A presentation by Adamu Adamu college of nursing students.

1. CANCER
WEEKLY PRESENTATION BY
GROUP 1

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION OF CANCER
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
 CATEGORIZATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF CANCER
 ETIOLOGY/ RISK FACTORS
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 PREVENTION
 DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
 MANAGEMENT
 COMPLICATION
 CONCLUSION AND REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION TO CANCER
 Neoplasia is the uncontrolled growth of cells
 Neoplasia is divided into 2:
A. Malignant Neoplasia(cancer)
B. Non malignant Neoplasia (benign)
 Malignant Neoplasia is the uncontrolled growth of cells
with the capacity of invading surrounding tissues.
 Cancer can occur in different locations in the body in
different forms

4. DEFINITION OF CANCER
 Cancer , also called malignant Neoplasia
 A disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth
of abnormal cells and has the ability to invade other
tissue or organs.
 It can occur relatively in almost all organs
 They do not respond to tissue growth regulation

5. EPIDEMIOLOGY

6. CONT…EPIDEMILOGY
 Cancer stays among the leading cause of death
globally
 In Nigeria , according to the international agency for
research on cancer ,
 In 2020 , there was 124 815 new cases
 78 899 deaths out of the 206 million population
 Males take 41.17% of the total new cases
 Females take 58.83% of the total cases

7. CATEGORIZATION AND
NOMENCLATURE
 Cancer can be categorized as:
A. Carcinoma: start in cells of external/internal organs
and glands.
B. Sarcoma: starts in supporting tissues; bone ,cartilage ,
fats.
C. Lymphoma: starts in lymph nodes and immune
system.
D. Leukemia: starts in bone marrow and immature blood
cells

8. NOMENCLATURE

9. ETIOLOGY/ PREDISPOSING FACTORS
 Some cancers are thought to be idiophatic. Causes
and predisposing factors include;
 Biological agents
 Chemical agents
 Physical agents
 Familial predisposition
 Dietary factors
 Hormonal factors

10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Normal cells
1physical agents
2chemical agents
3biologi agents
Genetic
predisposition
DNA damage
1TP53
2CSG
Failed or mutant
TP53&CSG + cont…
exposure
permanent DNA damage plus
irresponsiveness to GRS
Activation of mutant
proto-oncogenes +
EGF
Inactivation of CSG
& TP53
Progression and increased
malignant behavior
1tumor
2invasion
3Metastases
Metalloproteinases

11. PREVENTION
There are two levels of prevention;
 Primary prevention: this focuses on reducing the risk
of disease through health education and promotion
strategies.
 Secondary prevention: this focuses on early detection
and prevention of cancer on patients and families
with high incidence rate. Involves free screening for
more prevalent cancers.

12. DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
 The following can be used to diagnose cancer:
 Mammography
 CT Scanning
 Fluoroscopy
 Ultrasound
 Biopsies

13. STAGING
 Cancer staging determines the size of tumor ,
existence of local node invasion and existence of
distant metastasis.
 There are different systems of staging , one of the
most common is TNM system.
 Tumor size
 Lical invasión in lymph nodes
 Existence of distant metastasis

14. CONT.... STAGING
 Stage 0: neoplasm confined to a site.
 Stage I: localized tumor growth.
 Stage II: limited local growth.
 Stage III: extensive local and regional spread.
 Stage IV: metastasis.

15. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
 Fatigue not relieved by rest
 Weight fluctuations
 Dietary problems
 GIT problems; nausea and
vomiting
 Swelling and lumps
 Pain
 Unusual bleeding
 Cough and hoarseness
 Change in bowel habit
 Fever and headache
 Megaly in the affected organ.

16. MANAGEMENT
 Medical management:
A. Pharmacologic:
1Alkylating agents ; form covalent bond with DNA , impeding
replication. Eg;cyclophosphamide.
2 Anti metabolites; they block biosynthesis of nucleic acids for
DNA/RNA synthesis. Eg; methotrexate.
3 Cytotoxic antibiotics; microbial substances that prevent cell
division.Eg ;Doxorubicin,mitomycin(mutamycin)
4 plant derivatives; affect microtubule function, causing anti
mitosis. Eg; vinblastine, vincristine liposome.

17. CONT…. Pharmacotherapy
5 protein KIs; works by blocking enzymes that regulate
cell growth. Eg; imatinib (gleevac) , brentuximab(adcetris
6 Monoclonal antibodies; Engineered to target specific
proteins or receptors in cancer cells. Eg; rituximab,
crizotinib.
7 Hormones and hormones antagonists; used to treat
hormone dependent malignancies like in breast ,
prostate , uterus and so on.

18. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Surgical interventions for cancer include;
 Diagnostic surgeries.
 Primary surgical treatment also debulking.
 Palliative surgery.
 Prophylactic surgery.
Different techniques are used in the surgeries:
 electro surgery , cryo surgery , chemosurgery, laser
surgery, radiofrequency ablation.

19. RADIATION THERAPY
 Radiation therapy is the use of ionizing
radiations(electromagnetic radiations and particulate
radiations)
 Electromagnetic radiations: involves the use of x-ray
and gamma rays.
 Particulate radiations: involves the use particles.

20. NURSING MANAGEMENT
 Nursing management of patients with cancer is vast
and worth allocation as an independent topic.
 However management of an oncologic patient can
best be executed using the nursing process
approach.

21. ASSESSMENT
 History taking : the history should be focused on
finding out factors that may confirm the possibility of
cancer diagnosis.
 Family history , if there is familial tendency
 Occupational history to rule out exposure
 Social history
 Past medical history
 Presenting complain

22. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
 During assessment: the nurse should use the four
skills in physical examination to evaluate the
presence of cardinal cancer signs like tenderness ,
bleeding , bruising.
 During treatment: ongoing assessment should be
carried out to track complications of chemo or
radiotherapy like ; bruising , malnutrition , anemia ,
fatigue.

23. NURSING DAIGNOSIS
The nursing diagnosis of a cancer patient include;
 Risk for infection r/t to inadequate defenses and
broken skin.
 Imbalanced nutrition :less than body requirements
r/t to cachexia , mal absorption and anorexia.
 Chronic pain.
 Disturbed body image r/t to alopecia and changes in
appearance aeb by low self esteem.

24. PATIENT OUTCOMES
 Patient will be free from infection after nursing
intervention.
 Patient will have improved appetite , and maintain
weight within range of pretreatment
 Patient will verbalize pain relief after 45mins of
nursing intervention.
 Patient will have improved body image and exhibit
improved self esteem.

25. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
 Assess the patient for evidence of infection and report,
review lab results and Improve hygiene.
 Educate to avoid unpleasant stimulus, present
preferred foods, encourage fluid intake
 Assess patient pain, offer other pain relief measures ,
administer prescribed analgesics.
 Assess patient feelings about body image , personalize
care for patient ,assist in using cosmetics

26. RATIONALES
 S/S of infection diminish in cancer , so prompt
recognition is essential in reducing morbidity and
mortality.
 Anorexia is increased in unpleasant stimulus, preferred
foods increase appetite and provide metabolic needs
 Provides baseline data , immediate pain relief and
calmness by patient.
 Provides baseline, personalized care enhance patient
participation, using cosmetics increase body image.

27. COMPLICATIONS
 Complications related to cancer can come from the
disease or the treatment, few of which are;
 Invasion and metastases
 Myelosuppression
 Body disfigurement
 Nausea and vomiting related to drugs
 Infection
 Toxicity
 Death

28. CONCLUSION
 cancer is a complex disease that affects millions of
people around the world. It is caused by a variety of
factors, and it has a wide range of possible
treatments.
 It is important to remember that with advances in
treatment and supportive care, people with cancer
are living longer and better lives than ever before.
With the right treatment, cancer can be beaten. There
is always hope.

29. REFERENCE
 Brunner and suddarth textbook of medical surgical
nursing , volume 1 , 12th edition.
 Adams , Holland and Urban pharmacology for nurses:
a pathophysiological approach. 14th edition.
 Rang and Dales pharmacology. 9th edition.
 International agency for research on cancer.