Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr Privacy and security issues in the future: A social media https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.105 2214-7853/� 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Sushama) Please cite this article as: C. Sushama, M. Sunil Kumar and P. Neelima, Privacy and security issues in the future: A social media, Materials Today: P ings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.105 C. Sushama a, M. Sunil Kumar b, P. Neelima c a Dept. of CSSE, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, AP,India b Dept. of CSE, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, AP, India c Dept. of CSE, School of Engineering & Technology, SPMVV University, Tirupati, AP, India a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 30 October 2020 Accepted 6 November 2020 Available online xxxx Keywords: Social media Privacy & Security Networking Attacks Peer to peer a b s t r a c t In recent years, online social networks like Face book, MySpace and Twitter have undergone rapid growth. Such OSNs deliver enticing online social networks and communications but also raise questions about privacy and security. Here we discuss issues relating to OSN protection and privacy. We consider there are inherent contradictions of design between these and OSN’s conventional design objectives like usability and sociability. They address the particular problems of security and privacy design posed by OSN’s core functionalities, and discusses several ways to use social network theory to minimize these contradictions in design. � 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering. 1. Introduction Social networking sites are described as collaborative web-based apps that provide users with the ability to connect with relatives and acquaintances, meet new people, enter communities, talk, exchange photographs, and arrange events and networking with others that are close to real life. Social network platforms are used to establish mutual links with people that share the same preferences and inter- ests. The NAS offers customer [8] network connectivity tools such as personality evaluation, social networking [1] events, fan clubs, etc. The NAS develops platforms that facilitate communication and con- sumer participation. The privacy phenomenon is a curioustrend that exists on SN websites where individuals are typically more defen- sive of their personal details when utilizing different communica- tions media (i.e. email or telephone) than they are prepared to provide such details through SN websites. Through this global networ ...

1. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Privacy and security issues in the future: A social media
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.105
2214-7853/� 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific
committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Science,
Technology and Engineering.
E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Sushama)
Please cite this article as: C. Sushama, M. Sunil Kumar and P.
Neelima, Privacy and security issues in the future: A social
media, Materials Today: P
ings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.105
C. Sushama a, M. Sunil Kumar b, P. Neelima c
a Dept. of CSSE, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College,
Tirupati, AP,India
b Dept. of CSE, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College,
Tirupati, AP, India
c Dept. of CSE, School of Engineering & Technology, SPMVV
University, Tirupati, AP, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 30 October 2020
Accepted 6 November 2020

2. Available online xxxx
Keywords:
Social media
Privacy & Security
Networking
Attacks
Peer to peer
a b s t r a c t
In recent years, online social networks like Face book, MySpace
and Twitter have undergone rapid
growth. Such OSNs deliver enticing online social networks and
communications but also raise questions
about privacy and security. Here we discuss issues relating to
OSN protection and privacy. We consider
there are inherent contradictions of design between these and
OSN’s conventional design objectives like
usability and sociability. They address the particular problems
of security and privacy design posed by
OSN’s core functionalities, and discusses several ways to use
social network theory to minimize these
contradictions in design.
� 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific
committee of the Emerging Trends in
Materials Science, Technology and Engineering.
1. Introduction
Social networking sites are described as collaborative web-
based
apps that provide users with the ability to connect with relatives
and
acquaintances, meet new people, enter communities, talk,
exchange
photographs, and arrange events and networking with others

3. that
are close to real life. Social network platforms are used to
establish
mutual links with people that share the same preferences and
inter-
ests. The NAS offers customer [8] network connectivity tools
such as
personality evaluation, social networking [1] events, fan clubs,
etc.
The NAS develops platforms that facilitate communication and
con-
sumer participation. The privacy phenomenon is a curioustrend
that
exists on SN websites where individuals are typically more
defen-
sive of their personal details when utilizing different
communica-
tions media (i.e. email or telephone) than they are prepared to
provide such details through SN websites.
Through this global network, the Internet links the entire world,
making it impossible to secure information. The usage of
modern
engineering approaches. Knowing the motive behind the misuse
of knowledge and assaults on SN sites tends to include the right
methods for securing user details. Attackers and fraudsters will
just attack for fun, and
In order to show that they can penetrate protected networks,
others may strike to obtain control of networks to assemble
devices into a BotNet to Assaults Do. The most popular reason,
though, is the financial advantage of collecting confidential per-
sonal details from consumers.
For instances, bank accounts, social security numbers and pass -
words. For that, the perpetrators can perform identity stealing

4. offenses and produce profits. Alongside the technical options,
there
are a range of steps that need to be addressed. Those include
increasing awareness among users to help them make a
distinction
between confidential information and public information. Addi -
tionally, SN pages should be instrumental in securing personal
information. We will improve the filtering of Spam and
suspicious
connections, alert users when any intrusion happens, and Cus-
tomizable domains carefully to defend from website assaults
and
other risks, including SQL injection and Cross-Site Scripting
(XSS),
which may be applied to the website code to gather information,
compel people to download malware and hijack user accounts.
2. Privacy and security for online social network
2.1. Social network
Online [3] social networks are websites that enable users to
connect and build relationships with other Internet users.
2.2. Types of social network
There are several different types of social networks. Some of
them include:
roceed-
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5. C. Sushama, M. Sunil Kumar and P. Neelima Materials Today:
Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
1. Personal Social Network
2. Status Update Social Network
3. Location Social Network
4. Shared Interest Social Network
5. Content Sharing Social Network
1. Personal Social Network:
Such networks enable users to build detailed online accounts
and to connect with other users, with a emphasis on social
connec-
tions, including friendship. These networks may provide the
exchange of information with other registered users, such as
gen-
der, age, interest, educational history and employment, as well
as
music, photographs, and video files and links. These networks
can often exchange specified data with non-authorized links to
individuals and applications.
Ex: Facebook, MySpace, Friendster
2. Status updates Social Network:
These forms of social networks are built to enable users to post
short status changes such that they can communicate quickly
with
other users. Many networks are based on providing easy, simple
upgrades to their services. These networks are built to relay
details
easily and freely, while privacy settings can exist to prevent
expo-
sure to status alerts. Ex: Twitter

6. 3. Location Social Network:
These networks are built to communicate one’s position in real
time, either as public knowledge or as a transparent notification
to
authorized contacts. Many of such networks are designed to
con-
nect with other social networks.
Ex: Brightkite, Foursquare, Latitude of Twitter, Loopt
4. Shared interest Network:
Many such networks borrow functionality from other types of
social networks targeted at a group of people, such as those
with
shared activities, educational backgrounds, political affiliations,
ethnic backgrounds, moral beliefs, sexual orientations or other
dis-
tinguishing preferences.
Ex: LinkedIn
5. Content sharing Network:
These networks are organized as content-sharing platforms,
such as songs, pictures, and video. Through including the option
to construct personal accounts, these websites develop relation-
ships and engage with other users via comments.
Ex: YouTube, Flick
3. System architecture of online social network
There are two paradigms of having an OSN applied.

7. 1. Architecture of client–server, and
2. Along with peer to peer architecture
Fig. 1. Client server architecture.
3.1. Client-server architecture
It is a computer network system where several clients (remote
processors) request and accept a central server (host computer)
service.
� Database machines have a graphical user interface to request
system services and display the output of the application.
2
3.1.1. Operation
Objects are spread over a client–server network and are han-
dled by a central storage computer. This has more stability than
peer-to - peer networking, because all resources are in the same
place. You will guarantee that only licensed users may access
the
data and equipment in the network by protecting the server by
password. However, it is much more difficult to set up client–
ser-
ver networks than their peer-to - peer equivalent, since cloud
equipment and applications cost more than normal desktop com-
puters (Fig. 1)
3.2. Peer- to-peer architecture
The peer-to-peer network is a network where distributed nodes
(’peers’) exchange resources among themselves without a
central-
ized administrative system being used.
It adopts a decentralized model that depends on coll aboration
between a variety of independent parties, who are also OSN
users.

8. Peer-to - peer networks ignore a core network assets manage-
ment system. Additionally, resources are shared across the
differ-
ent customers that make up the network in a peer-to - peer
network. Peer-to - peer networks are also simple to set up, but
may be less efficient than networks. client servers (Fig. 2).
3.2.1. Operation
Peer-to - peer networks are designed to make it as convenient
as possible to exchange information. You may create a peer-to -
peer network by merely connecting a few machines together,
enabling you to move data with limited configuration time or
financial expense from one system to another. Nonetheless,
encryption can be challenging to manage peer-to - peer, since
there
is no single user authentication service available.
Peer-to - peer networks are typically in households and small
offices and do not need centralized access to files or resources.
A
gateway, which is generally a switch or router, is required to
con-
nect more computers. This design is useful for file sharing, or
for
accessing a printer or storage system connected to a single com-
puter, for example.
4. Privacy issues in social networking websites
4.1. Facebook profile hacking techniques
4.1.1. Phishing
Phishing is now the most common threat technique used to

9. access Facebook profiles. There are a number of methods to
per-
form phishing attack. In a basic phishing assault a hacker
creates
a false log in page that looks much like the actual Facebook
account
and then requests the user to sign in. Once the user signs into
the
false database, the victims are stored in a text file with ‘‘Email
Address” and ‘‘Password,” and then the intruder unlocks the
text
file and lets his hands on the victims’ passwords.
Fig. 2. Peer-to-Peer architecture.
Fig. 4. Using similar facebook login information.
Fig. 5. Tracking of phishing websites.
C. Sushama, M. Sunil Kumar and P. Neelima Materials Today:
Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
How to protect yourself from Phishing Attack on Facebook:
Occasionally malicious users and websites that use the social
networking platform on Facebook to access your personal
details,
in a process commonly referred to as a ‘‘phishing assault.”
There
are several ways you can protect yourself from phishing attacks
on Facebook.
Verify that the Facebook platform you’re using is legitimate
The fraudulent pages, including the one below, use a close URL

10. to Facebook.com in an attempt to access users’ login details.
The
men behind such pages, identified as ‘phishers,’ also use the
details
to hack victims’ accounts and submit messages to their friends,
fur-
ther propagating the unauthorized domains (Fig. 3).
Look at the web address in your Internet browser’s address bar
to decide if you are on the Facebook domain. All official
Facebook
web pages exist on the ‘‘Facebook.com” domain.
Using exclusive information on Facebook logins that is not used
on
any other website.
To protect you from phishing attacks on Facebook and other
websites you always learn from your Facebook email address
and
password in case a phisher knows (Fig. 4).
� Access Facebook using a plugin that monitors a blacklist of
phishing
websites
Some internet browsers can block links to malicious websites.
Examples of browsers are Firefox 3.0.10 and Internet Explorer
8,
with this feature (Fig. 5).
4.1.2. Keylogging
A keylogger (short for keystroke logger) is a system that moni -
tors or records the keys that have been pressed on your
keyboard,
normally in a silent manner, so you don’t realize that your

11. actions
are being tracked. Typically this is accomplished with a
malicious
purpose to collect information concerning your identity,
payment
card numbers, usernames, passwords, and other personal info.
Keylogging is the easiest way to win a Facebook account.
Keylog-
ging may also be so risky that only anyone with good
programming
Fig. 3. Verify the Facebook platform is legitimate.
3
skills can fall in for it. A keylogger is essentially a tiny
program that
tracks all types of offenders on his/her [6] machine before it is
enabled on the device of the perpetrator (Fig. 6).
Tips to protect your account from Keylogger:
� Caution when opening attachments-With malicious keylog-
ger apps, files obtained It can be embedded via email, P2P [2]
networks, chat, social networks or even text messages (for
mobile devices).
� Watch your passwords – Stop utilizing one-time codes and
maintain the two-step authentication of the key domains you
are signing into. You can also use a password manager such
Fig. 6. keylogging.
Fig. 8. Session hijacking.
C. Sushama, M. Sunil Kumar and P. Neelima Materials Today:
Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

12. as McAfee SafeKey, which is compatible through the McAfee
LiveSafe program which can automatically recall the username
Only passwords, so you should avoid keylogging if you don’t
enter any details on the web and the password manager can
do it for you.
� � Use a robust security solution Protect all computers PCs,
Macs,
iphones, and tablets with antivirus, firewall, Password, and data
encryption tools from McAfee LiveSafe.
4.1.3. Stealer’s
About 80 per cent of users use passwords saved in their brow -
sers to enter Twitter. It is fairly simple, but can also be
incredibly
dangerous. Stealer’s are specifically designed devices for the
offenders to access the saved passwords installed in the Internet
browser (Fig. 7).
Secure your privacy from Stealers:
Change your web browser from Chrome to Mozilla Firefox to
become secure. Since Mozilla Firefox offers the best plugins for
protection that shield you from hackers.
List of main protection plugins are:
1. No-script:- > This plugin lets you browse the internet. This
plu-
gin blocks all scripts used to sniff your passwords to steal them.
2. FB Phishing Protector:- > This plugin stops you from
phishing
facebook.

13. 3. Ghostery:- > This plugin gives you information and blocks all
monitoring of websites.
4. Trust web:- > This plugin shows you a website’s security
ranking.
4.1.4. Session Hijacking
Application Hijacking may also be very risky if you use a (non-
secure) http link to access Facebook. A intruder takes the victim
window cookie in Session Hijacking Assault, which is used on a
page to authenticate the user and use it to enter the victim
account. Workshop hijacking, and WiFi links, are commonly
used
on LAN (Fig. 8).
4.1.5. DNS spoofing
If both the victim and the intruder are on the same network, an
intruder might Using the DNS spoofing assault to change the
initial
Facebook profile to their own false page, and therefore gai n
access
to victims’ Facebook account.
Tips for Preventing DNS Spoofing:
� Maintain an Up-to - Date DNS program.
Fig. 7. Stealers hacking.
4
� Allow alerts from trusted sources and zone transfers.
� Operate a dedicated DNS server for both internal and public
services.
� Using the protected key to sign notifications that other DNS

14. ser-
vers provide. It removes alerts from untrustworthy outlets
(Fig. 9).
4.1.6. Man in the middle attacks
During this assault, an intruder puts himself between a visitor
and a website, and impersonates them. The client believes it is
talking to the server on an authenticated network for this attack,
and the server believes it is talking to the victim, but both are
talk-
ing to the intruder in the middle-sitting role. All traffic passes
through the man-in-the-middle, who can read all the information
and change them.
When the user and the intruder are on the same LAN with a
switch-dependent network, a hacker may either place himself
between the client and the server or function as a default
conduit
to capture all traffic between them (Fig. 10).
Man in the middle attack prevention:
Fig. 9. DNS spoofing.
Fig. 10. Man in the middle attack.
C. Sushama, M. Sunil Kumar and P. Neelima Materials Today:
Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Many efficient MITM protections can either be located on the
server-side or on the router. You would have no dedicated
power
regarding security of your transaction. Alternatively you should
use a solid encryption between the client and the server. In this
sit-
uation the server authenticates the client’s request by sending a

15. digital credential, and then only correspondence may be made.
Another approach to prevent these MITM assaults is to never
link directly to free WiFi routers. When you like you can use a
cli-
ent plug-in such as HTTPS Everywhere, or ForceTLS. Such
plug-ins
will help you create a safe connection if an alternative occurs.
4.1.7. Botnets
Owing to the high startup costs, botnets are not commonly used
to access Facebook accounts. They are used to participating in
com-
plex assaults. A Botnet is simply an network of infected
computers.
The malware strategy is the same as key logging except a
Botnet
helps you to perform external attacks on the infected device.
Spyeye and Zeus are the Botnets most widely used (Fig. 11).
Botnet Prevention:
There are many steps users should take to avoid infection with
the botnet virus.
Baselining the network: Network output and operation should
be tracked so that abnormal behavior in the network is evident.
Security updates: The security fixes will keep all applications
up-to - date.
Watchfulness:Users should always be educated to prevent
behavior that places them at risk for bot infections or other mal -
ware. This involves opening emails or messages, posting attach-
ments or following links from untrustworthy or unknown
websites.

16. Fig. 11. Botnet a
5
Anti-Botnet tools: There are many steps users should take to
avoid infection with the botnet virus.
Baselining the network: Network output and operation should
be tracked so that abnormal behavior in the network is evident.
Security updates: The security fixes will keep all applications
up-to - date.
4.2. Twitter
4.2.1. Twitter privacy policy
The privacy policy of Twitter states that metadata is obtained
via numerous websites, apps, text messages, utilities, APIs and
other third parties. When the consumer orders the Twitter
service,
they agree to the capturing, transfer, encoding, exploitation,
distri-
bution and other specifications of this content. Title, login,
pass-
word and e-mail address have to be provided to build a Twitter
account. All extra data applied to one’s profile are purely
optional.
Your IP address, user type, database domain, visited pages, tele -
phone operator, IDS device and client and search keywords are
automatically registered by Twitter servers.
Facebook helps people to exchange details with others who par -
ticipate. Any tweets not removed from the default privacy
setting
are public and those with a Twitter account will be viewed as
such.

17. On a shared timeline the most recent 20 tweets are listed.
Notwith-
standing the best attempts by Twitter to protect the privacy of
its
customers, personal details may still be harmful to sharing.
There
were cases of people thinking of going on holiday and offering
the dates and locations they are going to go to, and how long
they’re going to be home. It has since led to several break-ins
and robberies.
Another problem on Twitter coping with leaked messages con-
cerns anonymity. Leaked messages are messages sent but made
public from a private account. This occurs when the message is
public when someone’s buddies of a private account retweet, or
copy and paste, the person’s message and so on and so forth. It
would make available the private information, which may
possibly
be harmful.
Twitter assisted people who had been targeted by a phishing
attack. Phishing is a difficult mechanism whereby an attempt is
made to obtain personal information, such as usernames and
pass-
words on Twitter (Fig. 12).
4.2.2. Ways to avoid phishing:
� Do not allow any external third-party apps to access your
Twit-
ter account, regardless of whether you are using the old user -
name/password form, unless you are confident they are secure.
rchitecture.

18. C. Sushama, M. Sunil Kumar and P. Neelima Materials Today:
Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
� Mount a Power Twitter plug-in and Firefox’s Bit.ly Preview
plug-in. These plug-ins would allow you to display the most
condensed URLs and see if they really go where they appear
to be.
Privacy of Twitter:
Twitter has 2 privacy settings standard, Public Tweets (the
default setting), and Private Tweets standard.
Public Tweets:
Open to everyone. Everybody will be able to see your profile
and
tweets whether they have a Twitter account or not.
Private tweets:
can only be seen by your verified Twitter followers.
� Those who want to go after you must be allowed
4.3. LinkedIn
LinkedIn will be a perfect place to network with others through-
out the profession as well as to connect with any of the past
favor-
ite colleagues. LinkedIn profile is a kind of digital portfolio
where
you will highlight your credentials, share details about where
you’ve served, where you’ve been to college, including what
you’ve
been focusing on throughout your life. The concern is whether
details upon this LinkedIn profile can be dangerous in the
wrong
hands.

19. 4.3.1. Ways to protect your account from Hacking
� Consider restricting the contact details in your profile that
you post
(Fig. 13)
Remove your contact details from your online profile on
LinkedIn:
1. Click the ‘Change Profile’ button in the ‘Account’ tab at the
top
of the LinkedIn home screen.
2. Scroll down to the ‘Personal Information’ portion and click
the
’Correction’ button to pick your phone number, address or other
personal details you might like to erase.
Switch on Safe Browsing Mode at LinkedIn
LinkedIn provides a secure HTTPS browsing alternative that is
just a must-have tool, particularly while using LinkedIn through
coffee shops, airports or other public Wi-Fi hotspots to search
packet sniffers for hackers.
To require safe browsing mode with LinkedIn
1. When you have signed in, press the triangle on the top right
corner of the LinkedIn page next to your profile.
Fig. 13. Limiting the sharing of informatio n in profile.
6
2. Click ‘Options’ option from the drop down column.
3. Click the ‘Wallet’ button on the bottom left corner of the
page.
4. Tap ‘Manage Security Settings’ and then insert a check box
that

20. says ‘Use Safe Key (HTTPS) to enter LinkedIn’ in the pop-up
win-
dow that opens as needed.
5. Click the ‘Shift Transfer’ icon.
Try Limiting Data to The Social Profile
1. When you have signed in, click on the triangle at the top
right
corner of the LinkedIn page next to your profile.
2. Select on ‘Options’ tab from the drop down line.
3. Choose the ‘Edit Public Profile’ button at that bottom of the
screen from the ‘Account’ tab.
4. In the ‘Customize your Online Profile’ box upon this right
side of
the screen, uncheck the boxes including its pieces you wish to
remove from public view.
4.4. Email
Electronic mail is a means of sending digital messages from an
sender to one or more recipients, most frequently referred to as
email or fax. Digital email is accessible via the Internet or other
computer networks.
Working of Electronic mail: (Fig. 14)
4.4.1. Electronic privacy
Email protection from unauthorized access and review is called
electronic privacy.

21. Security issues: [4] e-mail is vulnerable to both passive and vio-
lent assaults. Passive risks involve message content disclosure
and
traffic monitoring, while aggressive risks involve message
content
manipulation, masking, replication, and denial of service
assaults.
Disclosure of Information: Many emails are simply submitted
(not encrypted) in the Clear form. Individuals other than autho-
rized recipients can use certain available tools to read the
contents
of the email.
Traffic analysis: Most nations are considered to routinely track
email correspondence as part of their monitoring. This is not
just
for counter-terrorism reasons but also to facilitate the battle
against industrial theft and the execution of democratic audits.
Nevertheless, it is not dedicated to the national authorities as
there
is a booming industry of supplying [7] knowledge inside emails
to
economic and criminal entities.
Modification of messages: The contents of the email can be
mod-
ified through delivery or storage. Throughout this case, a man-
in-
the-medium attack typically does not need gateway power,
because An intruder who resides in the same Local Area
Network
(LAN) may using an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
spoofing
tool such as a ‘‘ettercap” can intercept or change any email

22. packet
who goes to or through a mail server or gateway.
Masquerade: You may submit a message in the name of another
individual or organization.
Replay of previous messages: Other receivers can be resentful
to
previous messages. This may result in death, confusion or harm
to
the credibility of a individual or organization. If e-mail is used
for
certain reasons, such as transfer of money, registration and
reser-
vation, it can trigger any damages.
Spoofing: Fake messages may also be inserted into the mail net-
work of another person. Using Trojan horses, which may be
achieved from inside the LAN, or from beyond the network.
Denial of Service: You will unsubscribe the mail network by
overloading it with mail photos. This can be done by utilizing
Tro-
jan horses or malware that are submitted to users within the
email
content. Blocking user accounts can also be accomplished by
con-
stantly inserting incorrect passwords in the login process.
Fig. 14. Working of Email.
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Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
4.4.2. Remedies

23. All routers in the email network, and any connections between
them, need to be secured to maintain a safe degree of privacy. It
is
accomplished by code encryption, which transforms email infor -
mation into nonsensical text that can only be decrypted by the
receiver if correctly constructed.
There are two simple techniques to render these safe communi -
cations available. Electronic envelope policy involves the auto-
mated encryption of a text utilizing a secure encryption protocol
such as S/MIME, OpenPGP (Public Key Infrastructure). Such
secu-
rity techniques are mostly the responsibility of the user, but
there
are OpenPGP Business implementations. OpenPGP also requires
the exchange of encryption keys. However if an encrypted email
is captured and translated, information without a decryption key
is worthless. Examples of reliable communication solutions will
now be based on symmetric encryption keys only.
Authentication essentially means that each user must show that
they are utilizing either a password, a biometric (such as a
finger-
print) or a form of authentication. The second choice is to
supply
the receiver with an confidential letter which does not have to
include any identifying information but which delivers a
response
to the recipient’s secure mail facility. The receiver then goes to
the
website of the safe source, where the receiver is supposed to
sign
in with a user name and password before receiving the post.
Most
approaches merge methods, allowing for offline training.

24. 4.5. Skype security
4.5.1. Skype
Skype is a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) program built by
Skype Technologies S.A. It is a peer-to - peer network which
dis-
tributes voice communications over the Internet more than over
a specific purpose network [5]. Skype users are trying to
connect
to other apps, letting them scan and transfer details to other
Skype
users.
4.5.2. Avoiding online fraud, spam and viruses
� Always check which website or retailer you trust until your
credit card details are posted on pages that claim to be reselling
Skype items;
� You can manage Skype Points and alerts directly from the
Skype
website; you can also conveniently order apps from the Skype
shop.
7
� Always respond to emails that contain your credit card
number,
password or other information. Skype will never inquire about
such information via e-mail.
4.5.3. Skype security from phishing
When an email asks you to take action on your account, please
do not follow the links in the text, but enter skype.com in your
browser and proceed to your account directly from the Skype

25. website.
Once you arrive at a page, make sure that it says skype.com in
the URL with a connection or any other redirect that does not
have
extra characters or terms in the web address. For eg,
notskype.com
or skype1.com web addresses are both invalid.
Ways to protect your account from other hacking techniques
Technology has infiltrated lives as never imagined, and the
more you interact on the web and through mobile, the more at
risk
you are for some sort of data hackingintrusion. There are lots of
products and services that will offer some sort of protection but
it does feel like an ongoing game of whack-a-mole to keep
every-
thing under constant protection.
� Use multiple passwords.
Use different passwords for different websites. Use both capital
letters and numbers. Do not reveal your password in public.
� Be attentive with connectivity.
There are lots of good reasons to shut off your computer and
phone periodically. It’s harder to hack electronics when they are
powered down. Be conscious of where you connect and sites for
which you sign up. If you connect based on need rather than
impulse, you will reduce your risk.
� Be more cautious in sharing.
Never store or communicate anything electronically that you

26. wouldn’t be willing to share with everybody!” It’s truly the
only
way to get peace of mind since no matter how much you try to
pre-
vent it, you still may get hacked. Just make sure you mitigate
the
risk.
C. Sushama, M. Sunil Kumar and P. Neelima Materials Today:
Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
� Backup:
Backups make things much simpler. Many of your files can dis-
appear during an attack, and they may not be recovered.
Backups
will prevent you from loosing important data.
� Awareness
Be mindful that risks and vulnerabilities do exist. Being aware
of the possible dangers will encourage you to incorporate
security
measures into your daily routine.
� Updates
Regularly update your Applications. This will protect the pro-
tection network from leaks.
� Emails
Using multiple email addresses. Do not connect your bank
account to your Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn. Use different
emails

27. for different purposes.
� Antivirus
This is a must-see. Antivirus will give you sufficient protection
no matter how vigilant you are, and will also check your
system.
Mind to pick good antivirus.
� Beware
Beware of social manipulation and phishing. Do not respond to
emails that seem suspicious, or mimic the website of your bank,
etc. Be careful when you give your personal information on the
web. Check if the source can be trusted.
5. Conclusion
Social networking sites are a big driver of apps where millions
of people across the world depend on them to communicate and
share information with others. This gigantic presence fuels the
need to put up the best security measures to better secure users’
8
data. Many of the approaches provide a solution for a few
privacy
issues. Nevertheless, the program’s usability and reliability for
the
daily users tended to be compromised in establishing higher
pro-
tection controls. However, all the programs analyzed have
failed
to address or calculate the tradeoffs between higher protection
precautions and network performance.
There are several opportunities for new frameworks or even
current frameworks to analyze the above areas and strive to

28. develop mechanisms which does not involve (or minimize)
trade-offs in terms of privacy, data security, affordability, and
adaptability and user performance.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
C. Sushama: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Data
curation. M. Sunil Kumar: Visualization, Investigation, Writing
-
original draft. P. Neelima: Supervision, Software, Validation,
Writ-
ing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] D.T. Tsai, A.Y. Chang, S. Chung, Y.S. Li, ‘‘A Proxy based
Real-time Protection
Mechanism for Social Networking Sites,” in Proc. ICCST.
[2] K. Graffi, P. Mukherjee, B. Menges, D. Hartung, A.
Kovacevic, R. Steinmetz,
‘‘Practical Security in P2P-based Social Networks,” in Proc.
IEEE 34th Conference
on Local Computer Networks Zürich, Switzerland, pp.269-272.
[3] D. Shin, R. Lopes, W. Claycomb, G. Ahn, ‘‘A Frameworkfor
Enabling User-
controlled Persona in Online SocialNetworks,” in 33rd Annual
IEEE International
Computer Software and Applications Conference, pp. 292–297.

29. [4] A. Ho, A. Maiga, E. Aïmeur ‘‘Privacy Protection Issues
inSocial Networking Sites”.
[5] D. Diaz-Sanchez, A. Marin, F. Almenarez, A.
Cortés,‘‘Social Applications in the
Home Network,” in IEEE Transactions on Consumer
Electronics, Vol. 56, No.1,
pp.220–225.
[6] Z. Wang, Y. Parth, Extreme learning machine for multi-class
sentiment
classification of tweets, Proc. ELM-2015 Springer Int. Publ. 1
(2016) 1–11.
[7] Z. Wang, J.C. Tong, P. Ruan, F. Li, ‘‘Lexicon knowledge
extraction with sentiment
polarity computation”, IEEE Int. Conf. Data Min. Ser. (ICDM)
SENTIRE Accept.,
2016.
[8] S.C. Margaret, M. Atilano, C.L. Arnold, Improving customer
relations with social
listening: A case study of an American academic library, 2017.
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2214-7853(20)38711-3/h0030
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2214-7853(20)38711-
3/h0030Privacy and security issues in the future: A social
media1 Introduction2 Privacy and security for online social
network2.1 Social network2.2 Types of social network3 System
architecture of online social network3.1 Client-server
architecture3.1.1 Operation3.2 Peer- to-peer architecture3.2.1
Operation4 Privacy issues in social networking websites4.1
Facebook profile hacking techniques4.1.1 Phishing4.1.2
Keylogging4.1.3 Stealer’s4.1.4 Session Hijacking4.1.5 DNS
spoofing4.1.6 Man in the middle attacks4.1.7 Botnets4.2

30. Twitter4.2.1 Twitter privacy policy4.2.2 Ways to avoid
phishing:4.3 LinkedIn4.3.1 Ways to protect your account from
Hacking4.4 Email4.4.1 Electronic privacy4.4.2 Remedies4.5
Skype security4.5.1 Skype4.5.2 Avoiding online fraud, spam
and viruses4.5.3 Skype security from phishing5
ConclusionCRediT authorship contribution
statementDeclaration of Competing InterestReferences
Write 300 words on discussion and respond to two articles with
200 words each1)Write 300 words for discussion with 3 peer
reviewed referencesIn what way can a business strategy
motivate and inspire employees?2) Respond to two articles with
200 words each
Article 1
Business strategy motivates and inspires employees by making
it very clear that the employees are essential to the business's
success and by giving employees a stake in the business's
success. As more and more emphasis is placed on customer
service, this translates to having the attitude that we can grow
and have success. This gives employees a sense of ownership
and a stake in the company's success (Eide et al., 2020). The
business strategy provides motivation and inspiration to
employees by defining their roles and communicating to the
organization the goals and objectives of the company.
Companies should put into place a strategy and goals that are
specific and well defined and then communicate them so that
employees can understand. Business strategy inspires employees
by communicating to the employees the vision and purpose of
the business. Communicating the strategic directions to
employees allows them to develop and express their unique
skills and talents to feel ownership in the business. If the
company's strategy is good, the employees can feel good about
their jobs since they contribute to a clear and achievable vision.

31. It would be even better if they could see a benefit in what they
are doing.
Reference
Eide, A. E., Saether, E. A., & Aspelund, A. (2020). An
investigation of leaders’ motivation, intellectual leadership, and
sustainability strategy in relation to Norwegian manufacturers’
performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 254, 120053.
Article 2
Employee motivation strategies are tactics and processes put in
place to keep employees inspired, engaged, and interested in
their responsibilities. Ways of motivating employees will vary
by the workforce, based on different work environments, work
cultures, and industries. There isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach
to motivating a team. Strategies for employee motivation in the
workplace are typically implemented by the leaders or
supervisors of a company. Methods of motivation can include
verbal reinforcement, rewards, incentives, trips, opportunities,
or recognition (Blunt, 2009).
One of the simplest, yet most effective ways to motivate
employees is to recognize them for their work and provide
positive feedback. Recognizing employees for their efforts will
communicate that these employees are valued and appreciated
and that their work does not go unnoticed. Remind team
members that their achievements are a vital contribution to the
company’s overall mission to encourage a sense of purpose in
the team’s efforts.
Perks, like surprise bonuses for top performers and profit-
sharing opportunities are excellent motivating factors in the
workplace. Rewarding employees for their good work shows
team members that the company values their contribution, and
encourages them to continue performing at their fullest
potential.
Through profit-sharing, companies reward employees with

32. additional money based on the company’s profitability. This
strategy motivates employees to take it upon themselves and go
the extra mile to increase the company’s profit margin.
By investing in your employees, you are investing in the
company’s overall success. One of the most effective methods
of employee motivation is offering further education and
training opportunities for employees. This motivational strategy
not only shows that the company has an appreciation for its
team members, but it encourages a team of talented and
determined employees that strive to invest in the company’s
prosperity (Panatik & Nojumuddin, 2018).
Talent management throughout these opportunities is also made
easier with software that streamlines communications to
increase engagement, accountability, and commitment among
employees. Educational and training opportunities will further
develop team members’ skills and interests, which widens the
spectrum of possibilities for a business. Employees will feel
empowered by their company’s investment and will be
motivated and well-equipped with the skills to achieve at
greater heights within the company.
In conclusion, staying motivated means staying engaged. When
employees are engaged with their work, they are motivated to
make decisions, solve problems, seek creative solutions, and
generally speaking—work harder.
References
Blunt, E. (2009). Firms share strategies to motivate
employees. Business Journal Serving Fresno & the Central San
Joaquin Valley, 324038, 10.
Panatik, S. A., & Nojumuddin, N. S. (2018). Factor Affecting
Motivation Level Employee on Acquisition
Strategy. International Journal of Engineering &
Technology, 7(3.20), 127-13.
Computer ethics.

33. Computer ethics is a relatively new phenomenon of philosophy
continuously evolving and adapting as digital technologic al
advances. The term "computer ethics" can be interpreted in a
variety of ways. Computer ethics could be defined as
professional philosophers' efforts to adapt classic ethical ideas
such as hedonism, Objectivism, and others to software
applications. I shall focus on the banking sector. Online
banking, often known as online financial services, is a rapidly
growing approach amongst banking organizations around the
globe. As per current developments, technological advancement
is the central topic in charge of all global systems. Since it is
rapidly evolving day by day, it is also a component of
achievement.
At the personal, business, and investment levels, this strategy is
used. This can be advantageous to customers and global banking
institutions in various ways (Kalandatzis et al., page 2).
According to studies on corporate internet banking, the youthful
and middle-aged consumers are the most common; the survey's
most prominent peer group using online transactions was
persons aged 30 to 50. Bill payment services provided by banks
and nonbanks, brokerage accounts, automated teller machines,
prepaid cards, and other digital monetary services are just a few
instances of what's going on in this industry around the globe.
Customers, in particular, must be concerned about the problems
that exist in internet transactions (Wishart page 81-93).
The volume to conduct internet finance has altered the financial
world as data technology has radically improved over the last
30 years. As a consequence, all monetary and non-financial
transfers can now be carried out online (Mata et al page 163-
179). Nevertheless, there are some hitches to internet
transactions, including ethical concerns. Because many
multinational commercial banks are now conscious of the
hazards created by cybercriminals, SSL protects our link
between the banker and the desktop or smartphone gadget.
However, there is a slew of other concerns to consider. If a
hacker has gained access to our system, they could easily use

34. malicious code equipment to steal any data you write. Since the
terror attack on September 11, 2011, the US administration has
developed specific covert software to manage internet money
transfers of extremists or someone else, such as cybercriminals,
using SWIFT (society for worldwide interbank financial
communications). SWIFT is in charge of maintaining privacy
across online monetary transactions (Birchley et al 1-13).
There are no explicit regulations or ethics for bank transfers,
and as a result, clients may encounter ethical concerns when
utilizing their internet monetary services. As a result, clients
must reconsider their privacy concerns. Cybercriminals use
viruses to steal any stored credentials in your computer
automatically. For instance, employing a novel two-stage Rogue
infection that travels from a user's computer to his cell device,
hackers have plundered more than €40 million from 30
Financial institutions. Deontological theories are principles that
have been used to explain a variety of situations. If the
scammer's deeds or activities are consistent with their legal or
moral values, this isn't nearly sufficient to reveal their true or
hidden intentions (Berman and Vinton page 6-7). The
"Categorical imperative" is the polar opposite of this paradigm,
where the consequence - rather than the act - takes precedence.
As bankers, cyber forensic experts, and intelligence agents try
to navigate these choppy waters, basic logic has proven to be
the best guide. Whenever in dread, approach the customer for
clarification till all misunderstandings are resolved; double-
check the sincerity of any pact that does not seem right;
guarantee that one’s financial institution is on the same
agreement with you throughout each money transfer, and
actively sought regulatory or lawsuits guidance if your rationale
for doing so is justified. Professional academics investigating
internet scams think that the real guilt could be placed squarely
on the shoulders of fraudsters. Customers in online finance
ought to learn to recognize their environment and make more
rational decisions. Most of such options or decisions will entail
protecting items acquired digitally, depending on the context,

35. since the customer is protected from theft and harm in any case.
The use of a reference number and solutions, wherever
applicable and mainly when dealing with online transfers,
guarantees that your product remains on schedule. Suspend the
operation of the client or creditor is not in a position to gather
data that is considered vital (Rukasha et al. page 130).
Customers are also confronted with circumstances such as
ethical questions in the internet banking business. As a result,
ethical problems assume that internet banking users would
adhere to accepted societal norms, such as ethical principles, to
make moral choices.
Whenever it comes to moral difficulties that frequently arise in
internet transactions, lenders bear a significant sense of
significance for handling them, not just to verify identification
or uniqueness. They must also inquire about the integrity and
credibility of prospective clients. As a result, if a client's
application for an account can be approved over the web, such
types of logins must only be made after receiving truthful data
and physical proof of the customer's identification. This has
been the most challenging phase in this procedure, and if the
customer's information is correct, we can decrease the legal
concerns that the customer is encountering. From a legal
standpoint, a financial institution-approved privacy technique
for verifying users must be defined by law as a substitute for a
signatory. There is almost no room for lenders to respond to
banned requests from clients in the internet finance world. As a
result, financiers ought to tell customers about the timeframe
and criteria employed in any halted payments that the bankers
may approve (Renda, no page number).s
It's critical to research confidentiality and non-confidential
risks and how illegal activity to our financial information
transpired. Also, steps or a remedy for confidentiality to guard
client financial data and learn about online banking's
prerogatives will be essential.

36. Works Cited.
Berman, Francine, and Vinton G. Cerf. "Social and ethical
behavior in the internet of things." (2017): 6-7.
Birchley, Giles, et al. "Smart homes, private homes? An
empirical study of technology researchers’ perceptions of
ethical issues in developing smart-home health
technologies." BMC medical ethics 18.1 (2017): 1-13.
Kalandatzis, Theodoros, and Alina Hyz. "Empirical Analysis of
the Phenomenon of Job Burnout Among Employees in the
Banking Sector." International Journal of Service Science,
Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET) 12.5
(2021): 116-132.
Mâță, Liliana, Alexandra-Georgiana Poenaru, and Ioana
Boghian. "Current Issues of Ethical Use of Information
Technology from the Perspective of University
Teachers." Ethical Use of Information Technology in Higher
Education. Springer, Singapore, 2022. 163-179.
Renda, Andrea. Artificial Intelligence. Ethics, governance and
policy challenges. CEPS Centre for European Policy Studies,
2019.
Rukasha, Memory, and Felix Olu Bankole. "Impact of e-

37. Commerce on Corporate Governance and Ethics." CONF-IRM.
2019.
Wishart, Jocelyn. "Ethical considerations in the incorporation of
mobile and ubiquitous technologies into teaching and learning
in educational contexts." Mobile and Ubiquitous
Learning (2018): 81-93.
During the course, you will write an “ethical policy” paper
regarding a particular computer-related technology that you
believe raises important ethical questions. The goal of the paper
is to propose a public policy for your chosen technology that
you believe is ethically justified, i.e. identify a bad policy or
lack of policy and describe a replacement. You are encouraged
to follow the MLA format while writing this paper but not
mandatory.
The paper will be developed as follows
· Identify a particular technology that you believe raises an
important ethical question (which could be good or bad).
Indicate why you care about this topic - why it matters to you
personally. You should also indicate why the rest of us should
care. The technology can range from the specific (e.g. radio
frequency ID tags) to the general (computers and the Internet).
Choose a topic that fascinates you and that you think is
important, but make sure that it relates computerization to
society. Avoid selecting a "consumer's guide" topic, e.g. "how
to protect your computer from viruses."
· Avoid bulleted and numbered lists. You may wish to start
finding sources for the factual material you intend to use in
subsequent versions of your paper. To this end, subsequent
versions of your paper, all citations, and the bibliography
should be in the inconsistent format. You are free to use sources
from the class readings, but these will not count toward the
required number of sources in later versions.
· In your policy paper, you should make and defend an ethical
position and a policy derived from that position. Discuss the

38. technology whose impact you are investigating, the current
public policy (or lack thereof), your proposed public policy, and
an argument for why this policy should lead to better social
outcomes.
· Your paper should be not less be than 1000 words in length. In
your bibliography, you should make reference to at least 7 peer -
reviewed, scholarly journal articles that are at least 5 pages
total in length.
· Substantiate each factual claim in your paper through a
specific reference to one of your bibliographic sources or don't
make the claim.
· Plagiarism must be less than 20%.
Review & Feedback
After your submission of your ethical policy paper, your paper
will be reviewed by me.
Here are some aspects of each paper I will be considering:
1. Does the author describe their chosen technology in
sufficient detail to make it clear how ethical issues have arisen
from the technology?
2. Does the author take an ethical position? If you can identify
normative statements, e.g. who should be responsible, what
should be avoided, what should be legislated, etc., that is a
good clue. However, the author should be proposing more than
just best practices, e.g. we should use the longest encryption
key available, or we should thoroughly test the software before
release (those are policies, not ethical positions).
3. Does the author support his/her position with factual
evidence? Are all factual statements drawn from cited sources?
4. Does the author fairly depict opposing viewpoints? Does the
author consider all important opposing viewpoints?
5. Does the author propose a policy to encourage or enforce
ethical usage of the technology? Is the author's policy a rational
conclusion drawn from his/her evidence? Does the author
document his/her chain of logic and is that chain reasonable?
Does the author describe the underlying ethical principles that
support the specific chain of logic he/she has chosen?

39. Optional Component:
If any of you interested in getting a certification in policy
technology, you may count the certification as a substitute for
your final paper.