Master of Science in Nursing   5 hours ago Chijioke Ikegwuonu  WEEK 2 DISCUSSION POST  COLLAPSE Top of Form Beneficence is an ethical concept that puts the physician under the obligation to act in the best interest of the patient and supports a number of moral values of preventing harm and defending the rights of others. It also helps remove conditions that will cause harm, help persons with mental health disabilities and rescue them from danger (Bipeta. 2019). Across the four articles, beneficence appears to be cutting across all the steps of decision making regardless of the decision maker. Psychiatric patients, whether adolescents or adults, may not have mental or legal capacity to understand what beneficence to their care to their care implies. The discussion summarizes four articles related to beneficence in the provision of psychiatry care to patients with mental illnesses.             Ethical considerations of beneficence refers to the obligations of healthcare professionals to act in the best interest of the patient by enhancing morality and supporting several moral aspects to protect and defend the rights of patients. In their report, Zhang-Jiang et al. (2020) provides crucial insight on the application of beneficence model as an ethical approach in making clinical decisions in the surgical unit. Based on the article, beneficence as a duty is a legal and moral obligation. In their observation, proper clinical decision making is dependent on the decision making capacity and legal empowerment of the patient. Adult patients must be assisted to make decisions about their own care while maintaining the intention for medical good. For children, decision making is in the hands of parents/guardians as long as they do not have the capacity to make reasonable decisions. Legal aspects of beneficence comes in case of malpractice or when the physician goes beyond their jurisdiction of practice. Bipeta, R. (2019) highlights the Mental Healthcare Act 2017(MHCA) which outlines that every mentally ill person have the beneficent right to dimity, and protection from inhuman, cruel and degrading treatment. Any contrary to that is punishable by law.             Sussman et al., (2018) state the need for clinicians to watch for potential ethical dilemmas coming from the use of technology. Adult psychiatric patients need to physically be examined to fully benefit from care. Adolescents are often fond of phones and therefore, clinicians and nurses are advised to respect the autonomy of patients, but whenever need be, they should be examined in close proximity of parents/guardians. On the other hand, Mohammad et al. (2018) discovered that there should be an existing stable knowledge on ethico-legal issues in mental health nursing irrespective of gender, age, marital status and years of experience. The ethico-legal aspects can jail any practitioner who detains mentally ill patients in nursing homes without consent or without any be ...

1. Master of Science in Nursing
5 hours ago
Chijioke Ikegwuonu
WEEK 2 DISCUSSION POST
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Beneficence is an ethical concept that puts the physician under
the obligation to act in the best interest of the patient and
supports a number of moral values of preventing harm and
defending the rights of others. It also helps remove conditions
that will cause harm, help persons with mental health
disabilities and rescue them from danger (Bipeta. 2019). Across
the four articles, beneficence appears to be cutting across all the
steps of decision making regardless of the decision maker.
Psychiatric patients, whether adolescents or adults, may not
have mental or legal capacity to understand what beneficence to
their care to their care implies. The discussion summarizes four
articles related to beneficence in the provision of psychiatry
care to patients with mental illnesses.
Ethical considerations of beneficence refers to the
obligations of healthcare professionals to act in the best interest
of the patient by enhancing morality and supporting several
moral aspects to protect and defend the rights of patients. In
their report, Zhang-Jiang et al. (2020) provides crucial insight
on the application of beneficence model as an ethical approach
in making clinical decisions in the surgical unit. Based on the
article, beneficence as a duty is a legal and moral obligation. In
their observation, proper clinical decision making is dependent
on the decision making capacity and legal empowerment of the
patient. Adult patients must be assisted to make decisions about
their own care while maintaining the intention for medical
good. For children, decision making is in the hands of

2. parents/guardians as long as they do not have the capacity to
make reasonable decisions. Legal aspects of beneficence comes
in case of malpractice or when the physician goes beyond their
jurisdiction of practice. Bipeta, R. (2019) highlights the Mental
Healthcare Act 2017(MHCA) which outlines that every mentally
ill person have the beneficent right to dimity, and protection
from inhuman, cruel and degrading treatment. Any contrary to
that is punishable by law.
Sussman et al., (2018) state the need for clinicians to
watch for potential ethical dilemmas coming from the use of
technology. Adult psychiatric patients need to physically be
examined to fully benefit from care. Adolescents are often fond
of phones and therefore, clinicians and nurses are advised to
respect the autonomy of patients, but whenever need be, they
should be examined in close proximity of parents/guardians. On
the other hand, Mohammad et al. (2018) discovered that there
should be an existing stable knowledge on ethico-legal issues in
mental health nursing irrespective of gender, age, marital status
and years of experience. The ethico-legal aspects can jail any
practitioner who detains mentally ill patients in nursing homes
without consent or without any benefitting treatment. This
aspect cuts across many states in America.
In my State, legal beneficence for adults includes exercising
compassion while understanding the value systems of patients
and determining good depending on a person’s preference.
Among adolescents and children, legal considerations includes
acting in the child’s best interest. However, there are
complicated difficulties in assessing what the child’s best
interests are and the standards to be upheld. This information is
very crucial in my practice as it serves as an obligation as a
healthcare provider to protect my patients from harm by
preventing situations while promoting good ones. I also intend
to help persons with disabilities and rescue persons in danger.

3. References
Bipeta, R. (2019). Legal and ethical aspects of mental health
care. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 41(2), 108-112.
Mohammed, Q. Q., Mohammed, E. H., Karim, M. H., & Hassan,
N. A (2018). Assessment of Nurses' Knowledge about Ethical
and Legal Issues in Mental Health Nursing at Psychiatric
Teaching Hospitals in Baghdad City. doi: 10.9790/1959-
0603034347
Sussman, N., & DeJong, S. M. (2018). Ethical considerations
for mental health clinicians working with adolescents in the
digital age. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(12), 1-8.
Zhang-Jiang, S., & Tredwell, S. (2020). Using the beneficence
model as an ethical approach to surgical decision making: A
case report. British Columbia Medical Journal, 62(10).
2 hours ago
olumide ojehomon
DISCUSSION
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Ethics and Negligence
Negligence in healthcare means practicing below the standard of
care for a certain specialty. Psychiatric nurse practitioners
should become familiar with legal issues surrounding this
practice area to ensure best practices for patients and to avoid
malpractice litigation and licensing issues. Children have
unique needs because of their inability to fully express the
symptoms of the psychiatric conditions and the law allows their
parents or guardians to provide consent for their healthcare.
Therefore, a psychiatric nurse practitioner is the child's
advocate and must ensure the child receives the necessary care.
Psychiatric nurse practitioners owe their patients a duty of care
and the associated legal liability that is imposed whenever a
patient is admitted to the hospital for care (Huang et al., 2015).

4. Therefore, a charge of negligence against a nurse can arise from
almost any action or failure to act that causes damage to patient
health. It is the child and adolescent psychiatrist’s primary
responsibility to act on behalf of the needs of the child or
adolescent patient and their families(AACAP,
2014). Negligence, according to the American Journal of
Nursingcan occur in the following circumstances:Failure to
follow standards of care, failure to use equipment
responsibly, failure to communicate, failure to document,
failure to assess and monitor, and failure to act as a patient
advocate.
Psychiatric nurse practitioners must address the needs of special
groups including children from LGBTQ groups without
discrimination or neglect due to procedure. Childhood gender
nonconformity is shown through variation from norms in gender
role behaviors such as toy preferences, rough-and-tumble play,
aggression, or playmate gender (Adelson, & Child, 2012). It is
necessary to identify these characters and provide the support
that does not cause the child of their family to feel neglected.
Ethical issues may arise when providing psychiatric care for
both children and adult populations. Psychologists' ethical
responsibilities may conflict with law, regulations, or other
governing legal authorities. In such cases, it is necessary for the
practitioner to clarify the nature of the conflict, make known
their commitment to the Ethics Code, and take reasonable steps
to resolve the conflict consistent with the General Principles
and Ethical Standards of the Ethics Code.
References
Adelson, S. L., & of Child, T. A. A. (2012). Practice parameters
on gay, lesbian, or bisexual sexual orientation, gender
nonconformity, and gender discordance in children and
adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child &
adolescent psychiatry, 51(9), 957-974.
APA, (.2017). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of
Conduct. Retrieved

5. from https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/ethics-code-2017.pdf
Huang, H. M., Sun, F. K., & Lien, Y. F. (2015). Nurse
practitioners, medical negligence and crime: A case
study. Clinical Nursing Studies, 3(4), 21-28.
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Bottom of Form
© 2020 Walden University 3
Assessment2
Full Report with Bibliography
This nuclear tragedy, Chernobyl, has left a lasting impression
on the public's perception of nuclear power facilities' safety.
“On April 26, 1986, a nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl plant in
Ukraine exploded, releasing radiation” (Alexakhin et al., 2006).
Reactor 4 at Chernobyl detonated at 01:23 a.m. local time that
day. Operators and firefighters were among the 30 individuals
killed by radiation exposure. This disaster has been attributed to
a lot of errors. An emergency cooling method was being tested
during this experiment when the catastrophe happened. Reactor
4's planned shutdown was used to conduct the test. “RBMK
reactors are unstable at low power levels and vulnerable to
dangerous rises in energy production levels because of a
positive coefficient in the reactor” (Alexakhin et al., 2006).
This was a contributing factor in the Chernobyl reactor
explosion. It is very important to understand this disaster, what
caused it and how something like this can be avoided in the
future. This is especially because Chernobyl's lingering effects
may still be felt today. Chernobyl is still radioactive and a
threat to the population.

6. After the catastrophe, the Chernobyl disaster resulted in
radiation poisoning and a mass exodus from the affected region.
The Chernobyl tragedy poisoned large regions in Belarus,
Russia, and Ukraine. According to the World Health
Organization, people evacuated from these places were
concerned about radioactive exposure. Plants died, and animals
were unable to reproduce due to this catastrophe. Inducing
mutations in both animals and plants influenced the genetics of
both species. The irregular branching of stems, weird leaves,
and hues of the plants in the vicinity of the accident were all
signs that something was wrong. Radioactive aerosols are
released into the atmosphere by the nuclear plant's exhaust and
the resulting explosion.
The World Nuclear Website discussed the Chernobyl site and
plant that went into deep details of the whole structure, it
explained how a RBMK 1000 work and operates. After
explaining the site and plant he went on and talked about the
incident in details, he started talking about the incident that
happened on the 25 of April that it was the first nuclear power
plant disaster that ever happened. He moved on to the impacts
that were caused by the accident and how huge waves of
uncontrolled radioactive is being release into the environment.
After speaking about the impacts that Chernobyl has left, he
began by telling us about Chernobyl and its statues and what
have they done with is to this day, it says that there is around
200 tons of unclear waste still remain in Chernobyl reactor
number 4. Finishing his updates on Chernobyl he started taking
about the areas that were evacuated and the areas that are
inhabitable to live in, around 161 thousand people who were
living in areas located around Chernobyl were evacuated and
relocated into other cities. Overall, we think this resource
covers many helpful details about the Chernobyl accident. It
includes graphs and drawings explaining the reactor and what
made it malfunction and how they contained it. The source
included a lot of detail but forgot a huge aspect of the incident

7. which was environmental damage (the radiation effect on the
water supply, the crops, the animals, and the air).
There were many problems that accumulated but the main
problems that led to the disaster is the poor planning and
preforming late safety tests for emergency shutdown for the
plant. This is a test that cuts the power to the reactor and checks
the emergency power supply and how well it operates. After
starting the test, the operators saw that the turbine was losing
power rapidly, which caused a spike in voltage. After the
operators noticed the spike in voltage, they immediately went
and tried to shut down the test but it was too late, when pressing
the shutdown button, the reactor was unstable, and when
activating the shutdown button the flue of the reactor was too
hot, and the control rods that stabilize the reactor went in the
core while the fuel was hot created a reaction that led to the
nuclear materials exploding and opening up the lid of the
reactor which led to radioactive materials going in the sky. The
Chernobyl accident is still the largest nuclear disaster that ever
happened, it left its mark in the world about the safety of
nuclear power plants.
At the time of the incident 28 out of 600 workers have been
killed, according to the source, in the first four months of the
incident due to radiation, many more were diagnosed with
radioactive diseases. Those who were diagnosed with the
disease were exposed to high doses of radioactive materials,
106 workers for the plant were diagnosed with these diseases.
The World Health Organization is concerned about the radiation
materials which are leaking into the sky, due to the rise of the
leukemia in people because of the excessive doses of this
radiation. People who were diagnosed with thyroid cancer were
evacuated to other areas to be treated, around 6000 people who
were living around Chernobyl who were diagnosed with
radiation diseases were moved to get treated for their diseases.
Around 99% were verified and treated for cancer, according to
the statistics mentioned by the author. This accident caused the

8. pollution of large areas in Russia and Ukraine, which is the
Chernobyl accident. Of course, this incident is not without the
side effects that afflicted people with, such as that rates of
depression increased and anxiety after the incident caused fear
for some people as well as addiction to alcohol. Among the
mistakes that led to the accident, the most important of which is
the factory, it must be re-designed in a safe way to protect
people from such frightening radiation. Also from the author
strongest recommendations is that the NRC recommends the
importance of designing reactor systems correctly on the
drawing board and then implementing them correctly during the
construction and maintenance process, motivating plant
management and operating personnel, and more to help ensure
the safety of the public and the environment.
The Chernobyl accident induced a lot of radionuclides into the
atmosphere and subsequently affected the environment. The
deposit nuclides eventually decayed and moved into the
territory. The accident caused adverse effects on humans’
exposure whereby both workers and the general public got
affected by radiation resulted in health effects. The Chernobyl
accident happened in a temperate climate affecting both fauna
and flora. It caused the death of plants and loss of animal
reproduction. Both animals and plants were affected genetically
by inducing mutation in both animals and plants. It was
evidenced through the body of the plants near the area where
the accident occurred, like abnormal branching of stems,
strange leaves, and colors. The accident adversely affected
shelter, air, surface water, and groundwater. Radionuclides
contaminated the current shelter situation around Chernobyl
nuclear plant affecting both people living around this site,
plants, and animals; radioactive aerosols pollute the atmosphere
air through exhaust release and emissions from the explosion in
the nuclear plant site. Surface water was contaminated by
nucleoids near the Chernobyl plant through runoffs into rivers.
Chernobyl accident affected groundwater through water
accumulation inside underground rooms, near pioneer walls, and

9. water infiltration from the nuclear plant site. The Chernobyl
accident affected human health, caused fatal deaths, affected
plants caused morphological abnormalities like change in color
and abnormal leaf size, and adverse effects on environment al
aspects. It negatively affects the atmospheric air that people
breathe. It affected surface water in water points near the
nuclear plant, and the water infiltration from surface water
through the pioneer wall affected groundwater.
The first step of the recovery plan was to contain reactor
number 4. This was done for different reasons, mainly to
continue using the whole plant. The other reason was to reduce
or to stop the harm on the environment and people. So they
focused on reactor number 4, and they started building a shield
around the reactor to control what happened. This shield makes
the plant usable; based on that the plant was still running.
Reactor number 1 was closed in 1997, Reactor number 2 was
shut down in 1991 due to fire, and reactor number 3 was
working until December of 2000. The plant continued its own
job because of that shield, without that shield people will be
harmed more and the plant will be shut down.

10. Resources –
1-
Chernobyl Accident 1986. World Nuclear. Retrieved February
6, 2022, from http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-
library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/chernobyl-
accident.aspx
2-
. 2006Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident
and their remediation: twenty years of experience. Vienna:
IAEA.
5 3-
NRC Web. 2018. Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power
Plant Accident. [online] Available at:
<https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-
sheets/chernobyl-bg.html> [Accessed 6 February 2022].