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ACL’14読み会@京大
NAIST 自然言語処理学(NTTCS研連携)研究室
D2 吉川友也
線形分類問題で言語的構造を正則化として入れる話
•  目的関数
問題設定: 二値分類
•  訓練データ
–  : 素性ベクトル(例: Bag-of-words)
–  : 二値ラベル
正則化項	
 損失関数	
•  log損失:
•  正則化項:
–  Ridge:
–  Lasso:
–  Group Lasso:
言語的構造を
ここに入れる
2	
L(xd, yd, w) = log 1 + exp( ydw>
xd)
Sentence Regularizer
文を単語のグループだと思って正則化をかける
•  分類に効かない文に含まれる単語の重みをまるごとゼロへ
誘導する正則化
•  普通のGroup Lassoと違って、グループ間で重みが重なる
–  これが学習を難しくしている
正則化項:	
D: 文書数、Sd: 文書dの文の数
[Yogatama+ ICML’14]
Yogatama et al., ICML’14
“Making the Most of Bag of Words: Sentence Regularization with Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers” 3
Parse Tree Regularizer
構文木のノードをグループだと思って正則化
正則化項:	
 Cd,s: 文書dのs番目の
文のノード数
•  分類に効かないPhraseごと単語の重みをゼロにできる
例: “The actors are fantastic.”の場合
Group LassoとLassoを足したようなものになる
4
LDA Regularizer
トピックをグループだと思って正則化
正則化項:	
 K: LDAのトピック数
wk: トピックkの単語の重みベクトル
まず、LDAによってトピックと
各トピックに高確率で出現する
単語を抽出
•  分類に効かないトピックの単語の重みをまるごとゼロへ
5
Brown Cluster Regularizer
単語クラスタをグループだと思って正則化
Brownクラスタリングによって、
単語の階層クラスタリングをする
正則化項:	
N: ノード数
•  分類に効かない意味の近い単語の重みをまるごとゼロへ
•  構文木と違って、コーパス全体で一つのクラスタ構造
6
学習: ADMMによる最適化(著者らのICML’14と同じ)
min
w,v
⌦las(w) + ⌦glas(v) +
DX
d=1
L(xd, w, yd) s.t. v = Mw目的関数:
対応する
ラグランジュ問題:
各変数について交互に最適化(ADMM)
v1
v2
v3
v4
例: グループが
4つあるとき
=
M: 単語のグループ割当てを表す
バイナリ行列
M
w
7
近接勾配法によるパラメータ更新則の導出: wの更新
8	
微分困難 微分が簡単 f(w)
1.  微分できる部分 f(w)について、 でwを計算
2.  求められたwをproximal operatorに入れる
Proximal operator
凸関数
関数hがLassoの場合、
vの更新についても同様の導出・操作を行う
実験: トピック分類、極性分類、テキストによる予測
の3種類で評価
•  データセット
–  トピック分類: 20Newsgroupsで二値分類
–  極性分類: Stanford sentiment treebankとUS議会の投票
–  予測: 3年以内の引用予測、法案の提出予測
•  セットアップ
–  parser: Berkeley parser
–  LDA:
•  トピック数K=1000で学習、トップ10単語を抽出
–  Brown:
•  5000クラスタ(トピック分類、極性分類)
•  1000クラスタ(予測)
9
分類・予測性能
•  4つのデータセットで言語的正則化を入れた時最も良い
–  sentenceの結果も著者らの手法なので、
実質的には1つ以外のデータセットで良い結果
10
モデルサイズ(重みパラメータの残存率)
•  重みパラメータの平均残存率
–  parse: 27%
–  Brown: 34%
–  LDA: 19%
11
素性を追加した既存手法との分類性能の比較
12

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ACL'14読み会