedules of key research themes, which will
become priorities in terms of resource
6. Work collaboratively both internally and internationally.
• Collaboration between scientists (two or more scientists are better than one) and among ministries, colleges,
departments and centres are to be encouraged.
• International collaboration is essential for all research grant applications to succeed.
• Funds to be available for recognised Iraqi scientists abroad to supervise research programme inside the country.
• Establish the position of adjunct professor.
• Create/ activate the post of post-doctoral research fellow.
7. Measure performance and benchmark against international standards on an ongoing basis.
The ministry should monitor research performance on an ongoing basis using discipline-specific indicators such as:
• Impact factors
• International indicators of esteem.
• Collaboration with institutions considered as internationally excellent
• Interdisciplinary
• Knowledge transfer
• Publication profiles
8. Regularly review the effectiveness of the Research Strategy.
A research and development committee should act as the review board of this strategy. On behalf of the committee,
the director of research and development should monitor progress in implementing the strategy and achieving the
overall objectives, on a six-monthly basis
9. Co-ordinate and fund partnership schemes between Iraqi and foreign countries & universities.
3- Institutions dealing with research, science, technology and innovation in Iraq
3-1 Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research aims at making changes qualitatively and quantitatively in
the scientific, technical and cultural movement and directs the scientific and research organizations to reach towards
making a generation equipped with science and knowledge to be an active and influential power in society. It also aims
at developing the scientific and cultural relations and expanding the friendly relations in these fields with other
countries and different scientific organizations all over the world to achieve the harmony and integration in the fields
of science and knowledge
• Research and Development Department
The Research and Development Department was established in accordance with the law of the Ministry of Higher
Education and Scientific Research No. (40) of 1988. It’s an important scientific department of the Ministry of
Higher Education that aims to bring about changes in the scientific, technical and cultural education in order to
achieve continuous interaction between thought and practice. It aims at achieving scientific originality and
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4. sobriety in a way that can serve our society in order to build new generations equipped with science, knowledge
and values.
The Department includes the following sections:
o Section of Graduate Studies.
o Section of Scientists and Innovators.
o Section of Coordination and Relations.
o Section of Scientific Affairs.
o Section of Controlling the Circulation of Chemical and Biological Toxic and Hazardous Materials.
o Section of Pilot Projects
• Commissions and Research Centers
o Foundation of Technical and Vocational Education (TVE)
o Iraqi Foundation for Computers and Information.
o Iraqi Foundation for Medical Specializations.
o Institute of Hereditary
o Institute for urban and regional
o Institute of Study of Accountancy and Finance
o Laser Institute
o Research Institute of embryo.
• Innovation and Creativity Award
The rank assumed by nations is measured through their care and concern they show to their innovators and scholars.
One of the aspects of this concern is embodied in the financial and moral support of those innovators and scholars.
Hence the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research has endeavored to honor scholars and innovators and
marked their fruitful works to beneficiaries through establishing the annual reward of innovation and creativity in the
following areas:
o Creativity and Innovation Award in the field of engineering.
o Creativity and Innovation Award in the field of medicine.
o Creativity and Innovation Award in the field of pure science.
o Creativity and Innovation Award in the field of agriculture and veterinary.
o Creativity and Innovation Award in the field of administration and economy.
o Creativity and Innovation Award in the field of humanitarian specializations.
o Innovation Award in literature.
o Innovation Award in Arts.
o Innovation Award in sports.
Important Dates:
o 1/9 of each year: the nomination forms (Form No.2001) will be sent to the institutions of the Ministry.
o 31/12 of each year: the nominations will be received.
o 2/5 of each year: the results of nomination will be announced.
The categories covered by the competition are:
o Students
o Employees
o Faculty member
o Researchers
This will include Iraqis working in Iraq as part of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.
The Ministry will print a list that includes scientists creations and innovations each year and will be distributed to all
Iraqi Ministries and departments that not related to a Ministry in order to identify them with the scientific creations and
innovations in order to benefit Iraqi society.
3-2Ministry of Sciences and Technology (MoST)
Ministry of Science and Technology established in accordance with the Iraqi decision 24 issued by the US civil
administration in 24/08/2003. An affirmation of the importance of science and technology, And its great impact on the
economic and social sectors, and for cemented and guide this activity and investment in economic and social
development and the need to develop the scientific capacity of researchers, engineers and technicians for the purpose
of advancement of the initiatives of scientific research and technological development and the recognition that this
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5. activity is directed in the public and private sector service It will pour in build up the scientific and industrial base and
support economic and social development in Iraq. The Ministry of Science and Technology mainly consists from
integration of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission (dissolved) and military research centre MIC, The MoST consists
of many scientific and research directorates in the field of renewable energy, environment and water , agricultural,
information, space and researches communications, materials physics, chemistry and peaceful uses of atomic energy
and engineering applications.
MoST objectives:
• The development of science and technology policies in order to achieve national priorities and coordination with
sectors and institutions animate the relationship mode.
• Participating in the creation of scientific infrastructure and human resource development and to create the means of
implementation of (STI) policies
• Conducting researches in sciences and technology and localization of advanced technology to community serves.
• Provision and dissemination the scientific knowledge to enhance national economic and social activity.
• Coordinate with the Arab, regional and international agencies specializing to nuclear activities for peaceful
purposes.
• Represent Iraq in international organizations that related to sciences and technology.
• Contributing to the suggestion and revision of laws and regulations regarding to the activities (STI) and intellectual
property rights and caring for scientific researchers
• Provision specialized services and consultancy in the fields of science and technology for public and private
sectors.
• Lead and coordinate national efforts in the field of renewable energy for achieving sustainable development in Iraq.
• Damaging and treatment the waste and hazardous materials, and destroying and treatment of remnants of war.
3-3 Industrial research and development board/ Ministry of Industry and Minerals
Governmental body under the Ministry of Industry and Minerals, which is responsible for all research and
development activities in the Ministry in the following areas: chemical and petrochemical industries, engineering
industries, food and pharmaceutical industries, the industries of textile, industries construction, alternative and
renewable energy and Pure Science. One of the imported objectives of the board is to catalyzing the scientific
cooperation with Iraqi universities for solving industrial problems and develop products companies by proposing
research projects for graduate students or through joint work teams.
3-4 Ministry of planning /Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control (COSQC)/ Industrial
Property Department:
Sectional of the Department of technical and administrative services at the (COSQC) to protect the Industrial Property
(patents and industrial designs) and puts the legal and administrative system suitable to support the creative spirit
among the citizens and encourage investment in all of the following, technical and industrial fields (medical, food,
biological, chemical , engineering, agricultural, construction and physical) and exploiting technological information
contained in patent documents based on the provisions of the patent Industrial designs Act No. 65 of 1970 average.
3-5 Research departments in:
1- Ministry of Electricity.
2- Ministry of Oil.
3- Ministry of Agriculture.
4- Ministry of Health and Environment.
4- Scientific and technical cooperation with international organizations
4-1 Signing of a memorandum of understanding between Iraq and the United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD).
• To undertake Science, technology and innovation (STI) policy review for development in partnership with
government officials, the private sector and scientists in Iraq.
• To provide policy support to the Iraqi government in the design of national STI systems and improve links in
industry between small and medium-sized enterprises, larger firms and science and technology institutions.
• To establish a technological database of science-based companies in Iraq and a directory of technologists.
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6. • To identify measures to improve the dissemination of information for technology transfer, develop technological
capabilities, innovation and competitiveness through setting up a science and technology network
• To identify and evaluate new and emerging science and technology sectors for Iraqi research.
4.2National Iraqi Policy project for (STI) in collaboration with UNESCO - Iraq Office.
To ensure effective contributions of science, technology, and innovation towards economic growth, responding to
challenges, and achieving development goals, Iraq needs to formulate a national science, technology, and innovation
plan based on proper assessment of its science, technology, and innovation capacity, guided by the experience of
nations advanced in science and technology.
For this purpose, the Iraqi Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) approached UNESCO for assistance and
guidance. UNESCO maintains scientific expertise and an acknowledged capacity as a think tank on policy
development, a guide for national policy reforms, and a catalyst for regional and international cooperation. UNESCO
has a long history of assisting countries in science policy reviews and formulation, which dates back to the early
1960s.
In 2010, a MOU was signed by Iraqi Minister of Science and Technology and Director of UNESCO-Iraq office to
jointly develop a Master Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MP-STI) that responds to the Iraq's needs and
takes into consideration stakeholder’s views.
The project was launched officially on December 20th, 2010.
Iraq created a National Task Force, which Dr. Samir Raouf, Chairman of National Task Force, (Senior Deputy
Minister/ MoST), with participation of senior members from Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research,
Ministry of Industry and Minerals, and Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in KRG (Government of
Iraq’s Kurdish Region). During the development of the project, a Status Report, that provided assessment of the role of
science, technology and innovation in different sectors in Iraq, was developed with participation of UNESCO
consultants and 35 Iraqi scientists from Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Higher Education and
Scientific Research, Iraqi universities including KRG, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Communication,
Ministry of industry, KRG Ministry of Higher Education, and Iraqi Diaspora. The Status Report covered areas of
Human Resources, Water, ICT, Agriculture, Manufacturing Industry, and Energy.
The final policy document resulted for the Status Report, a workshop with participation of National Task Force
members and other experts, and several consultations during project implementation period that included UNESCO's
experts, members of the National Task Force and other experts.
The implementation of the plan and its recommendations as developed by UNESCO and Iraqi experts, will tap the
important and underutilized resource of Iraq's capacity in (STI), including the creation of necessary national entities to
support governance of STI activities. In fact, empowering science, technology, and innovation will support
achievement of national development goals, lead to economic growth, and create vibrant and competitive knowledge
economy.
5- Draft document of (STI) policy for Iraq
The document details policy recommendations, strategic goals and timelines aimed at rebuilding and revitalization of
Iraq’s science, technology and innovation system. “Iraq’s Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (ISTIP)”
presented in this document has been formulated on the basis of focused efforts over at least five years. Several
background studies, a survey of national research activity, and at least three workshops and expert-group meetings,
have been instrumental as sources of this policy’s directives. It may be noted that the workshops and expert-group
meetings organized in preparation for this policy were attended by a wide variety of experts, from concerned Iraqi
institutions, members of Iraq’s expatriate science, technology and innovation (STI) community as well as
representatives of the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) Iraq Office in Amman
(UNESCO-Iraq).
Salient policy recommendations are presented below with regard to various aspects of Iraq’s STI system, including
institution, building and reform, legislative and regulatory changes, funding modalities as well as a variety of STI
requirements presented by the need to revitalize several crucial sectors of the national economy.
The document falls in three parts.
Part (A) is dedicated to reshaping Iraq’s STI landscape with particular reference to four related aspects: institution
building and reform, legislation and funding.
Institutional entities to be established under the terms of the draft STI Policy
• Parliamentary Committee on Science Technology and Innovation (PCSTI)
• National Science, Technology and Innovation Commission (NSTIC)
• Science, Technology and Innovation Board (STIB)
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7. • Higher Ministerial Committee for Science, Technology and Innovation (HMC)
• Science, Technology and Innovation Committees (STIC’s) within Government Ministries
• Iraq’s Science, Technology and Innovation Foundation (ISTIF)
• Science, Technology and Innovation Funding Department (STIFD)
• Policy Research and Monitoring Office (PRMO)
• Iraq’s Academy of Science (IAS) and the Iraqi Scientific Association (ISA)
• National Enterprise and Innovation Promotion Agency (NEIPA)
• Enterprise Support and Incubation Office (ESIO)
• Novel Institutional Entities (NIEs), such as technology, research and innovation parks, enterprise incubators
Part (B) Addresses issues related to harnessing (STI) for sustainable development, with emphasis on enhancing the
performance of priority sectors earmarked by several national documents including the latest national development
plan. Target Sectors:
• Water and Waste Management
• Environmental conservation and amelioration
• STI for Iraq’s Agricultural Development
• STI for Iraq’s Oil, Gas and Related Industries
• Information and Communication Technology; Enabling STI and overall development
Part (C) tackles a set of issues with direct relevance to implementing Iraq’s Science, Technology and Innovation
Policy ISTIP. This part outlines a master plan and timeline for future action.
This document constitutes firm basis for strategic action, by government, business, public institutions as well as
concerned non-governmental organizations in their future efforts aimed at intensive and comprehensive development
of science, technology and innovation in Iraq.
However, further, more detailed consideration of the particularities of various STI goals will be necessary in the design
of specific initiatives targeting well-defined aims in research and development (R&D), transfer, adaptation and
indigenous development of several technologies, both mature and modern, with crucial implications for the
competitiveness and profitability of various production and services sectors, and subsequently socioeconomic
development at large
6- CONCLUSION :
The principles adopting STI policy in order to ensure optimal outcomes within the shortest possible period of time,
while maintaining adequate measures for monitoring and flexibility.
1. Commitment to principal national development objectives as stated in recent development plans, while at the same
time seeking to:
• Rebuild the country’s STI system;
• Extend its scope of activities to encompass numerous active production and services sectors;
• Introduce innovation as an essential component in several initiatives, with emphasis on innovative enterprise and
job creation.
2. Implementing initiatives that include human resources development, institution building and reform, utilization of
selected technologies to tackle specific issues within particular sectors.
3. Complementary and inter-linked approaches and action modalities designed simultaneously to ensure:
• Effective development of human resources;
• Building advanced R&D capabilities;
• Rational schemes for technology transfer, adaptation and utilization;
• Reform and restructuring of institutional entities concerned with STI capacity building and utilisation;
• Design and adoption of novel legislation and regulatory arrangements with emphasis on promoting greater
cooperation between all institutions concerned with STI capacity building, R&D activities, technology transfer
adaptation and utilization.
4.Distributed responsibility for implementing the policy’s recommendations across concerned parties, in matters that
include:
• The design of improved curricula;
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8. • Access to and disbursement of additional financial resources;
• Collaboration with national, regional and international partners in STI activities, R&D projects, etc.;
Clearly this will necessitate measures that ensure adequate resources and accountability,
5. Inclusion of a wide range of the STI system’s components in the present policy’s recommendations with emphasis
on:
• Promoting innovation across a variety of priority sectors;
• Equitable access to benefits due to outcomes of STI development, with emphasis on marginalized rural and urban
communities.
6.Adoption of flexible approaches in dealing with various challenges and obstacles posed by the surrounding
environment, essentially through the design of strategy ‘bundles’ allowing adoption of one of several alternatives
in order to ensure optimal outcomes;
7. Ensuring applicability of the policy’s recommendations and effective execution of related initiatives and work
plans, not only through provision of additional expert manpower and financial resources but also through
promoting intensive collaboration modalities with regional and international organizations and experts concerned
with STI development as well as private sector institutions in Iraq and abroad.
8. Decentralized approaches recommended by the policy in tackling a variety of issues, including a range of problems
facing specific sectors, institutional entities and local communities. This will, naturally, require effective
coordination and interaction, both among entities concerned with implementing specific strategic initiatives and
work plans and with central agencies entrusted with oversight and overall coordination, particularly, the National
Science, Technology and Innovation Commission as well as concerned ministries and non-governmental entities.
9. Continuous assessment of progress achieved using criteria and indicators corresponding to goals and priorities set
by national development plans while at the same time allowing evaluation of progress made against regional and
international counterparts by utilizing indicators adopted by international organizations.
10. Emphasis on the role played by ICTs (Information and Communication Technology ) in all aspects of STI capacity
building, including access to STI inputs, networking aimed at their adaptation and further development as well as
effective utilization and monitoring of their actual impact.
11. Phased implementation of the policy’s recommendations across all axes, allowing adequate evaluation of outcomes
prior to launching action within subsequent phases.
References:
1. Draft report Science, Technology and Innovation Policy for Iraq.
2. Dr. Mohammed al- Rubeai, NISA MoST lecture 8-10-2008, Head of Bioprocess Engineering UCD College of
Engineering, Mathematical & Physical Sciences University College Dublin, Email: m.al-rubeai@ucd.ie
3. International Initiative to Engage Iraq’s Science and Technology Community: Report on the Priorities of the
Iraqi Science and Technology Community ", Alnajjar, A. et al. 2004. Sandia, Albuquerque.
4. Modernization of the Education Sector in Iraq; Rapid Assessment of the Management of the Education
System.”Prepared by RamziSalamé for the UNESCO Office for Iraq. November 2010, "A proposed System for
STI in Iraq", Cabinet Decree No (35) for 2011,"Revitalizing Science, Technology and Innovation in Iraq – A Road
Map", Iraq UNESCO 2012, "Review of Scientific Research in Iraq", Iraq UNESCO 2013.
5. The official website of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research,@21 July 2016.
6. UNESCO country programming document for the republic of Iraq 2011-2014.
7. (http://www.mop.gov.iq),@23 July 2016.
8. (www.industry.gov.iq/),@23 July 2016.
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