HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORT ENGINERING EXAM AND ANSWER-2

1. The Transport
Transport Planning – CENG 6303
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT), 2014
1
The Transport
Planning
Process
Instructor: Dr. Bikila Teklu
bikilatek@yahoo.com

2. The Transport Planning Process
(Transport Policy Making Process)
The role of planning
Planning processes
Types of objectives
2
Planning regulations and actors
Initiating a transport planning process
Several types of measures
Transport planning as a continuous process

3. The Role of Planning
Transport problems (congestion, delays, pollution and
accidents) are cause of public concern
There usually are several solutions (suggested) to these
problems. Some solutions can be expensive, not very
effective and can introduce other/new problems
3
effective and can introduce other/new problems
There usually are different interests (actors) involved
Limited budgets will usually/always be present
These are (some of) the main reasons for developing and
maintaining transportation planning processes
(Transport Policy Making)

4. The Planning Process
The concept of planning:
”Planning” is a wide concept that can be difficult to define (as
with art, culture, conflict and power). Because of this, there is
variety of descriptions. But some characteristics are regularly
repeated:
4
repeated:
Preparation to act
Information about the future
Solution of conflict
Consciousness-raising
Common co-ordination
Achievement of objective through a rational method
Control of consequences

5. The Planning Process
Planning then can be described as a link between
ideology, knowledge and action
5
Two important issues that influence the design of the
planning-process are the degree of uncertainty and to
what extent negotiations between actors/interests is
important

6. Identification of problems
Formulation of objectives
Adjustments /
New planning process
The Planning Process
The Rational process
6
Generation of alternatives
Consequence analysis
Comparison and choice of alternative
Action plan and implementation
Monitoring

7. In a practical planning situation it may be necessary to
go back/repeat earlier stages in the planning process.
E.g. if the objectives are too ambitious, it can be
The Planning Process
7
E.g. if the objectives are too ambitious, it can be
impossible to make a plan that solves the problem, and
at the same time not viable from an economical point of
view
To analyze a complicated problem, it can be favorable
to start off with a more simplified theoretical system

8. To further elaborate this, rather theoretical, introduction to
planning processes we shall now focus on an objective-led
structure for strategy formulation (See next slide)
The formulation of objectives are used to identify problems
The Planning Process
8
Observe that potential solutions often are compared by
means of a predictive model of the transport system
(a transport model)
As measures are implemented, their impact is assessed,
through before and after studies. And, with a description of
achievement against objectives

9. The Planning Process
9
An objective-led structure for strategy formulation

10. To identify objectives and related problems there are two
different types of approach:
The problem-oriented approach
The objective-led approach
The Planning Process
10
The problem-oriented approach starts with describing types
of problems. (See the second box from above Fig.3.1.)
This means that the objectives are implicit in the specified
problem, and may never really be stated
The objective-led approach is as described in Fig.3.1, with an
initial task defining objectives and indicators. This approach
is used in several of the integrated transport studies

11. Types of Objectives
Statement of vision:
Broad indication of the type of future politicians or public wish to see
Serves to identify long-term goals to which more detailed transport
policy objectives can contribute
E.g.: ”A sustainable future”, ”Opportunities for all”, ”Maintain the cities
role as a regional center”, ”Environmental improvement”.
11
role as a regional center”, ”Environmental improvement”.
Higher level objectives:
Identify attributes of the transport system, or its consequences
E.g.: ”Accessibility within and outside the city”, ”Reduce congestion”,
”Avoid accidents”
This implicates the presence of an objective hierarchy
Quantified objectives (lower level/operational objectives):
E.g.: ”Reduce traffic accidents with 20% by the year of 20xx”
Try to avoid solution-specific objectives, conflicts between objectives, and
double counting

12. A Possible Set of Objectives
(rather on a higher level than lower)
Economic efficiency
Environmental protection
Safety
Accessibility
12
Sustainability
Economic regeneration
Equity
Finance
Practicability
And – describe possible conflicts, constraints and double counting

13. Quantified Objectives and Targets
13
Noise Thresholds and Attributes

14. Planning Regulations and Actors
Planning regulations:
Laws concerning spatial and infrastructural issues
Planning regulations pursuant to present laws
Guidelines
Traditions
14
Traditions
Actors:
Public authorities (all levels)
Service providers
Private actors
Organizations
User groups
People, trades and functions affected by the measures

15. Planning Regulations and Actors
Public Participation in Road Planning
Including the 1960s, transport planners could assume that their
professional expertise and ”unbiased” presentation of facts would
find reasonable acceptance at the relevant decision-making
stage in the development of a road proposal (and the transport
planning process)
15
planning process)
In the 1970s these ”uni-lateral” presentations were challenged by
the public. The opinion/public urged a broader influence on road
scheme decisions that affected their lives, which resulted in the
development of processes whereby the public could become
involved in the plan development prior to its presentation for
final decision-making
These processes came to be known as ”public participation”

16. Advantages of ”public participation” can be:
A better understanding of community concerns and
values for the planners
The development of better and alternative alignment
Planning Regulations and Actors
Public Participation in Road Planning
16
The development of better and alternative alignment
options
Through the involvement of potential opponents of a
proposal, the planners ability to implement a solution is
strengthened
The participation process is educational both for the
public and for the transport planner

17. There are three essential components of public participation:
Identify the members of the public to be involved
Two-way communication must be established, concerning:
information about the process, requirements to be met,
Planning Regulations and Actors
Public Participation in Road Planning
17
information about the process, requirements to be met,
participation events, the public’s role in the decision-
making, alternative proposals
Positive interaction must be encouraged, using techniques
which get people to work together in a positive way on a
shared concern

18. Initiating a Transport Planning Process
The problem identification task:
Objectives concerning different issues (Table 3.3)
Objectives and indicators (Table 3.4 next slide)
18

19. 19

20. Initiating a Transport Planning Process
The instruments of transport policy:
How to achieve the objectives? (Measures)
How do we check if objectives are met?
20
Before and after studies
Documented previous demonstration projects
Experiments (trials)
Appraisal methods (delay measurements,...)
Models

21. Several Types of Measures
Infrastructure measures
Provision for car:
New road construction
New car parks
Provision for public transport:
Terminals, bus-stops, Park-and-ride
21
Terminals, bus-stops, Park-and-ride
Conventional bus (with different sizes/markets) and rail provision
Light rail
Guided bus
Provision for cyclist and pedestrians:
Cycle routes
Pedestrian areas
Provision for freight:
Lorry parks
Transshipment facilities
Encouragement of other modes (rail-borne freight, water, pipeline)

22. Management measures
Provision for car: Conventional traffic management
Urban traffic control (UTC)
Advanced transport telematics (ATT)
Accident remedial measures
Traffic calming measures
Physical restrictions on car use
Regulatory restrictions on car use
Several Types of Measures
22
Regulatory restrictions on car use
Parking controls
Car sharing
Provision for Bus priorities
public transport: High occupancy vehicle lanes (HOVL)
Bus (and rail) service levels
Bus service management measures
Provision for Cycle lanes and priorities
cyclist and Cycle parking
pedestrians: Pedestrian crossing facilities
Provision for Lorry routes and bans
freight: City logistic regulation

23. Information provision
Provision for car: Conventional direction signing
Variable message signs
Real-time driver information systems and route guidance
Parking information systems
Telecommunications
Public awareness campaigns
Several Types of Measures
23
Public awareness campaigns
Provision for Service information
public transport: Real-time passenger information
Operation information systems
Provision for Static direction signs
cyclist and Cycle parking facility information
pedestrians: Cyclist and pedestrian information at crossing facilities
Provision for Fleet management systems
freight: City logistic information

24. Pricing measures
Provision for car: Vehicle ownership tax
Fuel taxes
Parking charges
Congestion charging
Several Types of Measures
24
Provision for Fare levels
public transport: Fare structures
Concessionary fares for special needs persons
Provision for (rarely an issue)
cyclist and
pedestrians:
Provision for (as for cars, and with progressive taxes concerning
freight: vehicle size/weight)

25. Land use measures
Application to different modes (usually not mode-specific)
Several Types of Measures
25
Types of measures: Flexible working hours
Development densities
Development within transport corridors
Development mix
Travel reduction ordinances
Parking standards

26. Transport Planning as a Continous Process
Several cause/effect-relations are driving forces for a
continous process: Economic and social development
Socio-economic factors
Land use development
Changes in activity and trade patterns
26
Changes in activity and trade patterns
Others ...
The need for integration – ”Package approach” – focus on a
set of measures in stread of a single one
Potential benefits from integration (complementary measures,
finanancial feasibility, public acceptance, ...)