This document discusses ratio analysis and its importance in evaluating the performance, efficiency, risk, and growth potential of companies. It covers key ratios used to analyze profitability, liquidity, operating efficiency, financial risk, and more. Ratios are compared over time and against industry benchmarks to identify trends and assess relative performance. The document emphasizes that ratios provide more meaningful insights than raw financial data alone.
2. Purpose of
Ratio Analysis
• Evaluate management performance in three
areas:
– Profitability
– Efficiency
– Risk
3. Analysis of Financial Ratios
• Ratios are more informative than raw
numbers
• Ratios provide meaningful relationships
between individual values in the financial
statements
4. Importance of
Relative Financial Ratios
• Compare to other entities
• Examine a firm’s performance relative to:
– The aggregate economy
– Its industry or industries
– Its major competitors within the industry
– Its past performance (time-series analysis)
5. Comparing to
The Aggregate Economy
• Most firms are influenced by economic
expansions and contractions in the business
cycle
• Analysis helps you estimate the future
performance of the firm during subsequent
business cycles
6. Comparing to
A Firm’s Industry
• Most popular comparison
• Industries affect the firms within them
differently, but the relationship is always
significant
• The industry effect is strongest for
industries with homogenous products
• Examine the industry’s performance relative
to aggregate economic activity
7. Comparing to
A Firm’s Major Competitors
• Industry averages may not be representative
• Select a subset of competitors to compare to
using cross-sectional analysis, or
• Construct a composite industry average
from industries the firm operates in
8. Comparing to
A Firm’s Historical Performance
• Determine whether it is progressing or
declining
• Helpful for estimating future performance
• Consider trends as well as averages over
time
9. Five Categories of Financial Ratios
1. Internal liquidity (solvency)
2. Operating performance
– a. Operating efficiency
– b. Operating profitability
3. Risk analysis
– a. Business risk
– b. Financial risk
11. Five Categories of Financial Ratios
5. External liquidity (marketability)
12. Common Size Statements
• Normalize balance sheets and income
statement items to allow easier comparison
of different size firms
• A common size balance sheet expresses
accounts as a percentage of total assets
• A common size income statement expresses
all items as a percentage of sales
13. Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Internal liquidity (solvency) ratios indicate
the ability to meet future short-term
financial obligations
• Current Ratio examines current assets and
current liabilities
s
Liabilitie
Current
Assets
Current
Ratio
Current =
14. Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Quick Ratio adjusts current assets by
removing less liquid assets
s
Liabilitie
Current
s
Receivable
Securities
Marketable
Cash
Ratio
Quick
+
+
=
15. Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Cash Ratio is the most conservative
liquidity ratio
s
Liabilitie
Current
Securities
Marketable
Cash
Ratio
Cash
+
=
16. Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Receivables turnover examines the
quality of accounts receivable
s
Receivable
Average
Sales
Annual
Net
Turnover
s
Receivable =
• Receivables turnover can be converted into
an average collection period
Turnover
Annual
365
Period
Collection
s
Receivable
Average =
17. Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Inventory turnover relates inventory to sales
or cost of goods sold (CGS)
Inventory
Average
Sold
Goods
of
Cost
Turnover
Inventory =
• Given the turnover values, you can compute
the average inventory processing time
Average Inventory Processing Period = 365/Annual
Turnover
18. Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Cash conversion cycle combines
information from the receivables turnover,
inventory turnover, and accounts payable
turnover
Receivable Days
+Inventory Processing Days
-Payables Payment Period
Cash Conversion Cycle
19. Evaluating Operating
Performance
• Ratios that measure how well management
is operating a business
– (1) Operating efficiency ratios
• Examine how the management uses its assets and
capital, measured in terms of sales dollars generated
by asset or capital categories
– (2) Operating profitability ratios
• Analyze profits as a percentage of sales and as a
percentage of the assets and capital employed
20. Operating Efficiency Ratios
• Total asset turnover ratio indicates the
effectiveness of a firm’s use of its total asset
base (net assets equals gross assets minus
depreciation on fixed assets)
Assets
Net
Total
Average
Sales
Net
Turnover
Asset
Total =
21. Operating Efficiency Ratios
• Net fixed asset turnover reflects utilization
of fixed assets
Assets
Fixed
Net
Average
Sales
Net
Turnover
Asset
Fixed =
22. Operating Profitability Ratios
• Operating profitability ratios measure
– 1. The rate of profit on sales (profit margin)
– 2. The percentage return on capital
23. Operating Profitability Ratios
• Gross profit margin measures the rate of
profit on sales (gross profit equals net sales
minus the cost of goods sold)
Sales
Net
Profit
Gross
Margin
Profit
Gross =
24. Operating Profitability Ratios
• Operating profit margin measures the rate of
profit on sales after operating expenses
(operating profit is gross profit minus sales,
general and administrative (SG + A)
expenses)
Sales
Net
Profit
Operating
Margin
Profit
Operating =
26. Operating Profitability Ratios
• Return on total capital relates the firm’s
earnings to all capital in the enterprise
Capital
Total
Average
Expense
Interest
Income
Net
Capital
Total
on
Return
+
=
27. Operating Profitability Ratios
• Return on owner’s equity (ROE) indicates
the rate of return earned on the capital
provided by the stockholders after paying
for all other capital used
Equity
Total
Average
Income
Net
Equity
Total
on
Return =
28. Operating Profitability Ratios
• Return on owner’s equity (ROE) can be
computed for the common- shareholder’s
equity
Equity
Common
Average
Dividend
Preferred
-
Income
Net
Equity
s
Owner'
on
Return =
29. Operating Profitability Ratios
• The DuPont System divides the ratio into
several components that provide insights
into the causes of a firm’s ROE and any
changes in it
Equity
Common
Sales
Net
Sales
Net
Income
Net
Equity
Common
Income
Net
ROE ï‚´
=
=
Equity
Assets
Total
Assets
Total
Sales
Equity
Sales
ï‚´
=
31. Operating Profitability Ratios
• An extended DuPont System provides
additional insights into the effect of
financial leverage on the firm and pinpoints
the effect of income taxes on ROE
32. Operating Profitability Ratios
• An extended DuPont System provides
additional insights into the effect of
financial leverage on the firm and pinpoints
the effect of income taxes on ROE
• We begin with the operating profit margin
(EBIT divided by sales) and introduce
additional ratios to derive an ROE value
45. Operating Profitability Ratios
Margin
Profit
Operating
Sales
EBIT
.
1 =
Turnover
Asset
Total
Assets
Total
Sales
.
2 =
Rate
Expense
Interest
Assets
Total
Expense
Interest
.
3 =
Multiplier
Leverage
Financial
Equity
Common
Assets
Total
.
4 =
Rate
Retention
Tax
Tax
Before
Net
Taxes
Income
%
100
.
5 =






−
46. Risk Analysis
• Risk analysis examines the uncertainty of
income flows for the total firm and for the
individual sources of capital
– Debt
– Preferred stock
– Common stock
47. Risk Analysis
• Total risk of a firm has two components:
– Business risk
• The uncertainty of income caused by the firm’s
industry
• Generally measured by the variability of the firm’s
operating income over time
– Financial risk
• Additional uncertainty of returns to equity holders
due to a firm’s use of fixed obligation debt securities
• The acceptable level of financial risk for a firm
depends on its business risk
49. Business Risk
• Variability of the firm’s operating income
over time
• Standard deviation of the historical
operating earnings series
50. Business Risk
• Two factors contribute to the variability of
operating earnings
– Sales variability
• Earnings must be as volatile as sales
• Some industries are cyclical
– Operating leverage
• Production has fixed and variable costs
• Fixed production costs cause profit volatility with
changes in sales
• Fixed production costs are operating leverage
51. Financial Risk
• Bonds interest payments come before
earnings are available to stockholders
• These are fixed obligations
• Similar to fixed production costs, these lead
to larger earnings during good times, and
lower earnings during a business decline
• This debt financing increases the financial
risk and possibility of default
52. Financial Risk
• Two sets of financial ratios help measure
financial risk
– Balance sheet ratios
– Earnings or cash flow available to pay fixed
financial charges
• Acceptable levels of financial risk depend
on business risk
54. Financial Risk
• Proportion of debt (balance sheet) ratios
Equity
Total
Debt
Term
-
Long
Total
Ratio
Equity
-
Debt =
55. Financial Risk
• Proportion of debt (balance sheet) ratios
This may be computed with and without
deferred taxes
Equity
Total
Debt
Term
-
Long
Total
Ratio
Equity
-
Debt =
56. Financial Risk
• Long-term debt/total capital ratio indicates
the proportion of long-term capital derived
from long-term debt capital
57. Financial Risk
• Long-term debt/total capital ratio indicates
the proportion of long-term capital derived
from long-term debt capital
Capital
Term
-
Long
Total
Debt
Term
-
Long
Total
Ratio
Capital
L.T.
Total
-
Debt
L.T.
=
58. Financial Risk
• Total debt ratios compare total debt (current
liabilities plus long-term liabilities) to total
capital (total debt plus total equity)
59. Financial Risk
• Total debt ratios compare total debt (current
liabilities plus long-term liabilities) to total
capital (total debt plus total equity)
Capital
Total
Debt
Interest
Total
Capital
Debt/Total
Bearing
-
Interest
Total
=
60. Financial Risk
• Earnings or Cash Flow Ratios
– Relate the flow of earnings
– Cash available to meet the payments
– Higher ratio means lower risk
63. Financial Risk
• Interest Coverage
Charges
Interest
Debt
(EBIT)
Taxes
and
Interest
Before
Income
=
Expense
Interest
Expense
Interest
Taxes
Income
Income
Net +
+
=
64. Financial Risk
• Firms may also have non-interest fixed
payments due for lease obligations
• The risk effect is similar to bond risk
• Bond-rating agencies typically add 1/3 lease
payments as the interest component of the
lease obligations
65. Financial Risk
• Total fixed charge coverage includes any
noncancellable lease payments and any
preferred dividends paid out of earnings
after taxes
66. Financial Risk
• Total fixed charge coverage includes any
noncancellable lease payments and any
preferred dividends paid out of earnings
after taxes
Rate)
Tax
-
1
Dividend/(
Preferred
Payments
Lease
Interest
Debt
Payments
Lease
and
Taxes,
Interest,
Before
Income
Coverage
Charge
Fixed
+
+
=
67. Financial Risk
• Cash flow ratios relate the flow of cash
available from operations to either interest
expense, total fixed charges, or the face
value of outstanding debt
71. External Market Liquidity
• Market Liquidity is the ability to buy or sell
an asset quickly with little price change
from a prior transaction assuming no new
information
• External market liquidity is a source of risk
to investors
72. External Market Liquidity
Determinants of Market Liquidity
• The dollar value of shares traded
– This can be estimated from the total market
value of outstanding securities
– It will be affected by the number of security
owners
– Numerous buyers and sellers provide liquidity
75. Analysis of Growth Potential
• Creditors are interested in the firm’s ability
to pay future obligations
• Value of a firm depends on its future growth
in earnings and dividends
76. Determinants of Growth
• Resources retained and reinvested in the
entity
• Rate of return earned on the resources
retained
= RR x ROE
where:
g = potential growth rate
RR = the retention rate of earnings
ROE = the firm’s return on equity
Equity
on
Return
Retained
Earnings
of
Percentage
g ï‚´
=
77. Determinants of Growth
• ROE is a function of
– Net profit margin
– Total asset turnover
– Financial leverage (total assets/equity)
78. Comparative Analysis of Ratios
• Internal liquidity
– Current ratio, quick ratio, and cash ratio
• Operating performance
– Efficiency ratios and profitability ratios
• Financial risk
• Growth analysis
79. Limitations of Financial Ratios
• Accounting treatments may vary among firms,
especially among non-U.S. firms
• Firms may have have divisions operating in
different industries making it difficult to derive
industry ratios
• Results may not be consistent
• Ratios outside an industry range may be cause
for concern
80. Probasic Company has the following balance sheet and income
statement for 2009. Using these statements accomplish the
following requirements.
Requirements:
I. Calculate the average receivables collection period, earning per
share and debt to equity ratios with analysis.
II. The DuPont System divides the ratio into several components that
provide insights into the causes of a firm’s ROE and any changes
in it. Execute the DuPont analysis.
81. INCOME STATEMENT 2009
Sales Revenue $1,000,000
Less: Cost of Goods Sold $600,000
Gross Profits $400,000
Less: Operating Expenses:
Selling & Distribution Expense $50,000
Administrative Expense $25,000
Total Operating Expenses $75,000
Operating Profits $325,000
Less: Interest Expense $60,000
Add: Non-Operating Income $10,000
Less: Workiers' P.P. Fund & Welfare Fund $6,000
Net Profits Before Taxes $269,000
Less: Taxes $94,150
Net Profit After Taxes $174,850
Less: Pref. Stock Divds. $0
Earnings Available for Common Stockholders $174,850
82. BALANCE SHEET 2009
Current Assets: Current Liabilities:
Cash $404,684 Accounts Payable $257,943
Marketable Securities $898,400 Bank overdraft & term loan $2,526,430
Accounts Receivable $697,970 Accruals $875,429
Inventories $4,720,081 Proposed Dividend $56,595
Total Current Assets $6,721,135 Provision for Income Tax $39,712
Gross Fixed Assets (at cost): Inter company liabilities $320,821
Land & Buildings $1,166,182 Total Current Liabilities $4,076,930
Machinery and Equipment $1,389,397 L / T Debt $374,247
Furniture & Fixtures $150,328 Total Liabilities $4,451,177
Vehicles $427,156 Reserves $1,515,620
Other $371,089 Common Stock $1,617,000
Total Gross Fixed Assets $3,504,152 Paid-In Capital In Excess of Par $2,500,224
Less: Accumulated
Depreciation
$1,327,528 Retained Earnings $37,583
Net Fixed Assets $2,176,624 Total Stockholders' Equity $5,670,427
Other Assets $1,223,845
Total Liabs. & Stockhldrs' Equity $10,121,604
Total Assets $10,121,604
Number of Common Shares 100,000
End-of-Year Stock Price $20.50