Telecentre Operational Manual Pan

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Information and Knowledge System for the Citizens
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Information and Knowledge System for the Citizens

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d¨v·: (+88-02) 8142021
B‡gBj: publication@dnet.org.bd; I‡qemvBU: www.dnet.org.bd

g~j¨: 200.00 UvKv

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Information and Knowledge System for the Citizens: Part - 1: Telecentre Operation Handbook. Published by
D.Net. First Published November 2008. Price: BDT 200.00 only

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cjøxZ_¨ †K‡›`ªi †ÿ‡Î M‡o 11.82 UvKv, †bvqvLvjx‡Z M‡o 5.66 UvKv Ges me‡P‡q Kg wQj †bÎ‡Kvbvq
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K‡i‡Q| 2011 Gi mv‡ji g‡a¨ †`ke¨vcx mve©Rbxb GKwU Z_¨ I Ávb eë¯’v cÖwZôvq eªZx wewUGb I Zvi
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`vwi`ª we‡gvP‡b f~wgKv ivLvi D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L 2003 mv‡j cjøxZ_¨ Kg©m~wPi hvÎv ïiæ nq| 2005
mv‡ji 17 †m‡Þ¤î M‡elYvg~jKfv‡e cÖ_g cjøxZ_¨ †K›`ª (wek¦e¨vcx mvaviY bvg †Uwj‡m›Uvi) ¯’vwcZ nq
†kjveywbqv MÖvg, gsjv, ev‡Minv‡U| ÔawiÎx mgvR Kj¨vY msNÕ ¯’vbxqfv‡e G cjøxZ_¨ †K›`ªwU cwiPvjbvq
AskMÖnY K‡i| 2005 mv‡j †gvU 4wU cjøxZ_¨ †K›`ª ¯’vcb K‡i 18 gvme¨vcx M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ
nq| 2005 mv‡j 28 AvM÷ †_‡K 10 †m‡Þ¤î, 14 w`b e¨vcx cjøxZ_¨ †K›`ª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq GjvKv
†_‡K wbe©vwPZ cÖ_g Z_¨Kgx© cÖwkÿY cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| wW.†bU eZ©gv‡b cjøxZ_¨ †K›`ª ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wewfbœ cªwZôvb‡K KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| 2008 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î ch©šÍ wW.†bU
wewfbœ †gqv‡` me©‡gvU 13wU ÔZ_¨Kgx© cÖwkÿYÕ Ges 4wU ÔZ_¨Kgx© cÖwkÿK‡ì cÖwkÿYÕ mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ
K‡i‡Q|

G mnvwqKvwU we`¨gvb cjøxZ_¨ †K›`ª cwiPvjbv Ges Z_¨Kgx© cÖwkÿ‡Y wW.†b‡Ui `xN©w`‡bi AwfÁZvi
Av‡jv‡K iwPZ| Z_¨ I Ávb eë¯’v wk‡ivbv‡g A‡bK¸wj mnvwqKv µgvš^‡q cÖKvwkZ n‡e| cÖ_g LÐwU
Ô†Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbv mnvwqKvÕ| Z_¨cÖhyw³i weeZ©b bvbviKg D™¢vebx gva¨g m„wó K‡i Z_¨ I Ávb Avni‡Y
bZzb bZzb c×wZ Dcnvi w`‡”Q| GB cwieZ©b AZ¨šÍ `ªæZMwZ‡Z NU‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii myweav GLb wewfbœ
gy‡Vv cÖhyw³‡Z P‡j Avm‡Q| cÖhyw³ mnRjf¨ nIqvq e¨w³ ch©v‡q cÖhyw³i gvwjKvbv mnRjf¨ n‡q Avm‡Q| Zv
m‡Ë¡I Avgv‡ì g‡Zv `wi`ª †`‡k cÖhyw³wfwËK Z_¨ I Ávb Avni‡Yi mvgvwRK Pvwn`v Av‡iv K‡qK `kK
_vK‡e| Z‡e †m¸wji iƒc I eënvi Av‡iv êwPÎ¨c~Y© n‡e| G mnvwqKvwU cÖhyw³wfwËK Z_¨ I Ávb Avni‡Yi
mvgvwRK †K›`ª, hv wek¦e¨vcx †Uwj‡m›Uvi bv‡g cwiwPZ, cwiPvjbvi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii wfwË, mvRm¾v, Z_¨ Pvwn`v wbiƒcY, †mevmg~n Ges †mev cÖ`v‡bi wewfbœ gva¨g I
†KŠkj m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv †`qvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cjøx Rbmvavi‡Yi RxebhvÎv mnvqK Z‡_ï Drm Ges
Z_¨fvÛvi m¤ú‡K© my¯úó e¨vL¨v i‡q‡Q| †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvi mgq, Kg©GjvKv wba©viY c×wZ, cÖPviYv
†KŠkj, cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘wZ I msiÿY Ges Kg©cwiKíbv ˆZwi I ev¯Íevq‡b c×wZmg~n cwic~Y©fv‡e Zz‡j aivi
†Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q G mnvwqKvwU‡Z|

GKwU †Uwj‡m›Uvi mdjfv‡e Ges Kvh©Kixfv‡e cwiPvjbvq cÖavb f~wgKv Z_¨Kgx©i| Z_¨Kgx©i Kvh©µ‡g G
cÖKvkbvwU h‡_ó mnvqK n‡e e‡j Avgv‡ì wek¦vm| Z_¨Kgx© Ges †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvKvix e¨w³, cÖwZôvb,
D‡`¨v³vMY G mnvwqKvwU eënvi K‡i †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbv, cwiKíbv MÖnY Ges ev¯Íevq‡b mvgvb¨Zg
DcK„Z n‡j Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Póv mv_©K n‡e| mnvwqKvwU Av‡iv mg„× K‡i †Zvjvi A‡bK my‡hvM i‡q‡Q e‡j
Avgv‡ì g‡b n‡q‡Q| mnvwqKvwUi Dbœq‡b Avcbv‡ì civgk© Ges gZvgZ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© hv Avgiv
AvšÍwiKfv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z m‡Pó _vK‡ev|

†gvt dinv` DÏxb (forhad@dnet.org.bd)
†kL gvmy`yi ingvb (masudur@dnet.org.bd)
gvngy` nvmvb (mahmud@dnet.org.bd)


m~wPcÎ

c„ôv
cvV 1: †Uwj‡m›Uvi welqK aviYv 13
cvV 1.1: †Uwj‡m›Uvi wK? 13
cvV 1.2: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii wfwË 13
cvV 1.3: †Uwj‡m›Uvi Kv‡ì Rb¨? 14
cvV 1.4: †Uwj‡m›Uvi †Kb ìKvi? 14

cvV 2: Z_¨Kgx© 16
cvV 2.1: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i Z_¨Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 16
cvV 2.2: Z_¨Kgx©i wK †hvM¨Zv I `ÿZv _vKv ìKvi? 17
cvV 2.3: Z_¨Kgx©i KvR wK? 17

cvV 3: †Uwj‡m›Uvi mvRm¾v 18
cvV 3.1: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii AeKvVv‡gv 18
cvV 3.2: †Uwj‡m›Uvi mvRm¾v 18

cvV 4: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii †mevmg~n 21
cvV 4.1: Z_¨ I civgk© †mev 21
cvV 4.2: Avbylw½K †mev 24
cvV 4.3: †mevg~jK Kg©KvÐ 26

cvV 5: †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvi mgqmxgv wba©viY 27
cvV 5.1: †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvi mgq wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 27
cvV 5.2: †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvi mgq wba©viY c×wZ 27
cvV 5.3: mgq wba©vi‡Yi ci KiYxq 29

cvV 6: †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvq Kg©GjvKv wba©viY 30
cvV 6.1: Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 30
cvV 6.2: Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi c×wZ 30
cvV 6.3: Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi ci KiYxq 31


cvV 7: mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Ges e¨envi 32
cvV 7.1: mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 32
cvV 7.2: mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwii c×wZ 32
cvV 7.3: mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwii ci KiYxq 34

cvV 8: Kg©GjvKvq we`¨gvb mgm¨v Ges Pvwn`v wPwýZKiY 35
cvV 8.1: Kg©GjvKvq we`¨gvb mgm¨v I Pvwn`v Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 35
cvV 8.2: we`¨gvb mgm¨v wPwýZ Kivi c×wZ 35
cvV 8.3: we`¨gvb mgm¨v wPwýZ Kivi ci KiYxq 36

cvV 9: Z_¨‡mev cÖ`v‡bi eûwea gva¨g Ges Dcvq 37
cvV 9.1: Z_¨‡mev cÖ`v‡bi eûwea gva¨g 37
cvV 9.2: eûwea gva¨‡gi e¨envi †KŠkj Ges Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi Dcvq 41

cvV 10: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv 53
cvV 10.1: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i Z_¨Kgx© 53
cvV 10.2: w`‡bi wba©vwiZ mg‡q †Uwj‡m›Uvi †Lvjv 53
cvV 10.3: Kg©cwiKíbv Abymv‡i Kvh©µg ïiæ 54
cvV 10.4: w`‡bi Kvh©µg ¸wQ‡q †bqv 55

cvV 11: Rbm¤ú„³KiY, cÖPvi I cÖmvi 56
cvV 11.1: Rbm¤ú„³KiY, cÖPvi I cÖmv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 56
cvV 11.2: Rbm¤ú„³KiY, cÖPvi I cÖmv‡ii †KŠkj Ges cÖ‡qvM c×wZ 56

cvV 12: †jvKR Ávb I L¨vwZgvb e¨w³ wPwýZKiY Ges Z_¨ msMÖn 66
cvV 12.1: †jvKR Ávb I L¨vwZgvb e¨w³ wPwýZKiY Ges Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 66
cvV 12.2: wPwýZ Kivi c×wZ 66
cvV 12.3: wPwýZ Kivi ci KiYxq 67


cvV 13: †Uwj‡m›Uvi eë¯’vcbv 68
cvV 13.1: †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvq Kg©cwiKíbv ˆZwi 68
cvV 13.2: †mevMÖnxZv I †mev msµvšÍ Z_¨ msiÿY Ges cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘wZ 69
cvV 13.3: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii wnmve eë¯’vcbv Ges wnmve cÖKvk 69

cvV 14: †Uwj‡m›Uvi Kvh©µg cwiexÿY I g~j¨vqb 70
cvV 14.1: †Uwj‡m›Uvi Kvh©µg cwiexÿY I g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 70
cvV 14.2: †Uwj‡m›Uvi Kvh©µg cwiexÿY 70
cvV 14.3: †Uwj‡m›Uvi Kvh©µg g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ hv‡ì‡K AšÍf©z³ Ki‡eb 71
cvV 14.4: †Uwj‡m›Uvi Kvh©µg g~j¨vqb 71

mshyw³ 74
mshyw³ 1: †mev MÖnYKvix wbeÜb KvVv‡gv 74
mshyw³ 2: †mev cÖ`vb I A_© MÖnY iwm` KvVv‡gv 75
mshyw³ 3: w`b Ges gvm †k‡l †mev m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ GKwÎKiY KvVv‡gv 75
mshyw³ 4: ˆ`wbK I gvwmK †mev cÖ`vb cÖwZ‡e`b KvVv‡gv 76
mshyw³ 5: cÖwZeÜKZv I Avb‡›ì NUbv cÖwZ‡e`b KvVv‡gv 77
mshyw³ 6: wewfbœ mfvi cÖwZ‡e`b KvVv‡gv 77
mshyw³ 7: B-†gBj I B›Uvi‡bU eªvDwRs †iwR÷vi KvVv‡gv 78
mshyw³ 8: †gvevBj †dvb eënvi †iwR÷vi KvVv‡gv 78
mshyw³ 9: wfwWI cÖ`kb©x †iwR÷vi KvVv‡gv 79
mshyw³ 10: K¨v¤ú Dcj‡ÿ¨ gvBwKs Z_¨ bgybv 79


cÖ_g ce©

†Uwj‡m›Uvi
cwiPvjbv mnvwqKv

cvV 1: †Uwj‡m›Uvi welqK aviYv
G cvV †_‡K Avgiv hv Rvb‡ev
§ †Uwj‡m›Uvi wK?
§ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii wfwË
§ †Uwj‡m›Uvi Kv‡ì Rb¨?
§ †Uwj‡m›Uvi †Kb ìKvi?

cvV 1.1: †Uwj‡m›Uvi wK?
†Uwj‡m›Uvi n‡jv cÖhyw³wfwËK Z_¨ I Ávb Avni‡Yi mvgvwRK †K›`ª| GLv‡b mvaviY gvbyl Rxeb-RxweKv
m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ wel‡q mwVK Z_¨ I civgk© Ges wewfbœ †mev †c‡Z cv‡ib| GB Z_¨ I civgk© †mev Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i wewfbœ gva¨g †hgb Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb, B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw` wb‡R wKsev Z_¨Kgx©i
mn‡hvwMZvq eënvi K‡i msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GKwU Kvh©Ki †Uwj‡m›Uvi mwVK mg‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq mwVK
Z‡_ï cÖevn wbwðZ K‡i Rxeb-RxweKvi gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ mnvqK cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z Kvh©Kix f~wgKv iv‡L|
wewfbœ †`‡k †Uwj‡m›Uvi wfbœ wfbœ bv‡g cwiwPZ, GgbwK cÖwZôvb‡f‡` Gi bvg wfbœ nq| evsjv‡`‡k wW.†b‡Ui
D‡`¨v‡M ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb KZ©…K cwiPvwjZ †Uwj‡m›Uvi¸‡jv ÒcjøxZ_¨ †K›`ªÓ bv‡g cwiPvwjZ|

cvV 1.2: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii wfwË
1
†Uwj‡m›Uvi‡K N‡ii m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i mn‡RB †evSv hvq (cjøxZ_¨ g‡Wj †_‡K msM„nxZ) | cjøxZ_¨ g‡Wj
5wU g~j wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ: Rxeb-RxweKv m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ I ÁvbfvÐvi, Z_¨ I Ávb wewbg‡qi eûwea
1
Raihan, A. (Ed.). (2007). Pallitathya - An Information and Knowledge System for the Poor and Marginalized: Experience from
Grassroots in Bangladesh (abridged version). Dhaka, Bangladesh: D.Net.

13

gva¨g, Z_¨Kgx© (Ávb fvÐvi Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb), gvwjKvbv Ges cÖPviYv I cÖmvi eë¯’v| 5wU
wfwËi mgš^‡q Z‡_ï cÖevn m„wó‡Z cjøxZ_¨ †K›`ª GjvKvi mKj Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ GKwU ¯’vb, hv
mvgvwRK MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv Ges Avw_©K mg„w× AR©b K‡i Pjgvb _vK‡e| GiKg cÖwZôvb cÖwZwbqZ `wi`ª I
cÖvwšÍK Rbmvavi‡Yi Z_¨ I †mevi Pvwn`v wbiƒcY Ki‡e Ges Zv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g
cÖevn wbwðZ Ki‡e|

Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Z‡_ï cÖevn
Access to Information and Knowledge through ICTs
Z_¨ I Ávb wewbg‡q eûwea gva¨g
Multiple Delivery Channels

Askx`vwiZ¡/ gvwjKvbv

cÖPvi I cÖmvi eë¯’v
Z_¨ I Ávb fvÐvi

Infomediary

Ownership
Z_¨Kgx©

Marketing
Content

Z_¨ I Avbylw½K †mev Pvwn`v wbiƒc‡Y avivevwnK Kvh©µg
Need-based Information, Knowledge and Other Services

mvgvwRK I Avw_©K †UKmBKiY
Social & Economic Sustainability

GjvKvi mKj Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ ¯’vb
Common Access Point

†Uwj‡m›Uvi g‡Wj (wW.†bU cjøxZ_¨ g‡Wj †_‡K msM„nxZ)

cvV 1.3: †Uwj‡m›Uvi Kv‡ì Rb¨?
mgv‡R myweavewÂZ bvixmn mKj †kªYx I †ckvi gvbyl‡K g~jZt Z_¨ I civgk© †mev I Ab¨vb¨ cÖhyw³wfwËK
†mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †Uwj‡m›Uvi KvR K‡i|

cvV 1.4: †Uwj‡m›Uvi †Kb ìKvi?
Ÿ eZ©gvb we‡k¦ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i DË‡ivËi weKvk `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb I Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð bvbvfv‡e
BwZevPK f~wgKv ivL‡Q| wKš‘ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv G my‡hvM †_‡K A‡bK wcwQ‡q Av‡Q hv evsjv‡`‡ki
†¶‡ÎI mZ¨, Av‡iv †ewk mZ¨ G‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂj¸‡jvi †¶‡Î;
Ÿ MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z GLbI Z_¨cÖhyw³i welqwU AwaKvs‡kiB ARvbv, hvi d‡j MÖvg I kn‡ii g‡a¨ bvbv w`K
†_‡K eëavb µgkt †e‡oB P‡j‡Q;
Ÿ Gmg¯Í ev¯ÍeZv Ges gvV ch©v‡qi AwfÁZv †_‡K †`Lv hvq cjøxevmxi Rxeb-RxweKvi gvb Dbœq‡bi GKwU
eo evav n‡”Q mwVK mg‡q mwVK I cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ bv cvIqv;
Ÿ mwVK mg‡q mwVK I cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_ï cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z eZ©gv‡b Kvh©Kix f~wgKv ivL‡Q
Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb, B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw` QvovI †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i wewfbœ gva¨g;

14 mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ Z_¨ I Ávb eë¯’v

Ÿ wKš‘ †hLv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl `vwi`ªmxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i, byb Avb‡Z cvbZv dzivq †mLv‡b
Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb, B›Uvi‡bU G¸‡jv AKíbxq;
Ÿ cÖ‡Z¨‡K Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb BZ¨vw` wK‡b evwo‡Z e‡m wb‡R eënvi Ki‡e GUv AviI AKíbxq;
Ÿ GmKj cÖwZK~jZv KvwU‡q mvg‡b GwM‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ †Uwj‡m›UviB n‡Z cv‡i GKgvÎ ¯’vb †hLvb †_‡K
me©mvaviY msMÖn Ki‡e Zv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq bvbv Z_¨| cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
N‡i N‡i Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb, B›Uvi‡bU _vKvi; G¸‡jvi eënvi wewa bv Rvb‡jI mgm¨v †bB,
†Kbbv G Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ memgq _vK‡e GK`j `¶ Z_¨Kgx©;
Ÿ †Uwj‡m›Uvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civg‡k©i gva¨‡g K…wl‡¶‡Î K…l‡Ki Drcv`b LiP Kgv‡Z Ges Avq
evov‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cv‡i;
Ÿ myweavewÂZ gvby‡li miKv‡ii wewfbœ Kj¨vYg~jK myweavi eivÏ KZ I Kv‡ì Rb¨ Zv Rvbv I Av`vq
Ki‡Z †Uwj‡m›Uvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i;
Ÿ ¯’vbxq †jvKR Ávb, wkí I ms¯‹…wZ msi¶‡Y †Uwj‡m›Uvi B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK Z_¨fvÐvi mg„×Ki‡Y f~wgKv
ivL‡Z cv‡i;
Ÿ mwVK mg‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civg‡k©i gva¨‡g RxebhvÎvi SuzwK I ¶q¶wZ Kgv‡Z cv‡i|

15

cvV 2: Z_¨Kgx©
§ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i Z_¨Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?
§ Z_¨Kgx©i KvR wK?
§ Z_¨Kgx©i wK †hvM¨Zv I `¶Zv _vKv ìKvi?

cvV 2.1: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i Z_¨Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?
Ÿ MÖvgvÂ‡j wk¶vi nvi LyeB Kg;
Ÿ AwaKvsk gvbyl Kw¤úDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Rv‡bb bv;
Ÿ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mv‡_ hviv cwiwPZ bb, Zviv †Uwj‡m›Uvi †_‡K wb‡R wb‡R Kw¤úDUvi,
B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Luy‡R wb‡Z cvi‡eb GgbwU Avkv Kiv hvq bv;
Ÿ GgbwK eq¯‹, cÖwZeÜx‡ì c‡¶ GwU Av‡iv Am¤¢e;
Ÿ GQvovI Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mv‡_ cwiwPwZ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y mevi g‡a¨ GKUv fxwZ KvR K‡i hv
¯^í mg‡q KvwU‡q IVv m¤¢e bv;
Ÿ G Kvi‡YB GjvKvi wkw¶Z I cÖwZfvevb GK`j †Q‡j‡g‡q hviv Z_¨Kgx© n‡q KvR Ki‡eb GKwbôfv‡e,
wb‡R‡ì‡K wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡eb mgv‡Ri Kj¨vYgyLx Kv‡R, Dbœqb NUv‡eb Zv‡ì Ávb I `¶Zvi, eënvi
Ki‡eb Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, wbwðZ Ki‡eb Z‡_ï mnR cÖ‡ek, †cŠu‡Q w`‡eb Z_¨ mevi N‡i|
Z_¨Kgx© GKwU bZzb cÖhyw³ wbf©i †ckv|


cvV 2.2: Z_¨Kgx©i wK †hvM¨Zv I `¶Zv _vKv ìKvi?
Ÿ Lye mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges `ªæZ †kLvi m¶gZv Av‡Q;
Ÿ me©‡kªYxi gvby‡li mv‡_ †gkvi gvbwmKZv Ges m¶gZv Av‡Q;
Ÿ mevi wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv AR©‡b AvMÖnx Ges m¶gZv Av‡Q;
Ÿ âh©¨kxj;
Ÿ fv‡jv †kªvZv;
Ÿ ¸wQ‡q K_v ej‡Z cvi`kx©;
Ÿ gvby‡li Kj¨vYKi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z AvMÖnx;
Ÿ mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vwqZ¡‡eva Av‡Q;
Ÿ fv‡jv AvPvi-eënv‡ii AwaKvix;
Ÿ AvÂwjK fvlvÁvb m¤úbœ;
Ÿ GjvKv m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv Av‡Q;
Ÿ gvbyl‡K AvK…ó Kivi m¶gZv Av‡Q;
Ÿ bZzb wKQz Rvbv, †kLv Ges covi AvMÖn Av‡Q;
Ÿ ¯§„wZkw³ cÖLi;
Ÿ m‡ev©cwi wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡‡eva m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb;
Ÿ b~¨bZg GBPGmwm cvk;
Ÿ eq‡mi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb mxgv †bB;
Ÿ bvix Kgx© n‡j fv‡jv, Zvn‡j bvixiv †K‡›`ª Avm‡Z AvMÖnx n‡e|

cvV 2.3: Z_¨Kgx©i KvR wK?
Ÿ gvby‡li mgm¨v âh©¨ a‡i †kvbv, †evSv Ges †m Abyhvqx †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³i wewfbœ gva¨g eënvi K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Lyu‡R †ei K‡i
Zv‡ì‡K Z_¨ I civgk© w`‡q mn‡hvwMZv Kiv;
Ÿ Z‡_ï ¸iæZ¡ Ges AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© gvbyl‡K m‡PZb Kiv;
Ÿ Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ mwVK Z‡_ï cÖevn ˆZwi Ges Kv‡R jvMv‡Z
Zv‡ì‡K AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv;
Ÿ Z‡_ï wewfbœ Drm m¤ú‡K© me©`v †LvuR Lei ivLv Ges Zv RbM‡Yi
Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`qv|

17

cvV 3: †Uwj‡m›Uvi mvRm¾v
§ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii AeKvVv‡gv
§ †Uwj‡m›Uvi mvRm¾v

cvV 3.1: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii AeKvVv‡gv
Ÿ b~¨bZg `yBwU cÖk¯Í Ni _vKv cÖ‡qvRb;
Ÿ Ni msjMœ GKwU eviv›`v _vKv cÖ‡qvRb;
Ÿ GKwU Uq‡jU _vKv cÖ‡qvRb;
Ÿ RbmvaviY mn‡R Avm‡Z cv‡i GRb¨ fv‡jv iv¯Ív cÖ‡qvRb;
Ÿ wbivcËv we‡ePbvq fv‡jv `iRv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb;
Ÿ we`y¨‡Zi e¨e¯’v _vKv cÖ‡qvRb; Nb Nb we`y¨r _v‡Kbv e‡j weKí †hgb †Rbv‡iUi, AvBwcGm _vKv
cÖ‡qvRb| we`y¨‡Zi Afv‡e cy‡iv D‡`¨vMwU †f‡¯Í †h‡Z cv‡i|

cvV 3.2: †Uwj‡m›Uvi mvRm¾v
cÖ_g N‡ii mvRm¾v
Ÿ cÖk¯Í GKwU N‡i (†h NiwU cÖ_‡gB mK‡ji `„wó‡Z c‡o) b~¨bZg GKwU Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM,
†gvevBj †dvb, wcÖ›Uvimn GKwU †Uwej †`qvj msjMœ K‡i mvwR‡q wbb;
Ÿ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq I‡qemvB‡Ui ZvwjKv jvwM‡q wbb;


Ÿ †Uwe‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii gwbUiwU Aek¨B †mevMÖnxZv‡ì w`‡K ¯’vcb Kiæb;
Ÿ B›Uvi‡bU †gv‡WgwU ms‡hv‡Mi ci Ges †gvevBj †dvbwU wbivc` ¯’v‡b †Uwe‡ji Wªqv‡i ivLyb;
Ÿ wcÖ›UviwU Ggbfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiæb hv‡Z wcÖ›U †`qvi ci KvMRwU Avcwb nvZ evwo‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib;
Ÿ †Uwe‡ji cv‡k nv‡Zi bvMv‡j GKwU ZvK ¯’vcb Kiæb †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq LvZv Ges bw_cÎ mvwR‡q
ivL‡Z cv‡ib;
Ÿ †Uwe‡ji mv‡_ K‡qKwU †Pqvi ¯’vcb Kiæb hv‡Z G‡Ki AwaK †mevMÖnxZv †mLv‡b em‡Z cv‡ib;
Ÿ N‡ii Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ GKwU †eÂ Ggbfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiæb hv‡Z A‡c¶gvb †mevMÖnxZv †Uwe‡ji gwbUiwU‡K
†`L‡Z cvb;
Ÿ G NiwU‡Z GKwU Avjgvix ivL‡Z cv‡ib †hLv‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bw_cÎ, hš¿cvwZ Ges DcKiY msi¶Y Ki‡Z
cv‡ib;
Ÿ N‡ii †g‡S KL‡bvB Kv‡c©U wKsev Ggb RvZxq †Kvb e¯‘ w`‡q XvK‡eb bv| G‡Z K‡i N‡i Rbmvavi‡Yi
¯^vfvweK cÖ‡ek weNœ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i;
Ÿ G NiwU g~jZt Z_¨ I civgk© †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ eënvi Kiæb| Z‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡iv wKQz DcKiY
†hgb IRb I D”PZv gvcvi eë¯’v G N‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib|

wØZxq N‡ii mvRm¾v
Ÿ cÖk¯Í wØZxq N‡i b~¨bZg GKwU Kw¤úUvi †`qvj msjMœ †Uwe‡j ¯’vcb Kiæb;
Ÿ cÖ_g Ni †_‡K †bUIqvK© eë¯’vcbvq G Kw¤úDUv‡i B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM wbwðZ Kiæb| Z‡e mvg_©¨ _vK‡j
Avjv`v B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi eë¯’v Ki‡Z cvi‡j Av‡iv fv‡jv;
Ÿ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨fvÐvi G Kw¤úDUv‡i wbwðZ Kiæb;
Ÿ G NiwU g~jZ wewfbœ Avbylw½K †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ eënvi Kiæb;
Ÿ G N‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ d‡Uv wcÖ›Uvi ¯’vcb Kiæb, GKBmv‡_ wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv GLv‡b ¯’vcb Kiæb;

19

Ÿ Avbylw½K †mevi Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZ Ges DcKiY G NiwU‡Z ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib; †hgb: d‡UvKwc †gwkb,
gvwU cix¶v hš¿, i³Pvc gvcv hš¿ BZ¨vw`;
Ÿ Aek¨B hš¿cvwZ Ges DcKi‡Yi wbivcËv we‡ePbvq ivLyb;
Ÿ cvVP‡µi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †Uwej, †eÂ Ges †Pqvi ¯’vcb Kiæb;
Ÿ eB-cy¯ÍK, cÎ-cwÎKv mvwR‡q ivLvi Rb¨ ZvK ¯’vcb Kiæb|

eviv›`vi mvRm¾v
Ÿ eviv›`vq GKwU cÎ-cwÎKv covi †Uwej ¯’vcb Kiæb;
Ÿ eviv›`vq GKwU Z_¨ †evW© (†bvwUk †evW©) ¯’vcb Kiæb| †h‡Kvb weÁwß, PvKwii Lei, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Lei Z_¨
†ev‡W© Szwj‡q w`b;
Ÿ GLv‡b †mevMÖnxZv‡ì emvi Rb¨ †eÂ ¯’vcb Kiæb;
Ÿ eviv›`v msjMœ g~j dUK memgq †Lvjv ivL‡eb hv‡Z †Kvbµ‡gB Kv‡iv cÖ‡e‡k weNœ bv N‡U;
Ÿ cvwb LvIqvi eë¯’v ivLyb|

mvgwMÖK mvRm¾v
Ÿ Ni Ges eviv›`vi †`qv‡j Z_¨ wbf©i †cv÷vi, w÷Kvi BZ¨vw` w`‡q mymw¾Z K‡i ivLyb hv‡Z †`‡L mn‡RB
g‡b nq GwU GKwU Z_¨ †K›`ª| BDwbqb cwil‡ì gvbwPÎ Ges mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ cÖ_g Ni wKsev eviv›`vi
†`qv‡j mvuwU‡q ivLyb hv‡Z mK‡ji `„wó‡Z Av‡m;
Ÿ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii g~j mvBb‡evW© Ggb ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Kiæb hv‡Z iv¯Ívi †h‡Kvb w`K †_‡K mK‡ji `„wó‡Z
Av‡m;
Ÿ †Uwj‡m›Uvi cÖv½Y, eviv›`v, Ni, Uq‡jU memgq cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivLyb|


cvV 4: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii †mevmg~n
§ Z_¨ I civgk© †mev
§ Avbylw½K †mev
§ †mevg~jK Kg©KvÐ

cvV 4.1: Z_¨ I civgk© †mev
gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb-RxweKvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K…wl, ¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv, AvBb I gvbewaKvi, AK…wl D‡`¨vM,
jvMmB cÖhyw³, m‡PZbZv, `y‡hv©M eë¯’vcbv, Kg©ms¯’vb, bvMwiK †mev, wVKvbv BZ¨vw` welqK Z_¨ I civgk©
†mev cÖ`vb †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii cÖavb KvR| Z_¨ I civgk© †mevi g‡a¨ wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv AšÍf©y³:

K…wl Z_¨ I civgk© †mev: wewfbœ dmj, kvK-mewR, dj-g~j, gmjv Pvl, dzj I Jlwa MvQ, grm¨m¤ú`,
cïm¤ú` BZ¨vwì RvZ cwiwPwZ, Pvlvev` c×wZ, ÿwZKi †cvKv-gvKo I †ivMevjvB `gb, AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb
cwiPh©v, mvi eë¯’vcbv, Drcv`‡bi Avq e¨q, msMÖn, msiÿY I evRviRvZKi‡Yi c×wZ welqK Z_¨|
GQvovI gvwU eë¯’vcbv, mgwš^Z Pvlvev`, AvšÍtdmj, km¨ ch©vq, K…wl hš¿cvwZ cwiwPwZ, K…wl‡Z mdjZvi
Kvwnbx welqK Z_¨ eënvi K‡i GKw`‡K †hgb GKRb K…wlRxex fv‡jv Drcv`b †c‡Z cv‡ib wVK †Zgwb
K…wl †mev cÖ`vbKvix e¨w³ wKsev cÖwZôvb G Z_¨ eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì †mevi gvb AviI DbœZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

¯^v¯’¨ Z_¨ I civgk© †mev: wewfbœ †ivMevjvB‡qi KviY, cÖwZKvi, cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v, ¯^v¯’¨hZœ, cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv
eë¯’v welqK Z_¨ Ges ¯^v¯’¨ civgk© MÖnY K‡i RbmvaviY DcK…Z n‡eb GgbwK ¯^v¯’¨‡mev cÖ`vbKvix wewfbœ
cÖwZôvb wKsev ¯^v¯’¨Kg©x G Z_¨ eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì †mevi gvb AviI DbœZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

21

wkÿv Z_¨ I civgk© †mev: QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì gv‡S wkÿvi wewfbœ cwimi Ges bvbvb my‡hvM msµvšÍ Z_¨| †`‡k I
†`‡ki evB‡i wewfbœ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b cov‡kvbvi my‡hvM, wkÿv e„wË I wkÿv FY msµvšÍ Z_¨, ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
cvVvMvi msµvšÍ Z_¨, cÖwZeÜx‡ì AwaKvi I my‡hvM msµvšÍ bvbv ai‡bi Z_¨| G welqK Z_¨ msMÖn Ges
eënvi K‡i QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì cvkvcvwk wkÿK, AwffveK Ges wkÿv wb‡q Kg©iZ e¨w³eM© DcK…Z n‡eb|

AvBb I gvbevwaKvi Z_¨ I civgk© †mev: Rwg-Rgv, DËivwaKvi, bvix AwaKvi, wkï AwaKvi, wewfbœ AvBb
I AvšÍR©vwZK Kb‡fbkb BZ¨vw` wel‡q Z_¨ msMÖn Ges eënvi K‡i AwaKvi ewÂZ gvby‡liv Zv‡ì AwaKvi
m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ Ges cÖwZKvi cvevi cÖ‡qvRbxq w`Kwb‡`©kbv †c‡Z cv‡ib| cvkvcvwk AvBbRxexmn
gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvq Kg©iZ Kg©x cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I AvB‡bi mnR e¨vL¨v †c‡Z cv‡ib| GUv Zv‡ì
Kvh©µg‡K Av‡iv mvejxjfv‡e Ki‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e|

AK…wl D‡`¨vM Z_¨ I civgk© †mev: Avq e„w×‡Z mn‡hvMx bvbvb c‡Yï (evuk, †eZ, PU, bvi‡K‡ji †Qveov,
KvMR BZ¨vw` w`‡q wewfbœ DcKiY ˆZwii c×wZ; Kvc‡o eøK, evwUK, w¯Œb wcÖ›U Kiv) Drcv`b cÖwµqv,
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb, KuvPvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi AvbygvwbK evRvig~j¨, cÖvwß¯’vb, evRviRvZKiY cÖwµqv
welqK Z_¨ †R‡b Ges eënvi K‡i MÖv‡gi ÿz`ª I gvSvix D‡`¨v³viv DcK…Z n‡eb|

jvMmB cÖhyw³ Z_¨ I civgk© †mev: DbœZ Pzjv, ¯^í e¨‡q evwo ˆZwi, m¨vwb‡Ukb cÖhyw³, cvwb‡K Av‡m©wbK gy³
Kivi Dcvq, Lvevi cvwb msMÖ‡ni Dcvq, †Mvei I eR¨ c`v_© †_‡K ev‡qvM¨vm, K‡¤úv÷ I Ab¨vb¨ mvi ˆZwii
Dcvq, K…wl Kv‡R eëüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi hš¿cvwZi eënv‡ii c×wZ Ges ¯’vbxqfv‡e D™¢vweZ wewfbœ jvMmB I
†UKmB cÖhyw³i Z_¨| G welqK Z_¨ ˆ`bw›`b KvR‡K Av‡iv mnR K‡i Zzj‡Z, M„‡n eëüZ cÖwZwU wRwb‡mi
m‡ev©”P eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z, msmv‡ii e¨q Kgv‡Z Ges bZzb Av‡qi c_ Ly‡j w`‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv ivL‡Z
cv‡i|

`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ I civgk© †mev: wewfbœ `y‡h©vM †gvKvwejvq wK wK c`‡ÿc I cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Ki‡j Rxeb I
m¤ú‡ì ÿqÿwZ Kwg‡q Avbv hvq| `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvq ¯’vbxq wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi `vwqZ¡ welqK Z_¨ Rvbv|
cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM cÖwZnZ Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡jI GmKj m‡PZbZvg~jK Z_¨ eënvi K‡i Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì
ÿqÿwZ Kwg‡q Avbv A‡bKvs‡kB m¤¢e|

m‡PZbZv Z_¨ I civgk© †mev: bvix I wkï cvPvi, Av‡m©wbK, gv`Kvmw³, aygcvb, Kzô‡ivM, Lv`¨ I cywó,
Mf©Kvjxb I cÖme cieZx© welbœZv, †fRvj Lvevi, wbivc` cvwb, cÖwZeÜx‡ì AwaKvi, mvgvwRK ebvqb,
†fvUvwaKvi, bvMwiK AwaKvi, cwjw_b eënvi, ¯‹z‡j wkïi kvixwiK kvw¯Í BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZvg~jK
Z_¨ Rb‡Mvôx‡K Av‡iv m‡PZb Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡e| MÖvg ch©v‡q Kg©iZ Dbœqb msMV‡bi
Kg©xe„‡›ì Rb¨ mnvqK f‚wgKv ivL‡e|

Kg©ms¯’vb Z_¨ I civgk© †mev: †h‡Kvb e¨w³ Zvi †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx Luy‡R wb‡Z cvi‡eb cQ›`bxq wel‡q wKsev
cÖwZôv‡b PvKwii Lei msµvšÍ we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨|


wVKvbv Z_¨ I civgk© †mev: ¯’vbxq I RvZxq ch©v‡q †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi bvg, we¯ÍvwiZ wVKvbv, Zv‡ì
cÖ`vbK…Z wewfbœ †mev Ges †mevi m¤¢ve¨ LiP mn‡RB Rvbv hv‡e| G Z_¨fvÐvi GKw`‡K †hgb mK‡ji
g~jëvb mgq euvPv‡e Ab¨w`‡K †mev MÖn‡Yi LiP Kg‡e, cvkvcvwk †mev`vbKvix cÖwZôvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK
evRv‡i wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡j Zv‡ì †mevi gvb Av‡iv DbœZ Ki‡e|
bvMwiK †mev Z_¨ I civgk© †mev: cvm‡cvU©, wfmv, WªvBwfs jvB‡mÝ, wRwW Kiv BZ¨vw` welqK c×wZ Rvbvi
gva¨‡g ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©µg A‡bK mnR n‡e| miKvi KZ©©„K cÖ`Ë wewfbœ Kvh©µg †hgb: eq¯‹fvZv, wfwRGd
KvW©, c½yfvZv BZ¨vw` cvIqvi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ †R‡b RbmvaviY h‡_ó DcK…Z n‡eb|
Z_¨ I civgk© †mev cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY
†mevmg~n cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY
B›Uvi‡bU Qvov wmwW †_‡K Z_¨ Kwc K‡i Z_¨fvÐvi M‡o Zzjyb Ges Zv Kw¤úDUvi, evsjv
Z_¨fvÐvi, wcÖ›Uvi
eënvi K‡i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civgk© w`b
[†Uwj‡m›Uv‡i e‡m K…wl, nuvm-gyiwM, cïcvjb, grm¨, ¯^v¯’¨hZœ, wkÿv, AvBb I
gvbevwaKvi, AK…wl D‡`¨vM, jvMmB cÖhyw³, m‡PZbZv, wVKvbv, bvMwiK †mev
BZ¨vw` wel‡q Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`vb]
B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civgk© Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU
ms‡hvM †gv‡Wg I wmg,
I‡qe wW‡i±wi, wcÖ›Uvi
gvbevwaKvi, AK…wl D‡`¨vM, jvMmB cÖhyw³, m‡PZbZv, wVKvbv, bvMwiK †mev,
PvKwi, wewfbœ cixÿvi djvdj BZ¨vw` wel‡q Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`vb]
AwWI-wfwWI Ges Gwb‡gkb Z_¨fvÐvi eënvi K‡i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Kw¤úDUvi, wewfbœ
wel‡q AwWI-wfwWI
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civgk©
Z_¨fvÐvi, Gwb‡gkb
Z_¨fvÐvi
gvbevwaKvi, AK…wl D‡`¨vM, jvMmB cÖhyw³, m‡PZbZv bvMwiK †mev BZ¨vw` wel‡q
Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`vb]
eB-cy¯ÍK, cÎ-cwÎKv eënvi K‡i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I mswkøó eB-cy¯ÍK, cÎ-
cwÎKv, eB-cy¯ÍK ivLvi
civgk©
ZvK
gvbevwaKvi, AK…wl D‡`¨vM, jvMmB cÖhyw³, m‡PZbZv, bvMwiK †mev BZ¨vw` wel‡q
Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`vb]
†gvevBj †dvb, we‡klÁ
†gvevBj †dvb eënvi K‡i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civgk©
Ges †níjvB‡bi †dvb
[†Uwj‡m›Uv‡i e‡m Ges evwo‡Z evwo‡Z K…wl, nuvm-gyiwM, cïcvjb, grm¨, ¯^v¯’¨hZœ
b¤î, wcÖ›Uvi
I wPwKrmv, wkÿv, AvBb I gvbevwaKvi, AK…wl D‡`¨vM, jvMmB cÖhyw³, m‡PZbZv,
wVKvbv, bvMwiK †mev BZ¨vw` wel‡q Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`vb]

gy‡LvgywL Avjv‡ci gva¨‡g ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civgk© ¯’vbxq Ges †Rjv ch©v‡q
[†Uwj‡m›Uv‡i e‡m K…wl, nuvm-gyiwM, cïcvjb, grm¨, ¯^v¯’¨hZœ I wPwKrmv, wkÿv, mswkøó wel‡q Kg©iZ
AvBb I gvbevwaKvi, AK…wl D‡`¨vM, jvMmB cÖhyw³, m‡PZbZv, wVKvbv, bvMwiK miKvwi I †emiKvwi
†mev BZ¨vw` wel‡q Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`vb] we‡klÁ

23

cvV 4.2: Avbylw½K †mev
Z_¨‡mevi cvkvcvwk cÖwZwU GjvKvi Pvwn`vwfwËK Avbylw½K †mev †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii gva¨‡g RbmvaviY †c‡Z
cv‡ib| †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i we`¨gvb hš¿cvwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ DcKi‡Yi m‡e©v”P eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z Ges
†Uwj‡m›Uvi Avw_©Kfv‡e †UKmBKi‡Y Avbylw½K †mevmg~n †hvM Kiv hvq|

Avbylw½K †mev cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY
Qwe †Zvjv Kw¤úDUvi, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv,
[QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì ¯‹zj-K‡j‡R wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ Qwe †Zvjv, PvKix Ges wewfbœ d‡UvwcÖ›Uvi/wbKUeZx© GjvKvq
Av‡e`b c‡Îi Rb¨ Qwe †Zvjv, k‡Li e‡m Qwe †Zvjv] wWwRUvj wcÖ›U K‡i Ggb ÷zwWI
myweav
cvwb cixÿv wKU, cvwb cixÿv
gvQ Pv‡l cyKz‡ii cvwb cixÿv
MvBW eB, gvQ Pvl msµvšÍ
[gvQ Pv‡li cyKz‡ii cvwbi wcGBP, Aw·‡Rb, ZvcgvÎv, G‡gvwbqv BZ¨vw`
Z_¨fvÐvi, wcÖ›Uvi
cixÿv]
i³Pvc gvcv hš¿, ¯^v¯’¨hZœ
i³Pvc gvcv
msµvšÍ Z_¨fvÐvi, wcÖ›Uvi
[i³Pvc gvcv Ges wbqš¿‡Yi wewfbœ Dcvq Rvbv]
gvwU cixÿv hš¿, K…wl Pvlvev`
gvwU cixÿv
msµvšÍ Z_¨fvÐvi, wcÖ›Uvi
[Pv‡li Rwgi gvwU cixÿv K‡i gvwUi De©iZv e„w× I dmj wbe©vP‡bi Dcvq
Rvbv]
IRb gvcv hš¿, †`qv‡j `vMvw¼Z
IRb I D”PZv gvcv
D”PZv gvcvi ¯’vb, IRb-D”PZv
[IRb I D”PZv gvcv Ges PvU© †`‡L IRb I D”PZvi mv‡_ m¤úK© †R‡b
msµvšÍ Z_¨PvU©, ¯^v¯’¨hZœ
cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc †bqv]
msµvšÍ Z_¨fvÐvi

wewfbœ cÎ-cwÎKv, Kw¤úDUvi,
cÎ-cwÎKv cov
B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM, wcÖ›Uvi
[Qvcv cÎ-cwÎKv wKsev B›Uvi‡b‡U wewfbœ cÎ-cwÎKv cov Ges mv¤cÖwZK
Z_¨ Rvbv]
Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR I wcÖ›U Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi
[PvKwi Ges wewfbœ Av‡e`b cÎ, `wjj, ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri cÖkœ cÎ, `vIqvZ cÎ,
wewfbœ cÖPviYv cÎ, Rxeb e„ËvšÍ K‡¤úvR I wcÖ›U]

cvwbi Av‡m©wbK cixÿv Av‡m©wbK cixÿv wKU, Av‡m©wbK
[wUDe‡q‡ji cvwb cixÿv Kv‡R eënvi] cixÿv MvBW eB
wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© dig wcÖ›U Ges c~i‡Y mn‡hvwMZv Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM,
[†`‡k we‡`‡ki wewfbœ K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fwZ© dig B›Uvi‡bU eënvi wcÖ›Uvi, I‡qe wW‡i±wi
K‡i bvgv‡bv, wcÖw›Us Ges c~i‡Y mn‡hvwMZv Kiv]
miKvwi wewfbœ dig Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM,
[cvm‡cvU©, WªvBwfs jvB‡mÝ, †cbkb dig BZ¨vw` dig msMÖn, wcÖ›U Ges wcÖ›Uvi, I‡qe wW‡i±wi
c~i‡Y mn‡hvwMZv]


Rb¥ wbeÜb Kiv Rb¥ wbeÜb dig,
[cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i Rb¥ wbeÜ‡b BDwbqb/†cŠimfv cwil`‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv BDwbqb/†cŠimfv cwil‡ì
Ges mK‡ji Rb¥ wbeÜb wbwðZ Kiv] mv‡_ cÖvwZôvwbK m¤úK©
g‡Wj †U÷ †`qv Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM,
[wewmGmmn wewfbœ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvi cÖ¯‘wZg~jK g‡Wj †U÷ wcÖ›Uvi, I‡qe wW‡i±wi
†Uwj‡m›Uv‡i B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i †`qvi my‡hvM]
d‡UvKwc hš¿, d‡UvKwc Kivi
d‡UvKwc
wewfbœ AvKv‡ii KvMR
[cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ bw_cÎ, Av‡e`b cÎ d‡UvKwc]
†gvevBj †dvb, mswkøó †gvevBj
†d¬w·‡jvW/BwR‡jvW/†gvevBj KvW© weµq
†dvb wmg, †gvevBj †dvb KvW©

†gvevBj †dv‡b K_v ejv †gvevBj †dvb
[e¨w³MZ wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b †`‡k we‡`‡k eÜz,
AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi mv‡_ K_v ejv]
ev‡qvWvUv ev Rxeb e„ËvšÍ ˆZwi Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi, ev‡qvWvUv
[PvKwi‡Z Av‡e`b wKsev weevn msµvšÍ Rxeb e„ËvšÍ ˆZwi] KvVv‡gv
wis †Uvb WvDb‡jvW Kiv Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM,
[†gvevBj †dv‡bi Rb¨ cQ›`gZ wis‡Uvb B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K bvgv‡bv Ges I‡qe wW‡i±wi
†gvevB‡j mshy³ Kiv]
Kzwiqvi Kiv mswkøó jvB‡mÝ, Kzwiqvi MvBW
[Kg©GjvKvi Rbmvavi‡Yi wPwVcÎ †`‡ki g‡a¨ wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †cŠu‡Q †`qvi evB
eë¯’v]
wWwf dig c~iY Kiv Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM,
[Av‡gwiKv hvIqvi Rb¨ wWwf jUvwii dig c~i‡Y mn‡hvwMZv] wcÖ›Uvi, wWwRUvj K¨‡giv, I‡qe
wW‡i±wi
†beyjvBRvi eënvi/fvov †beyjvBRvi wKU, †beyjvBRvi
[Kg©GjvKvq GRgv †ivMx‡ì Rb¨ †beyjvBRvi eënvi wKsev fvov †`qv] Jla, †beyjvBRvi eënvi
MvBW eB
B-†gBj Kiv Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM,
[e¨w³MZ wKsev wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b †`‡k-we‡`‡k eÜz, AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi mv‡_ wcÖ›Uvi
†hvMv‡hvM]
†jwg‡bwUs Kiv †jwg‡bwUs hš¿, †jwg‡bwUs
[cwiPqcÎ, m`bcÎ, Qwe BZ¨vw` †jwg‡bwUs Kiv] DcKiY
†bU Uz †dvb Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM,
[e¨w³MZ wKsev wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b †`‡k-we‡`‡k eÜz, AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi mv‡_ mnvqK DcKiY
†hvMv‡hvM]
Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM,
Kw¤úDUvi cÖwkÿY
cÖwkÿY gwWDj
[GjvKvq †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì Pvwn`v ey‡S Kw¤úDUvi eënvi, B›Uvi‡bU eënvi
BZ¨vw` wel‡q cÖwkÿY]
25

GQvov GjvKvi Pvwn`v I Z_¨Kgx©i mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx bZzb bZzb †mev mshy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †hgb ¯’vbxq cY¨
GjvKvi evB‡i mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g †K‡›`ªi Avq e„w× Ges GjvKvi Kg©Rxex gvbyl‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|

cvV 4.3: †mevg~jK Kg©KvÐ
Z_¨ I civgk© Ges Avbylw½K †mev QvovI wewfbœ †mevg~jK Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †hgb -
ev”Pv‡ì‡K wkÿv I m‡PZbZvg~jK KvU©yb Qwe †`Lv‡bv, ev”Pv‡ì Rb¨ cÖvK-¯‹zj wkÿv, eq¯‹ wKsev Kg©Rxex
bvix‡ì Rb¨ mvÿiZv Kg©m~wP, BwZnvm I HwZn¨ Rvbv, ¸YxRb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv, `wi`ª †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì Rb¨
cvVPµ MVb K‡i †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i e‡m cov‡jLv I Ávb PP©v Kivi my‡hvM K‡i †`qv, mvaviY gvby‡li Rb¨
we‡bv`‡bi eë¯’v Kiv|


cvV 5: †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvi mgqmxgv wba©viY
§ †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvi mgq wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
§ †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvi mgq wba©viY c×wZ
§ mgq wba©vi‡Yi ci KiYxq

cvV 5.1: †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvi mgq wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Avcwb †h GjvKvq †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb †m GjvKvq wewfbœ †ckvi gvbyl emevm K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨‡K
wbR wbR Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ˆ`wbK Kg©e¨¯ÍZvi mgqmxgvI wfbœ| cÖ‡Z¨‡K hv‡Z Zv‡ì
myweavRbK mg‡q †Uwj‡m›Uvi †_‡K Zv‡ì Pvwn`vgZ Z_¨ I †mev MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib GRb¨ †Uwj‡m›Uvi
cwiPvjbvi mgqmxgv mK‡ji mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wba©viY Kiv fv‡jv| Gi d‡j mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ
Kiv m¤¢e n‡e Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv evo‡e|

cvV 5.2: †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvi mgq wba©viY c×wZ
Ÿ Avcbvi Kg© GjvKvq †Kvb †Kvb †ckvRxexi emevm Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb| jÿ¨ ivL‡eb †Kvb
†ckvRxex †hb ZvwjKv †_‡K ev` bv c‡ob| jÿ¨ ivL‡eb bvix, wkï, cÖwZeÜx †KD †hb ZvwjKv †_‡K ev`
bv c‡ob;
Ÿ mgq wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K †ckvRxex †kªYxi mv‡_ Zv‡ì myweavRbK mg‡q Avjv`vfv‡e `jwfwËK
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb;
Ÿ `jwfwËK Av‡jvPbvi mgq †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii D‡Ïk¨, Kvh©µg Ges †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvi mgq wba©vi‡Yi

27

¸iæZ¡ mywbwÏófv‡e Zz‡j aiæb Ges Av‡jvPbvq cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiæb;
Ÿ `jxq Av‡jvPbvq wewfbœ gZvgZ Avm‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
gZvg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q mK‡ji Dc‡hvMx mgqmxgv wjwce×
Kiæb| GKBmv‡_ †Uwj‡m›UviwU mßv‡n Kqw`b †Lvjv ivLv
ìKvi Zv Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wba©viY Kiæb;
Ÿ wbw`©ó †ckvRxex †Kb D³ mgqmxgv cQ›` Ki‡Qb Zvi
KviYmg~n wjwce× Ki‡Z fyj‡eb bv| KviYmg~n cieZx©
mg‡q Avcbv‡ì Kv‡R Avm‡e;
Ÿ GKBfv‡e Avcbvi ZvwjKvi mKj †ckvRxexi mv‡_
Av‡jvPbv †kl Kiæb;
Ÿ cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji cÖ¯ÍvweZ mgqmxgv‡K ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i
Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Kiæb Zvn‡j †Uwj‡m›Uvi †Lvjv ivLvi
mgqmxgv †c‡q hv‡eb;
Ÿ mgqmxgv wba©viY wjwce× Ges Zv we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡Pi
bgybv QKwU eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib;
Ÿ Zzjbvg~jK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖvß mgqmxgv wb‡q GjvKvi
Rbmvavi‡Yi mv‡_ GKwU mvaviY Av‡jvPbv Kiæb Ges
mevB‡K AewnZ Kiæb| mvaviY Av‡jvPbvwU BDwbqb cwil`
fe‡bi mfvK‡ÿ n‡Z cv‡i| c~‡e© †hmKj `‡ji mv‡_
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb, mvaviY Av‡jvPbvq cÖwZ `‡ji AšÍZ
GKRb‡K ivLvi †Póv Kiyb| Zvn‡j mvaviY Av‡jvPbv
djcÖm~ n‡e Ges Avcbvi Rb¨ KvRwU †ek mnR n‡e|

bgybv QK: `jxq Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †Uwj‡m›Uvi †Lvjv ivLvi cÖ¯ÍvweZ mgqmxgv (NÈv Abyhvqx)|
mKvj `ycyi weKvj mÜ¨v ivZ
†ckvRxex
2
9 10 11 12 1 3
7 7
5
8 8
6 6 10
4 9
K…wlRxex
w`bgRyi
QvÎ-QvÎx
†eKvi
M„nKg©x
eëmvqx
* cÖ¯ÍvweZ mgqmxgv we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †`Lv hvq †Uwj‡m›UviwU mßv‡n cÖwZw`b mKvj 7Uv-ivZ 10Uv ch©šÍ †Lvjv ivL‡Z n‡e|


cvV 5.3: mgq wba©vi‡Yi ci KiYxq
Ÿ we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ mgqmxgv †K‡›`ªi mvg‡b Ggbfv‡e Szwj‡q ivLyb hv‡Z mK‡ji †Pv‡L c‡o;
Ÿ bgybv QKwU †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii Z_¨ †evW© A_ev †bvwUk
†ev‡W© mvuwU‡q ivLyb;
Ÿ hLbB Kv‡iv mv‡_ Avjvc Ki‡eb ZLbB
†Uwj‡m›Uvi †Lvjv _vKvi wba©vwiZ mgqmxgv Zv‡K
AewnZ Kiæb;
Ÿ cÖwZwU e¨vbvi, mvBb‡evW©mn wewfbœ cÖPvic‡Î
†Uwj‡m›Uvi †Lvjv _vKvi wba©vwiZ mgqmxgv D‡jøL
Kiæb;
Ÿ Avcbv‡`i cwiPvwjZ †Uwj‡m›UviwU hw` mßv‡n
cÖwZw`b †Lvjv _v‡K wKsev †Kvb w`b A_ev we‡kl
w`‡b eÜ iv‡Lb Zv Aek¨B cÖwZw`‡bi mgqmxgvi
mv‡_ ¯úófv‡e D‡jøL Kiæb;
Ÿ †Póv Kiv DwPZ †hb `yB wkd‡U m‡e©v”P cwigvY mgq †K›`ª †Lvjv _v‡K|

29

cvV 6: †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvq Kg©GjvKv wba©viY
§ Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
§ Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi c×wZ
§ Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi ci KiYxq

cvV 6.1: Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
†Uwj‡m›Uvi Kvh©µg mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbvq ïiæ‡ZB cÖ‡qvRb Kg©GjvKv wba©viY Kiv| A_©vr Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨
Ges mvg_© Abymv‡i G Kvh©µg KZwU MÖvg wKsev BDwbq‡b cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡e Zv Av‡MB wba©viY Kiv Riæix|
Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi gva¨‡g mywbw`©ófv‡e Kg©cwiKíbv ˆZwi Ges Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv LyeB mnR n‡e|
Kg©GjvKvi Dc‡i wbf©i Ki‡e KZRb cÖwZw`b †K‡›`ª Avm‡Z cv‡ib Ges Gi d‡j †K›`ª gvbyl‡K †mev †`qvi
†ÿ‡Î m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e wK bv| GQvov Kg©GjvKvi cwiwai Dci wbf©i K‡i
m¤¢ve¨ Av‡qi cwigvY|

cvV 6.2: Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi c×wZ
Kg©GjvKv Ggbfv‡e wba©viY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †hb Z_¨Kgx©iv GjvKvq cÖPvi Kvh© Pvjv‡Z cv‡ib Ges †mev
MÖnxZv‡ì Rb¨ `~iZ¡ †hb evav n‡q bv `vuovq| Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wbgœwjwLZ c×wZ AbymiY Kiæb:
Ÿ cÖ_‡g wba©vwiZ BDwbqb wKsev Dc‡Rjv gvbwPÎ msMÖn Kiæb;
Ÿ gvbwP‡Îi wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b Avcbv‡ì †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii Ae¯’vb (MÖvg Ges ¯’vb) wPwýZ Kiæb;


Ÿ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii wbw`©ó ¯’vb †_‡K KZ¸‡jv MÖv‡g Ges BDwbq‡b mwµqfv‡e Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z Pvb
Zv wPwýZ Kiæb;
Ÿ Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Aek¨B Avcbv‡ì mvg_© Ges †jvKej we‡ePbvq ivLyb;
Ÿ cÖ_g Qq gv‡m 8-10wU MÖvg‡K Kg© GjvKvi AvIZvq Avb‡Z cv‡ib| cieZx© 3 gv‡m Av‡iv 3-5 wU bZzb
MÖvg Kg©GjvKvi AvIZvq Avb‡Z cv‡ib| Gfv‡e Avcbv‡ì Kg©GjvKvi cwiwa evo‡Z cv‡i|

Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î K‡qKwU avc AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| aiv hvK †Uwj‡m›UviwUi gva¨‡g
Avcbviv †gvU 20wU MÖvg‡K Kg©GjvKvi AšÍf©y³ K‡i mwµqfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z Pv‡”Qb| G‡¶‡Î Kg©GjvKv
wnmv‡e cÖ_g Qq gv‡m †Uwj‡m›Uvi msjMœ 8-10wU MÖvg‡K wPwýZ Kiæb| †h MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z wbiwew”Qbœ KvR
Ki‡Z Pvb| Avkv Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h, cÖ_g Qq gv‡m 8-10wU MÖv‡gi mKj Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q Avcbv‡ì
cwiPvwjZ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii evZ©v †cŠu‡Q hv‡e| Zviv †Uwj‡m›Uvi m¤ú‡K© fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡e| †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii
mKj †mev m¤ú‡K© AewnZ _vK‡e| †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii Dci Av¯’v ˆZwi n‡e| †Uwj‡m›Uvi‡K Z_¨ I Avbylw½K
†mev MÖn‡Yi cÖ_g Drm wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡e BZ¨vw`|
G AR©‡bi ci Avcbviv Kg©GjvKv m¤cÖmviY K‡i cieZ©x MÖvg wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e we`¨gvb
MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z †mevmg~n Pjgvb ivLv Ges †eMevb Kivi c×wZ wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
Ÿ Avcbv‡ì cwiKwíZ Kg©GjvKv gvbwP‡Î mwVKfv‡e wPwýZ Kiæb| gvbwP‡Î wPwýZKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g
av‡ci (cÖ_g 6 gvm) Rb¨ GK ai‡Yi is, wØZxq av‡ci Rb¨ wfbœ ai‡Yi is‡qi †kW eënvi Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| GKB mv‡_ gvbwP‡Îi GK cv‡k¦© †Kvb is w`‡q wK †evSv‡bv n‡”Q Zv wjwce× Kiæb hv‡Z mn‡R
eyS‡Z cv‡ib|

cvV 6.3: Kg©GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi ci KiYxq
Ÿ Kg©GjvKv cÖv_wgKfv‡e wba©viY nIqvi ci cÖwZwU MÖv‡gi iv¯Ív-NvU, hvZvqvZ, m¤ú` BZ¨vw`mn mvgwMÖK
wPÎ Avcbv‡ì Kv‡Q _vKv Avek¨K| mvgwMÖK wPÎwU Avcbv‡ì Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi cÖwµqv mnR Ki‡Z
LyeB Kvh©Ki n‡e|
Ÿ AZGe Kg©GjvKv wba©viY nIqvi ci GKwU mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwii cÖwµqv ïiæ Kiæb|

31

cvV 7: mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Ges eënvi
§ mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
§ mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwii c×wZ
§ mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwii ci KiYxq

cvV 7.1: mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
†Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii cÖavb KvR MÖvgvÂ‡j Rbmvavi‡Yi Rxeb-RxweKv m¤úwK©Z Z‡_ï cÖevn ˆZwi Ges Zv wbwðZ
Kiv| Kvh©µg mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Kg©GjvKvi †fŠMwjK I AeKvVv‡gvMZ Ae¯’vb, m¤ú` m¤ú‡K©
¯^”Q aviYv _vKv Avek¨K| GjvKv m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i msiÿY cÖ‡qvRb| G Kv‡Ri Rb¨
mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Ab¨Zg f~wgKv ivL‡e|

cvV 7.2: mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwii c×wZ
mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwi‡Z Kg©GjvKvi mKj †ckvRxexi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiæb| mvgvwRK gvbwP‡Î †evaMg¨
wewfbœ mvs‡KwZK wPý eënvi K‡i wewfbœ †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Ae¯’vb †hgb: ¯‹zj-K‡jR, gv`ªvmv,
gmwR`-gw›ì mn wewfbœ agx©q cÖwZôvb, BDwbqb cwil`, GbwRI Awdm, K¬ve, nvmcvZvj, Lvgvi, Avevw` I
Abvevw` Rwgi Ae¯’vb, b`x-Rjvkq I cyKz‡ii Ae¯’vb, KvuPv I cvKv iv¯Ívi Ae¯’vb, wewfbœ cÖKvi evRvi I
nv‡Ui Ae¯’vb, wewfbœ †ckvRxex m¤cÖ`vq I gvby‡li Avevm¯’j wPwýZ Kiæb| gvbwPÎwU‡Z MÖv‡gi mxgvbv
†gvUvgywUfv‡e AvuKv Riæwi (w`‡Ki wb‡`©kbvmn; cwigvc mwVK nIqv Riæwi bq)| cÖwZwU cÖwZôv‡bi KvR wK
Zv wjwce× Kiæb| †hgb- nvmcvZvj _vK‡j †Kvb †Kvb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv †`qv nq, GbwRI n‡j wK wel‡q
†mev †`qv nq BZ¨vw`|


avc 1: gvV cwiåg‡Yi Av‡M
Ÿ BDwbqb gvbwP‡Î wPwýZ wba©vwiZ Kg©GjvKvi ga¨ †_‡K g‡Wj wnmv‡e 1wU MÖvg wbe©vPb Kiæb;
Ÿ 2-3 R‡bi GKwU `j ˆZwi Kiæb Ges wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv K‡i `vwqZ¡ wVK K‡i wbb;
Ÿ MÖvg cwiågY Kiæb|

avc 2: †`vKv‡b AvÇv
Ÿ wbe©vwPZ MÖvgwU‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki gy‡L cQ›`g‡Zv Ggb GKwU †`vKvb †e‡Q wbb †hLv‡b 5-10 R‡bi Rgv‡qZ
Av‡Q Ges †hgbB †nvK bv †Kb wd¬cPvU© †ccvi Qwe AvuKvi Rb¨ ivLv hvq Ggb myweav Av‡Q| n‡Z cv‡i
GwU GKwU Pv‡qi †`vKvb| Z‡e ïiæ‡Z †Kvb evRvi GjvKv wbe©vPb bv KivB fv‡jv;
Ÿ Pv‡qi †`vKv‡b e‡m Ab¨‡ì mv‡_ Pv cv‡b †hvM w`‡Z cv‡ib;
Ÿ Pv we‡µZvi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi †Póv Kiæb;
Ÿ ch©vqµ‡g Dcw¯’Z Ab¨ e¨w³‡ì mv‡_ AvjvcPvwiZvi gva¨‡g m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiæb;
Ÿ K_v cÖm‡½ Avcbv‡ì cwiP‡qi welq Aek¨B D‡V Avm‡e| Gmg‡q Avcbv‡ì wbR wbR cwiPq ¸wQ‡q
ejyb;
Ÿ Avcwb GjvKvq c~e© cwiwPZ n‡j Avcbvi bZzb cwiPq ¸wQ‡q ejyb;
Ÿ Avcbv‡ì AvMg‡bi D‡Ïk¨ `„pfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|

avc 3: AvÇvi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ AvuKv
Ÿ Dcw¯’Z e¨w³‡ì gva¨‡g MÖvgwU m¤ú‡K© fv‡jvfv‡e Rvbvi †Póv Kiæb| MÖvgwU Avcbv‡ì c~e©cwiwPZ
n‡jI KvRwU h_vh_fv‡e Kiæb| KviY Avcbvi ARvbv A‡bK Z_¨ GLvb †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
Ÿ wd¬cPvU© †ccvi gvbwPÎ AvuKv‡bvi cÖwµqv ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Pv we‡µZv Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Qb G
welqwU Aek¨B wbwðZ Kiæb;
Ÿ Av‡jvPbvi g‡a¨B A‡bK e¨w³ P‡j †h‡Z cv‡ib Ges bZzb A‡b‡K Dcw¯’Z n‡Z cv‡ib| Avmv-hvIqv
welqwU‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Pj‡Z w`‡j †Zgb ÿwZ †bB;

33

Ÿ Z‡e bZzb e¨w³ G‡m GLv‡b wK n‡”Q Zv ïiæ †_‡K Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges Kv‡R weNœ NU‡Z cv‡i|
GRb¨ Av‡M †_‡KB A_©en Ges Lye mswÿß DËi cÖ¯‘Z K‡i ivLyb Ges cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z Pv
we‡µZvi mn‡hvwMZv wb‡j fv‡jv djvdj cv‡eb;
Ÿ gvbwPÎ AsK‡bi KvRwU AskMÖnYKvix‡ì nv‡Z †Q‡o w`b| Z‡e Zviv mnvqZv PvB‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì
mnvqZv Kiæb;
Ÿ AsK‡bi mgq †hme Av‡jvPbv I ZK©-weZK© nq †m¸wj gb‡hvM mnKv‡i †Lqvj Kiæb;
Ÿ ZvrÿwYKfv‡e ev cieZx© KvR¸‡jvi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b n‡j LvZvq wj‡L ivLyb;
Ÿ Gfv‡eB GKwU MÖv‡gi gvbwPÎ ˆZwi cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kiæb;
Ÿ KvR †k‡l web‡qi mv‡_ mvgwqK we`vq wb‡q ¯’vb Qvoyb;
Ÿ GKwU `‡ji gva¨‡g AvuKv gvbwPÎwU Ab¨ K‡qKwU `‡ji g‡a¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i wgwj‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib| Gi d‡j
Avcbv‡ì gvbwPÎwU wbLuyZ n‡e|

avc 4: Kg©GjvKvi c~Y© gvbwPÎ ˆZwi
Ÿ cÖ_g gvbwPÎ ˆZwii ci GKB c×wZ‡Z µgvš^‡q Ab¨ MÖvg¸‡jvi gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Kiæb;
Ÿ cÖwZwU MÖv‡gi Avjv`v gvbwPÎ LvZvi KvM‡Ri mgvb KvM‡R Avjv`v K‡i cybivq my›ìfv‡e AvuK‡Z
cv‡ib;
Ÿ Gici me¸‡jv gvbwPÎ †`‡L GKwU eo KvM‡R (euvkcvZv/wd¬cPvU©) Avcbv‡ì Kg©GjvKvi mgwš^Z
gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Kiæb;

cvV 7.3: mvgvwRK gvbwPÎ ˆZwii ci KiYxq
Ÿ cÖwZwU Avjv`v gvbwPÎ Ges mgwš^Z gvbwP‡Îi Qwe Zz‡j
DËi
ivLyb;
Ÿ m¤¢e n‡j cÖwZwU MÖv‡gi Ges mgwš^Z gvbwPÎ¸‡jv
Kw¤úDUv‡i AvuK‡Z cv‡ib;
Ÿ Avjv`v gvbwPÎ Ges mgwš^Z gvbwPÎ my›ìfv‡e evwa‡q
wb‡Z cv‡ib hv A‡bKw`b wU‡K _vK‡e;
Ÿ gvbwPÎ¸‡jv Aek¨B Avcbv‡ì cwiPvwjZ
†Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii †`qv‡j mK‡j †`L‡Z cv‡i Ggb ¯’v‡b
mvuwU‡q ivLyb;
Ÿ gvbwPÎ AsK‡b MÖvgevmx‡ì mn‡hvwMZvi K…ZÁZv
Rvwb‡q GKwU evK¨ wjwce× K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib|
gvbwPÎwU †`Lvi Rb¨ hviv mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì
mevB‡K †K‡›`ª Avgš¿Y Rvbvb| G‡Z Askx`vwiZ¡ ˆZwi
n‡e|


cvV 8: Kg©GjvKvq we`¨gvb mgm¨v Ges Pvwn`v wPwýZKiY
§ we`¨gvb mgm¨v Ges Pvwn`v wPwýZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
§ we`¨gvb mgm¨v Ges Pvwn`v wPwýZ Kivi c×wZ
§ we`¨gvb mgm¨v Ges Pvwn`v wPwýZ Kivi ci KiYxq

cvV 8.1: Kg©GjvKvq we`¨gvb mgm¨v I Pvwn`v Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
†Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Rbmvavi‡Yi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi
mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ cÖ‡qvRbxq mwVK Z‡_ï cÖ‡ekvwaKvi mwVK mg‡q wbwðZ K‡i Zv‡ì Dbœq‡b f~wgKv ivLv|
Kg©GjvKvq Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ mwVK mg‡q mwVK Z_¨cÖevn wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j, GjvKvq we`¨gvb mgm¨vmg~n
wK Ges wK welqK Z_¨ Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q Zv Aek¨B Rvb‡Z n‡e| we`¨gvb mgm¨vmg~n Ges Z_¨Pvwn`v wPwýZ
Ki‡Z cvi‡j †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbv mnR n‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn Ges msiÿY Kiv mnR n‡e Ges
mvejxjfv‡e ¯^í mg‡q Pvwn`vwfwËK Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvV 8.2: we`¨gvb mgm¨v wPwýZ Kivi c×wZ
Ÿ †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvjbvi mgqmxgv wba©vi‡Y (cvV 5 G e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q) wewfbœ `‡ji mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi
mg‡q GjvKvi Ges Zv‡ì e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q mgm¨vmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb;
Ÿ wK ai‡Yi Z_¨ Ges †mev Avcbv‡ì cwiPvwjZ †Uwj‡m›Uvi †_‡K RbmvaviY †c‡Z Pvq Avjv‡ci gva¨‡g
Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb;

35

Ÿ Mí Kivi cÖwµqvq GjvKvq †Kvb mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZv wKsev wewa wb‡la Av‡Q wK bv Rvbvi †Póv Kiæb;
Ÿ KvR †k‡l web‡qi mv‡_ mvgwqK we`vq wb‡q ¯’vb Qvoyb| Gfv‡e G‡K G‡K mKj †ckvRxex `‡ji mv‡_
Av‡jvPbv †kl Kiæb|

cvV 8.3: we`¨gvb mgm¨v wPwýZ Kivi ci KiYxq
Ÿ we`¨gvb mgm¨v Ges Pvwn`v wPwýZ Kivi ci Zv welqwfwËK Lv‡Z (K…wl, ¯^v¯’¨, m‡PZbZv BZ¨vw`) fvM
Kiæb;
Ÿ †hmKj wel‡q Z_¨ Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q Zv Avcbv‡ì cwiPvwjZ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i msiwÿZ Av‡Q wK bv wgwj‡q wbb;
Ÿ msiwÿZ bv _vK‡j wewfbœ Drm †_‡K msMÖn Kiæb Ges Gmg¯Í Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i wbwðZ Kiæb;
Ÿ A‡bK mgm¨vi mgvavb ¯’vbxqfv‡eB PgrKvifv‡e mgvavb n‡”Q| †m¸wj msMÖn I cÖPv‡i GjvKvi gvbyl‡K
m¤ú„³ Kivi †Póv Kiæb;
Ÿ Gmg¯Í Z‡_ï Dcw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© RbmvaviY‡K AewnZ Kiæb|


cvV 9: Z_¨‡mev cÖ`v‡bi eûwea gva¨g Ges Dcvq
§ Z_¨‡mev cÖ`v‡bi eûwea gva¨g
§ eûwea gva¨g e¨envi †KŠkj Ges Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi Dcvq

cvV 9.1: Z_¨‡mev cÖ`v‡bi eûwea gva¨g
Z_¨‡mev cÖ`v‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv gva¨g i‡q‡Q| gva¨g¸‡jv‡K Avgiv 6wU eo fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi|
Ÿ wWwRUvj AdjvBb gva¨g
Ÿ AbjvBb gva¨g
Ÿ AwWI-wfwWI gva¨g
Ÿ †gvevBj †dvb wfwËK gva¨g
Ÿ gy‡LvgywL e‡m Avjv‡ci gva¨‡g we‡klÁ civgk©
Ÿ eB-cy¯ÍK I cÎ-cwÎKv

wWwRUvj AdjvBb gva¨g: Kw¤úDUv‡i wKsev wmwW AvKv‡i msiwÿZ Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`v‡bi
Dcvq AdjvBb gva¨g wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq| evsjv‡`‡k B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi we¯Í…wZ AcÖZzj Ges †hLv‡b
B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM Av‡Q Zvi MwZ Avkve¨ÄK bv nIqvq Z_¨‡mev cÖ`v‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg gva¨g n‡jv
AdjvBb Z_¨fvÐvi| Z‡e B›Uvi‡bU _vK‡jI me Z_¨ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|

37

evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ cÖwZôvb wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci wewfbœ
ai‡bi AdjvBb Z_¨fvÐvi ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| Zv‡ì g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg GKwU n‡jv Rxqb Z_¨fvÐvi (evsjv fvlvq
cÖ¯‘Z Z_¨fvÐvi)| Rxqb Z_¨fvÐviwU Ggbfv‡e M‡o
†Zvjv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b i‡q‡Q mnR c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z_¨ Lyu‡R cvIqvi eë¯’v, bZzb D‡`¨vMx‡K AbycÖvwYZ
Ki‡Z wewfbœ †ÿ‡Îi mvd‡jï Kvwnbx, bZzb †Kv‡bv
wel‡q Z‡_ï Pvwn`v ˆZwi n‡j cieZ©x ms¯‹i‡Y
mshyw³i eë¯’v| GLv‡b cÖvmw½K wPÎ ms‡hvwRZ i‡q‡Q
hv‡Z wPÎ¸‡jv †`‡L wbw`©ó Z_¨wU mn‡RB †evaMg¨ nq| Rxqb Z_¨fvÐvi eënv‡ii Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv Ges GwU cjøx Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e Dc‡hvMx, GgbwK Aÿi Ávbnxb gvbylI Z_¨Kg©xi
mnvqZvq Z_¨cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i RxebhvÎvi e¨q Kgv‡Z A_ev Avq e„w× Ki‡Z mÿg nb| Z‡e
†h GjvKvq B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM †cŠu‡Q †M‡Q †mLv‡b B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Rxqb Z_¨fvÐvi eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
†gvU `kwU (10) cÖavb wel‡q †hgb Rxqb-K…wl, Rxqb-¯^v¯’¨, Rxqb-wkÿv, Rxqb-AvBb I gvbevwaKvi,
Rxqb-AK…wl D‡`¨vM, Rxqb-jvMmB cÖhyw³, Rxqb-m‡PZbZv, Rxqb-`y‡hv©M eë¯’vcbv, Rxqb-bvMwiK †mev
Ges Rxqb-wVKvbv wb‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q Rxqb Z_¨fvÐvi|

¯’vbxqfv‡e Avcbv‡ì Kw¤úDUv‡i msiwÿZ wewfbœ wel‡q Z_¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i hv AdjvBb Z_¨fvÐvi wnmv‡e
we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY wnmv‡e ejv hvq †h, †Kvb e¨w³ †Uwj‡m›Uvi †_‡K cÖwZeÜx‡ì wkÿv welqK
Z_¨ Rvb‡Z Pvq| Avcwb hw` Kw¤úDUv‡i msiwÿZ Z_¨fvÐvi eënvi K‡i D³ e¨w³‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨
cÖ`vb K‡ib Zvn‡j Zv AdjvBb gva¨g wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq|

†Kv_vq, KLb G ai‡Yi wWwRUvj AdjvBb Z_¨fvÐvi cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q †LuvR ivLyb Ges msMÖn Kiæb|

AbjvBb gva¨g: cª‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ hLb B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq ZLb Zv AbjvBb gva¨g
wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq| Ggb A‡bK wel‡qi Z_¨ i‡q‡Q hv wmwW wKsev Kw¤úDUv‡i msiÿY Dc‡hvMx bq|


cÖwZwbqZ ms‡hvRb Ges ms‡kvab nq wKsev Lye ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx Ggb ai‡bi Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨
mivmwi B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb cixÿvi djvdj Rvbv, wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fwZ© Z_¨ Rvbv,
PvKwii Lei Rvbv, AvenvIqv evZ©v Rvbv BZ¨vwì Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ mivmwi B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb
c‡o|

Ggb A‡bK Z_¨ i‡q‡Q hv Avcbviv Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ ev ¯’vb †_‡K B‡gB‡ji gva¨‡g msMÖn K‡i †mevMÖnxZv‡K
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKsev Bqvû †g‡mÄvi ev ¯‹vBwc eënvi K‡i ZvrÿwYK †hvMv‡hvM NwU‡q Z_¨ msMÖn
K‡i cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GmKj †ÿ‡Î eëüZ gva¨g AbjvBb e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|

I‡qe wW‡i±wi msMÖ‡n ivLyb| ˆ`wbK cwÎKvq †PvL ivLyb| Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq I‡qemvB‡Ui wVKvbv
cÖKvwkZ n‡Z cv‡i|

AwWI-wfwWIÕi gva¨g: wfwWI wPÎ, Z_¨‡mev cÖ`v‡bi Ab¨Zg GKwU gva¨g †hgb, †gvgevwZ ˆZwi wKsev
Kvc‡o eøK Kivi c×wZ c‡o Rvbvi PvB‡Z Zv wPÎ †`‡L I ï‡b Rvbv (wfwWI wPÎ) A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Kix|
we‡kl K‡i eq¯‹, †jLvcov Rv‡bb bv; Zv‡ì Rb¨ G gva¨gwU h‡_ó Dc‡hvMx| Gi gva¨‡g Zviv welqwU‡K
mn‡RB g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡ib|

we‡bv`‡bi cvkvcvwk wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ wel‡q Z_¨ GLb wfwWI wPÎ wKsev Gwb‡gkb AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ
n‡”Q| †iwWI Ges †Uwjwfk‡b Rxeb-RxweKv m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ wel‡q Abyôvb cÖPvwiZ nq| hv †_‡K gvbyl Zvi
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †c‡q A‡bKfv‡e DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡ib| wewfbœ KvU©yb Qwei gva¨‡g wkÿYxq Ges
m‡PZbZvg~jK A‡bK welq cÖKvwkZ nq, hv Z_¨ cÖevn m„wói Ab¨Zg gva¨g| N‡i e‡m wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
`ªe¨vw` ˆZwi welqK wfwWI wPÎ cvIqv hvq| †h wfwWI wPÎ †`‡L cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i gvbyl bZzb
eëmvwqK Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i Rxeb wbe©vn Ges cwiev‡ii DcvR©b evov‡Z cv‡ib|

†Kv_vq, KLb G ai‡Yi AwWI-wfwWI, Gwb‡gkb Z_¨fvÐvi cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q †LuvR ivLyb Ges msMÖn
Kiæb| †iwWI Ges wUwf‡Z mvaviY gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxq Abyôvb KLb cÖPvi nq Zvi ZvwjKv ivLyb|
Abyôvb wb‡Riv †`Lyb, GjvKvevmx‡K Zv AewnZ Kiæb Ges †`L‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiæb|

39

†gvevBj †dvb wfwËK gva¨g: hviv kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx, mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZv Ges msmv‡i wewfbœ e¨¯ÍZvi
Kvi‡Y †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i Avm‡Z Amg_©¨ wKsev mvg_©¨ _vK‡jI †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i Zvi Pvwn`vg‡Zv Z_¨ bv _vKvi
Kvi‡Y †hb Z_¨‡mev cvIqv †_‡K ewÂZ bv nb †mRb¨ †gvevBj †dvb wfwËK gva¨g (†níjvBb) Kvh©Kix
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi wKQz wel‡qi ch©vß Z_¨ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i _vKv m‡Ë¡I we‡klÁ civg‡k©i
cÖ‡qvRb nq †m‡ÿ‡ÎI †níjvBb Kvh©Kix f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i wb‡qvwRZ Z_¨Kgx© cÖwZw`b
†gvevBj wb‡q wewfbœ MÖv‡g hv‡eb| âh©¨mnKv‡i MÖvgevmx‡K †Uwj‡m›Uvi I Z_¨‡mevi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K©
†evSv‡eb Ges Zv‡ì‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †c‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb| Z_¨Kgx© MÖvgevmx‡K †níjvB‡b †dvb
K‡i we‡kl‡Ái mv‡_ Zvi mgm¨v wb‡q civgk© Ki‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb| MÖvgevmx PvB‡j wb‡R †_‡KB
mivmwi †níjvB‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨ I civgk© †c‡Z cv‡ib| †`‡k cwiPvwjZ †níjvB‡bi g‡a¨ 2004 mv‡j
wW.†bU K…wl, grm¨, nvum-gyiwM I Mevw`cï, ¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv, AvBb I gvbevwaKvi BZ¨vw` wel‡q †níjvB‡bi
gva¨‡g Z_¨ I civgk© †mev cÖ`v‡b †gvevBj †dv‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i| M‡elYvi mdjZvi
wfwË‡Z eZ©gv‡b wW.†bU AvUwU wel‡q (K…wl, grm¨, nvum-gyiwM I Mevw`cï, ¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv, AvBb I gvbevwaKvi,
bvMwiK †mev, AK…wl A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ) †níjvBb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| wW.†b‡Ui KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZvq
cwiPvwjZ †Uwj‡m›Uvi mg~n G †níjvBb eënvi Ki‡Q| wW.†b‡Ui M‡elYvi djvdj‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q 2005
mv‡j MÖvgxY †dvb †nj&_ †níjvBb Pvjy K‡i| m¤cÖwZ 2008 mv‡j Rvcvb-evsjv‡`k nvmcvZvj †nj&_
†níjvBb Pvjy K‡i‡Q|

†níjvBb †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU †_‡K †mev cÖvwßi c×wZ †R‡b wbb| bZzb †Kvb †níjvBb
Pvjy n‡”Q wK bv †LuvR ivLyb|

gy‡LvgywL Avjv‡ci gva¨‡g we‡klÁ civgk©: wKQz wel‡q
Z_¨ Ges civg‡k©i Rb¨ we‡kl‡Ái mv‡_ gy‡LvgywL e‡m
Avjv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb K…wlRxexiv †Kvb GKwU
dm‡ji Pvlvev` wb‡q `xN©w`b †_‡K mgm¨vq Av‡Qb| G
wel‡q ¯’vbxq Ges †Rjv ch©v‡q K…wl wel‡q Kg©iZ I
AwfÁ wKsev wbKU¯’ †Rjvq wba©vwiZ wel‡q Kg©iZ I


AwfÁ e¨w³ wKsev mK‡ji mgš^‡q K…wl wel‡q K¨v¤ú Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| K¨v‡¤úi gva¨‡g K…wlRxexiv
we‡klÁ I AwfÁ‡ì mv‡_ gy‡LvgywL e‡m Avjv‡ci gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civgk© cv‡eb| GKBfv‡e
¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv, AvBb I gvbevwaKvi wKsev AK…wl D‡`¨vM wel‡q K¨v¤ú Av‡qvR‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨ I civgk© †mev
cÖ`v‡bi GwU Ab¨Zg gva¨g|

AwfÁ I we‡kl‡Ái mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ivLyb Ges †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i wbqwgZ Zv‡ì Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiæb|

eB-cy¯ÍK I cÎ-cwÎKv: eB-cy¯Í‡K ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| GgbwK
msev`cÎ wKsev cwÎKv‡Z wbqwgZ K…wl, ¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv, Kg©ms¯’vb BZ¨vw` wel‡q Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ nq| A‡bK
cÖwZôvb cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ wjd‡jU AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i| Gmg¯Í gva¨g †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Ges Kvh©Kix Z_¨
msiÿY K‡i Zv mn‡RB Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

welqwfwËK wewfbœ cwÎKv cÖKv‡ki †LuvR ivLyb Ges msMÖn Kiæb|

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bytesforall_readers@yahoogroups.com
bangladesh_telecentre_network@yahoogroups.com
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DwjøwLZ B‡gj MÖæ‡ci m`m¨ †nvb
nvjbvMv` Z_¨ Rvbyb
nvjbvMv` Z_¨ Rvb‡Z B‡gBj Kiæb
Avcbv‡ì †Uwj‡m›Uvi m¤ú‡K© Aci‡K Rvbvb
Ab¨ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ivLyb|

cvV 9.2: eûwea gva¨‡gi eënvi †KŠkj Ges Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi Dcvq
cÖ‡Z¨K Z_¨Kgx©i wKsev †Uwj‡m›Uvi cwiPvj‡Ki `vwqZ¡ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i AvMZ e¨w³eM©‡K Z_¨ I civgk© Ges
Ab¨vb¨ †mev cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡ì‡K DcK…Z Kiv| †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i AvMZ e¨w³‡ì mv‡_ my›ì I AgvwqK eënvi
Kiv Ges †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii †mev m¤ú‡K© Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv, wek¦vm Ges Av¯’v m„wó Kiv| wbw`©ó wel‡q
Z_¨ I civgk© Ges Avbylw½K †mev cÖ`v‡bi Av‡M wbgœwjwLZ avçwj AbymiY Kiæb|

avc 1: Rbmvavi‡Yi AvMgb I Kzkj wewbgq
Ÿ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i †Kvb e¨w³ Avmvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kzkj wewbgq Kiæb;
Ÿ wZwb Kx cÖ‡qvR‡b †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i G‡m‡Qb Zv web‡qi mv‡_ wRÁvmv Kiæb;
Ÿ g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i Zvi K_v ïbyb;

41

Ÿ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i GKmv‡_ A‡b‡K Avm‡j AvMZ
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mv‡_ Kzkj wewbgq Kiæb Ges eviv›`vq
wKsev N‡i myk„•Ljfv‡e em‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Kiæb;
Ÿ cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î Zuv‡ì‡K †bvwUk‡evW©/Z_¨‡evW©,
ey‡jwUb, Le‡ii KvMR BZ¨vw` co‡Z Aby‡iva
Kiæb|

avc 2: †mevMÖn‡Y AvMÖnx e¨w³i bvg wbeÜb
Ÿ A‡cÿviZ e¨w³eM© Av‡M †Uwj‡m›Uvi †_‡K †Kvb ai‡bi †mev MÖnY K‡i‡Q wK bv Zv †R‡b wbb;
Ÿ c~‡e© †mev bv wb‡q _vK‡j †mev MÖnYKvixi bvg I we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨mn
wba©vwiZ LvZvq Aek¨B wbeÜb Kiæb| AvBwW b¤î mn bZzb
†mevKvW© cÖ`vb Kiæb; (wbeÜb LvZvi bgybv mshyw³ 1 G †`Lyb)
Ÿ c~‡e© †mev MÖnY K‡i _vK‡j mv‡_ †mevKvW© G‡b‡Q wK bv †R‡b wbb;
Ÿ †mevKvW© Avb‡Z fy‡j †M‡j Zvi KvQ †_‡K AvBwW b¤î Rvb‡Z †Póv
Kiæb;
Ÿ Zv m¤¢e bv n‡j †iwR÷vi LvZv †_‡K Zvi AvBwW b¤î †ei K‡i `ªæZZvi mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR †m‡i wbb;
Ÿ †mevMÖnxZv †mevKvW©wU †hb hZœ mnKv‡i iv‡Lb Ges cieZx©‡Z †mev wb‡Z Avmvi mgq mv‡_ wb‡q Av‡mb
Zv ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i AewnZ Kiæb|

wbeÜb Ges AvBwW b¤î cÖ`vb †Kb Ki‡eb
Ÿ †Kvb ai‡bi e¨w³eM© (†ckv, eqm, wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv, wj½, Avqmxgv Abymv‡i) †Uwj‡m›Uvi †_‡K †mev
MÖnY Ki‡Qb Zv we‡kølY K‡i bZzb †KŠkj wba©vi‡Y mnvqK n‡e;
Ÿ †mevMÖnxZv‡ì evwo Lyu‡R †ei Kiv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †cŠu‡Q w`‡Z mnvqK n‡e;
Ÿ †mevMÖnxZv‡ì mn‡RB wPwýZ Kiv mnR n‡e;
Ÿ evievi eënviKvix‡ì wPwýZ Ki‡Z myweav n‡e, hv g~j¨vqb M‡elYvq mnvqK n‡e|

AvBwW b¤î cÖ`vb c×wZ
Ÿ GKRb‡K GKwUi AwaK AvBwW b¤î †`qv hv‡e bv;
Ÿ AvBwW b¤î cÖ`v‡b †h‡Kvb µgc×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| D`vniY wnmv‡e cjøxZ_¨ †K‡›`ªi AvBwW
b¤î cÖ`vb c×wZ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv
Ÿ cÖ_g R‡bi AvBwW b¤î n‡e SU-K-1-1, GLv‡b
§ SU = Service User (†mev MÖnYKvix)
§ K= wefv‡Mi Bs‡iwR bv‡gi cÖ_g eY© †hgb: †K›`ªwU Lyjbv wefv‡M n‡j Zvi Rb¨ K, †K›`ªwU ivRkvnx


§ wefv‡M n‡j Zvi Rb¨ R, †K›`ªwU PÆMÖvg wefv‡M n‡j Zvi Rb¨ C, †K›`ªwU XvKv wefv‡M n‡j Zvi Rb¨
D, †K›`ªwU ewikvj wefv‡M n‡j Zvi Rb¨ B Ges †K›`ªwU wm‡jU wefv‡M n‡j Zvi Rb¨ S n‡e|
§ cieZx© 1 = †K›`ªwUi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ b¤î, wba©vwiZ b¤îwU mivmwi wW.†bU †_‡K cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
§ Gi cieZx© msL¨v n‡”Q †mevMÖnxZvi µwgK bšî|
Ÿ AvBwW b¤^‡i - wPýwU eënvi Avek¨K

avc 3: Kvw•ÿZ †mevMÖnxZvi Pvwn`v Rvbv
Ÿ AvMZ e¨w³i cÖkœ g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïbyb Ges aib Abyhvqx eë¯’v wbb;

wZwb hw` Z_¨ I civgk© Pvb Zvn‡j
§ cÖkœ Abymv‡i †evSvi †Póv Kiæb Kw¤úDUv‡ii
AdjvBb Z_¨fvÐv‡i G Z_¨ Av‡Q wK bv?
§ A_ev †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i msiwÿZ eB-cy¯Í‡K Z_¨
Av‡Q wK bv?
§ A_ev B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i G cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qv
hv‡e wK bv?
§ A_ev wfwWI wPÎ †`wL‡q DËi Kiv hv‡e wK bv?
§ A_ev ¯’vbxqfv‡e msM„nxZ I msiwÿZ
Z_¨fvÐvi †_‡K G Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e wK bv?
§ Dc‡ii †Kvb gva¨g Dc‡hvMx bv n‡j
†níjvB‡bi mn‡hvwMZv wbb;
§ †mevi g~j¨gvb m¤ú‡K© Av‡M †_‡KB cwi®‹vi
aviYv w`b|
Ÿ †mev MÖnYKvix‡K †`‡L †evSvi †Póv Kiæb A_ev
AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ †R‡b wbb wZwb Kw¤úDUvi eënvi
Ki‡Z cv‡ib wK bv?
Ÿ †mev MÖnYKvix PvB‡j Z_¨ †LuvRvi Rb¨ Zv‡K
Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Ki‡Z w`b;
Ÿ hw` wZwb Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j Zv‡K
gwbU‡ii mvg‡b em‡Z Aby‡iva Kiæb Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Luy‡R †c‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Kiæb;
Ÿ Kw¤úDUvi eënvi bv Rvb‡j Avcwb Kw¤úDUv‡i
e‡m Zv‡K cv‡k emvb, hv‡Z Avcwb wKfv‡e Z_¨
LuyR‡Qb wZwb Zv †`L‡Z cv‡ib;

43

Ÿ wZwb hw` eB-cy¯ÍK †_‡K wb‡R cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ wb‡R Luy‡R wb‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j wbw`©ó eB-cy¯ÍK Zvi nv‡Z
w`b Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Luy‡R †c‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Kiæb|

wZwb hw` Avbylw½K †mev Pvb Zvn‡j
§ †mevi aib Abymv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Kiæb|

avc 3.1: Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`v‡b hw` AdjvBb Z_¨fvÐvi eënvi Ki‡Z nq
AdjvBb Z_¨fvÐvi eënvi K‡i Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`v‡bi avcmg~n wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv| GLv‡b D`vniY
wnmv‡e Rxqb Z_¨fvÐvi‡K eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

avc 3.1 K)
Ÿ cÖkœ Abyhvqx Z_¨fvÐv‡ii wbw`©ó welq (K…wl, ¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv BZ¨vw`) †_‡K mwVKfv‡e DËi Luy‡R †ei Kiæb;
Ÿ aiæb †KD GKRb mgm¨v wb‡q G‡m ej‡jb, ÔAvgvi Rwg‡Z †e¸‡b †cvKv AvµgY K‡i‡Q| d‡j †e¸b
bó n‡q hv‡”Q| GLb Avwg wK Kie?Õ

Avcwb hv Ki‡eb: cÖkœKvixi Kv‡Q Zvi mgm¨v wel‡q
cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡iv wKQz Z_¨ Rvbvi _vK‡j AvšÍwiKZvi
mv‡_ †R‡b wbb| Ah_v Zvovû‡ov bv K‡i cÖkœwU K…wli
†Kvb Lv‡Z c‡o Zv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †evSvi †Póv Kiæb|
Gici Rxqb K…wl (†h‡nZz †e¸b K…wl wel‡q AšÍfy©³)
Z_¨fvÐvi †_‡K wbgœwjwLZ Dcv‡q wbw`©ó cÖ‡kœi DËi
Lyu‡R cÖkœKZ©v‡K civgk© w`b|

Rxqb †nvg‡c‡R K…wl NiwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| GLv‡b gvV
dmj, kvK-mewR, dj-g~j, grm¨m¤ú`, nvmu-gyiwM I
Mevw`cï, gmjv, dzj Jlwa MvQ, gvwU eë¯’vcbv,
mgwš^Z Pvlvev` bv‡g wewfbœ welq †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
Gici DwjøwLZ cÖkœwU †Kvb wel‡qi AšÍfy©³ Zv ey‡S
wK¬K Kiæb|

†e¸b †h‡nZz kvK-mewR wel‡q AšÍfy©³ †m‡nZz Z_¨
Lyu‡R cvevi Rb¨ kvK-mewR N‡i GKevi wK¬K Kiæb|


kvK-mewR NiwU‡Z wK¬K Kivi ci GLv‡b †e¸b,
U‡g‡Uv, Kijv BZ¨vw` †jLv GKwU †Uwej cv‡eb| GLv‡b
†e¸b NiwU‡Z GKevi wK¬K Kiæb|

GLv‡b RvZ, Pvlvev` c×wZ, ÿwZKi †cvKv-gvKo I
Zv‡ì `gb eë¯’v, †ivM I Zvi cÖwZKvi BZ¨vwì Avi
GKwU †Uwej Av‡Q|

cÖkœKvixi mgm¨v †h‡nZz Ô†e¸‡bi †cvKvÕ wb‡q †m‡nZz
ÿwZKi †cvKv-gvKo I Zv‡ì `gb eë¯’v N‡i wK¬K
Ki‡j we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ cv‡eb|

GLv‡b †e¸‡b †cvKv AvµgY Ki‡j wK jÿY †`Lv hvq
Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| GLb cÖkœKvixi mgm¨v¸‡jvi mv‡_
wgwj‡q †`Lyb| GKBmv‡_ cÖkœKvix‡K †cvKvi Qwe
†`wL‡q, †Kvb †cvKvi AvµgY K‡i‡Q Zv wbwðZ †nvb|

Ab¨ †h‡Kvb mgm¨vi DËi LuyR‡Z GKB c×wZ AbymiY
Kiæb|

avc 3.1 L)
Ÿ †cvKvi AvµgY †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z wK Ki‡Z n‡e
cÖkœKvix‡K c‡o ïbvb, Zv‡K fv‡jvfv‡e eywS‡q w`b;
Ÿ cÖkœKvix wVKg‡Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡jv wK bv Zv wbwðZ
†nvb;
Ÿ cÖkœKvix Zvi DËiwU wcÖ›U wb‡Z PvB‡j wcÖ›U cÖ`vb
Kiæb A_ev DËiwU Lye †QvU n‡j Zv wj‡L w`b|

45

avc 3.1 M) †mev cÖ`vb dig c~iY Ges †mevg~j¨ MÖnY
Ÿ †mev cÖ`vb digwU h_vh_fv‡e c~iY Kiæb (†mev cÖ`vb
di‡gi bgybv mshyw³ 2 G †`Lyb)
Ÿ g~j¨ZvwjKv Abyhvqx †mev MÖnYKvixi KvQ †_‡K wbw`©ó
†mevi Rb¨ g~j¨ msMÖn Kiæb Ges iwm` cÖ`vb Kiæb|

avc 3.1 N) abëv` Rvbv‡bv
†Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii †mev MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_
abëv` w`b, †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ †mev m¤ú‡K© AewnZ
Kiæb Ges AveviI Avm‡Z Aby‡iva Kiæb| Ab¨‡ì Avm‡Z
DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z Aby‡iva Kiæb|

avc 3.2: Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`v‡b hw` AbjvBb gva¨g eënvi Ki‡Z nq
avc 3.2 K)
Ÿ cÖkœ Abyhvqx B›Uvi‡b‡U wbw`©ó wVKvbv †_‡K mwVKfv‡e DËi Luy‡R †ei Kiæb|
Ÿ aiæb †KD GKRb G‡m ej‡jb, ÔAvwg wWwf jUvixi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z PvB| GRb¨ Avgv‡K wK Ki‡Z
n‡e?Õ

Avcwb hv Ki‡eb: cÖkœKvixi Kv‡Q cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡iv wKQz Z_¨
Rvbvi _vK‡j AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ †R‡b wbb| Gici cÖkœ
Abyhvqx B›Uvi‡b‡U wbw`©ó wVKvbv †_‡K mwVK DËi Luy‡R †ei
Kiæb| wbw`©ó wVKvbv bv Rvbv _vK‡j ¸M‡j GWfvÝ mv‡P©i
N‡i g~jkãwU (DV Lottery) wj‡L Search evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|

GLv‡b wWwf jUvixi wel‡q wVKvbv cv‡eb| GLvb †_‡K
KvswLZ wVKvbv Abyhvqx wK¬K Kiæb|


†h‡nZz cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨¸‡jv Bs‡iwR fvlvq †m‡nZy Z_¨Kg©x
wnmv‡e Avcwb welq¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e ey‡S wbb Ges
cÖkœKvix‡K evsjvq eywS‡q w`b|

Ab¨ †h‡Kvb mgm¨vi DËi LuyR‡Z GKB c×wZ AbymiY
Kiæb|

avc 3.2 L)
Ÿ cÖkœKvix wVKg‡Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡jv wK bv Zv wbwðZ †nvb;
Ÿ cÖkœKvix Zvi DËiwU wcÖ›U wb‡Z PvB‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq
AskUzKz wcÖ›U K‡i w`b wKsev g~j welq¸‡jv evsjvq wj‡L
w`b|

avc 3.2 M) †mevcÖ`vb dig c~iY Ges †mevg~j¨ MÖnY
Ÿ †mevcÖ`vb digwU h_vh_fv‡e c~iY Kiæb;

avc 3.2 N) abëv` Rvbv‡bv
Ÿ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii †mev MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ abëv` w`b| †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ †mev m¤ú‡K©
AewnZ Kiæb Ges AveviI Avm‡Z Aby‡iva Kiæb| Ab¨‡ì Avm‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z Aby‡iva Kiæb|

3.3 Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`v‡b hw` AwWI-wfwWIÕi gva¨g eënvi Ki‡Z nq
avc 3.3 K)
Ÿ cÖkœ Abyhvqx ZvwjKv †_‡K wbw`©ó AwWI-wfwWIwU Luy‡R †ei Kiæb;
Ÿ aiæb †KD GKRb G‡m ej‡jb, ÔAvgvi evwo‡Z 2wU bvi‡Kj MvQ Av‡Q| bvi‡Kj †QvU Ae¯’vq S‡i
hv‡”Q| wKfv‡e mgvavb Kiv hvq?Õ

Avcwb hv Ki‡eb:
Ÿ cÖkœKvixi Kv‡Q cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡iv wKQz Z_¨ Rvbvi _vK‡j
AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ †R‡b wbb| Gici wbw`©ó AwWI-
wfwWI wKsev Gwb‡gkb wPÎwU Pvjy Kiæb|
Ÿ AwWI-wfwWI wPÎwU †ewk `xN© n‡j †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii Ab¨
Kw¤úDUv‡i wPÎwU Pvjy K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| hv‡Z cÖkœKvix
wPÎwU †`L‡Z †Kvb weNœ bv N‡U|

47

AwWI-wfwWI wPÎwU †`Lv †kl n‡j wZwb Zvi KiYxq
wVKg‡Zv eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb wK bv †R‡b wbb| wZwb hw` wPÎwUi
†Kvb Ask Av‡iKevi †`L‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j Avevi †`Lvb| wPÎ
cÖ`k©bx †k‡l Zvi †Kvb cÖkœ _vK‡j h_vh_ DËi †`qvi †Póv
Kiæb| cÖkœKvix wPÎwU †`‡L †Kvb Ask wj‡L †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb
n‡j eë¯’v wbb|

avc 3.3 L) †mevcÖ`vb dig c~iY Ges †mevg~j¨ MÖnY

avc 3.3 M) abëv` Rvbv‡bv
Ÿ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii †mev MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ abëv` w`b, †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ †mev m¤ú‡K©

mvßvwnK wfwWI wPÎ cÖ`k©bx: †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii Kvh©µg‡K †eMevb Kivi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ wfwWI wPÎ cÖ`©kbxi
eë¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖwZw`b A_ev mßv‡n wbw`©ó w`‡b Dc‡hvMx mg‡q ev”Pv‡ì Rb¨ KvU©zb Qwe Ges wewfbœ
ai‡bi wkÿvg~jK wfwWI †`Lv‡bvi eë¯’v ivLyb| eo‡ì Rb¨ welq wfwËK we‡bv`bg~jK wfwWI †`Lv‡bvi
eë¯’v ivLyb| wewfbœ †ckvi gvby‡li Rb¨ wewfbœ †ckv wfwËK wfwWI wPÎ †`Lv‡bvi eë¯’v ivLyb| †eKvi
hyeK‡ì Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖwkÿY welqK wfwWI †`Lv‡bvi eë¯’v ivLyb| wbgœwjwLZ Dcv‡q mvßvwnK wfwWI wPÎ
cÖ`k©bxi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

avc K) wfwWI cÖ`k©bxi mvßvwnK cwiKíbv ˆZwi
Ÿ wfwWI cÖ`k©bxi GKwU mvßvwnK mgqm~wP ˆZwi Kiæb
†hLv‡b wbgœwjwLZ welq AšÍfy©³ Kiæb:
§ wfwWI wP‡Îi welq;
§ w`‡bi †Kvb mg‡q Ges mßv‡ni †Kvb w`‡b cÖ`k©b
Kiv n‡e;
§ GKB mv‡_ wfwWIi g~j¨ZvwjKvI †hvM Kiæb|
Ÿ mgqm~wP †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii mvg‡b eo K‡i Szwj‡q ivLyb
hv‡Z mK‡j Zv †`L‡Z I Rvb‡Z cv‡i|


avc L) RbmvaviY‡K AeMZ Kiv
Ÿ Z_¨Kgx© hLb cÖwZw`‡bi Kv‡R †ei n‡eb ZLb MÖvgevmx Ges ev”Pv‡ì wfwWI cÖ`k©bxi mgq Ges welq
m¤ú‡©K cÖPvi Kiæb;
Ÿ m¤¢e n‡j cÖwZwU cª`k©bx‡Z Kviv AskMÖnY Ki‡Z AvMÖnx Zv wbe©vPb Kiæb Ges GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi
Kiæb|

avc M) cÖ¯‘wZ m¤úbœ Kiv
Ÿ wba©vwiZ w`‡b Ges cÖ`k©bx ïiæi c~‡e© Aek¨B mKj hš¿cvwZ (Kw¤úDUvi, wmwW, mvDÛ e· BZ¨vw`)
wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q wK bv †`‡L wbb|

avc N) k„•Ljv iÿv Kiv
Ÿ †mevMÖnxZv †Uwj‡m›Uv‡i Avm‡j Zv‡ì mv‡_ Kzkj wewbgq Kiæb Ges Zv‡ì‡K myk„•Lj n‡q em‡Z
mn‡hvwMZv Kiæb;
Ÿ cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î †bvwUk †evW©, ey‡jwUb, Le‡ii KvMR BZ¨vw` co‡Z Aby‡iva Kiæb;
Ÿ c~‡e©i wbqg Abymv‡i †mevKvW© †`Lyb Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b wbeÜb (bZzb †mevMÖnxZv n‡j) Kiæb;
Ÿ cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ †mevdig c~iY, iwm` cÖ`vb I wbqg Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ g~j¨ msMÖn Kiæb|

avc O) cÖ`k©bx ïiæ I cÖ‡qvRbxq cwi‡ek m„wó
Ÿ wK wel‡q wfwWI wPÎ †`Lv‡bv n‡”Q Zv mnRfv‡e e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
Ÿ cÖ‡qvR‡b wfwWI wPÎ PjvKvjxb iæ‡g Ab¨‡ì cª‡ek
msiÿY Kiæb;
Ÿ Kw¤úDUv‡ii gwbUi Ggbfv‡e ivLyb hv‡Z mevi †`L‡Z
myweav nq|

avc P) cÖ`k©bxi ci KiYxq
Ÿ †KD hw` wfwWIi †Kvb Ask Av‡iKevi †`L‡Z Pvb
Zvn‡j Avevi †`Lvb| wfwWI cÖ`k©bx †k‡l †Kvb cÖkœ
_vK‡j †m¸wji h_vh_ DËi w`b|

avc Q) Ab¨vb¨ eë¯’vcbv
Ÿ wba©vwiZ mgq e¨ZxZ †Kvb e¨w³ hw` wfwWI †`L‡Z
Av‡mb Zvn‡j Zv‡K wba©vwiZ mg‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡Z Aby‡iva
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e m¤¢e n‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v wbb|

49

avc 3.4: Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`v‡b hw` eB-cy¯ÍK I cÎ-cwÎKv eënvi Ki‡Z nq
avc 3.4 K)
Ÿ cÖkœ Abyhvqx ZvwjKv †_‡K wbw`©ó eB-cy¯ÍK wKsev cÎ-cwÎKvwU Luy‡R †ei Kiæb;
Ÿ cÖkœKvixi Kv‡Q cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡iv wKQz Z_¨ Rvbvi _vK‡j AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ †R‡b wbb| Gici wbw`©ó eB-
cy¯ÍK wKsev cÎ-cwÎKv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Lyu‡R †ei Kiæb;
Ÿ cÖkœKvix‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ c‡o ïbvb, Zuv‡K fv‡jvfv‡e eywS‡q w`b;
Ÿ cÖkœKvix wVKg‡Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡jv wK bv Zv wbwðZ †nvb;
Ÿ cÖ‡qvR‡b DËiwU nv‡Z wj‡L w`b wKsev d‡UvKwc K‡i w`b|

avc 3.4 L) †mevcÖ`vb dig c~iY Ges †mevg~j¨ MÖnY
Ÿ g~j¨ZvwjKv Abyhvqx †mev MÖnYKvixi KvQ †_‡K wbw`©ó †mevi Rb¨ g~j¨ msMÖn Kiæb Ges iwm` cÖ`vb
Kiæb|

avc 3.4 M) abëv` Rvbv‡bv
Ÿ †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii †mev MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ abëv` w`b, †Uwj‡m›Uv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ †mev m¤ú‡K©

avc 3.5: Z_¨ I civgk© cÖ`v‡b †gvevBj †dvb wfwËK gva¨g (†níjvBb) eënvi Ki‡j
avc 3.5 K) wewfbœ cÖwZôvb cwiPvwjZ †níjvB‡bi civgk© cvIqvi c×wZ Rvbv
Ÿ †`‡k cwiPvwjZ wewfbœ †níjvB‡bi †dvb b¤î Avcbv‡ì msiÿ‡Y ivLyb;
Ÿ wewfbœ †níjvB‡b †dvb K‡i civgk© cvIqvi c×wZ †R‡b ivLyb;
Ÿ wewfbœ †níjvB‡b †dvb K‡i civgk© cvIqvi LiP †R‡b ivLyb;
Ÿ wewfbœ †níjvB‡b wK wel‡q civgk© cvIqv hvq Zv †R‡b ivLyb;
Ÿ wewfbœ †níjvB‡b civgk© cvIqvi mgqmxgv †R‡b ivLyb|

GLv‡b D`vniY wnmv‡e ejv hvq, wW.†bU cwiPvwjZ
†níjvB‡b wbgœwjwLZ gva¨‡g Z_¨ I civgk© cvIqv hvq|
Ÿ †gvevB‡j cÖkœ K‡i ZvrÿwbK †gvevB‡j DËi;
Ÿ †gvevB‡j cÖkœ K‡i B-†gB‡j DËi;
Ÿ ¯‹vBwc‡Z wKsev †g‡mÄv‡i cÖkœ-DËi|


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