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MIASTENIA  GRAVIS Dra. Korina Hazkour F. R1 Neurología 01/02/11
MIASTENIA GRAVIS “Patología causada por defecto en la transmisión neuromuscular debida a un ataque mediado por anticuerpos en los receptores de Acetilcolinaen la unión neuro- muscular; la cual se caracteriza  por Debilidad Fluctuante que mejora tras el reposo y/o fármacos inhibidores de  colinesterasa” Lewis P. Rowland. MyastheniaGravis. Merritt'sNeurology. 10th Edition (June 2000). Chapter 120. 545-549
MIASTENIA GRAVIS Epidemiología Prevalencia en EEUU 14-20 por cada 100.000 habitantes. 36.000 – 60.000 casos  Mujeres  2ª - 3ª década Hombres  7ª - 8ª década James F. Howard. ClinicalOverview. Of MG. MyastheniaGravisFoundation Of America 2010, http://www.myasthenia.org/
MIASTENIA GRAVIS Historia Willis 1672 – Primera descripción Jolly 1895 – Miastenia Gravis Laquer y Weigert 1901 – Timoma/MG Reman 1932 y Walker 1934 – Fisostigmina Castleman y Norris 1949 – Cambios en Timo Patrick, Lindstrom y otros 1973 - Autoinmune Ropper, A. Samuels, M. Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders of the neuromuscular juntion. Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 9th Ed. Chapter 53
MIASTENIA GRAVIS Etiología y Patogenia
MIASTENIA GRAVIS Etiología y Patogenia
MIASTENIA GRAVIS Etiología y Patogenia Anticuerpos unidos al AChR(Ac Anti-AChR) Ig G incrementa degradación de AChR Destrucción de membrana postsináptica, mediada por complemento (aplanamiento) Ropper, A. Samuels, M. Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders of the neuromuscular juntion. Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 9th Ed. Chapter 53
MIASTENIA GRAVIS  Manifestaciones Clínicas Naturaleza fluctuante  Distribución de la Debilidad Respuesta a drogas colinérgicas Remisión Exacerbación -- Crisis Músc. Oculares Músc. Orofaríngeos y/o Faciales Músc. Cuello Extremidades Lewis P. Rowland. MyastheniaGravis. Merritt'sNeurology. 10th Edition (June 2000). Chapter 120. 545-549
MIASTENIA GRAVIS
MIASTENIA GRAVIS  Crisis Miasténica Emergencia Neurológica…!!! Insuficiencia Respiratoria potencialmente Mortal Se presenta en un 15-20%  Recidiva en 1/3 pacientes (75% primer año) Mortalidad 4% (patologías concomitantes) Exacerbación de sintomatología previa con posterior Disnea, Diaforesis, Cianosis, Taquipnea, Temblor, etc. Tratamiento:      * Generales (UCI-VM?)     * Específico Signos Predictores de CM Toyka K., Müllges W. MyasteniaGravis and LEMS. In Hacke E.(ed). NeuroCriticalCare. Heidelberg. 1994 Mellado, P. Crisis Miasténicas. Dpto Neurología. Universidad Católica de Chile. http://escuela.med.puc.cl/paginas/publicaciones/neurologia/cuadernos/1997/pub_12_97.html
MIASTENIA GRAVIS  Crisis Colinérgica Bloqueo Postsináptico Exceso de Inhibidores de la Acetilcolinesterasa (IACasa) Signos y Síntomas Colinérgicos:     * Taquicardia     * Calambres     * Fasciculaciones     * Aumento de Secreciones     * Náuseas o vómitos Dx Diferencial  administración de IACasa (en UCI) Mellado, P. Crisis Miasténicas. Dpto Neurología. Universidad Católica de Chile. http://escuela.med.puc.cl/paginas/publicaciones/neurologia/cuadernos/1997/pub_12_97.html
MIASTENIA GRAVIS Clasificación ,[object Object],      * 11%       * debilidad general aguda o subaguda y en menos de 6 meses afectación de la musculatura bulbar o respiratoria.       * asociada a alta incidencia de timoma.       * pronóstico grave. ,[object Object],      * 9%       * debilidad permanente con posible afectación respiratoria.       * mala respuesta a anticolinesterásicos y corticoides  ,[object Object],      *15-20%.       * afectación músculos oculomotores.       * si no se generaliza a los 2 años es pocoprobable que lo haga. ,[object Object],      * leve o IIA 30%       * grave o IIB 20%       * afectación músculos craneales, tronco, extremidades pero no la respiración.       * asociada a hiperplasia tímica o timoma.       * responde a los anticolinesterásicos. Ossermann KE. Myasthenia gravis. New York: Grune and Stratton; 1958
MIASTENIA GRAVIS Jaretzki, A. et al. MyastheniaGravisRecomendationsforClinicalReserchStandards. Neurology, 2000; 55:16-23
MIASTENIA GRAVIS Diagnóstico Historia Clínica y Exploración Física Ac. Anti-AChR– Especificidad 99.9% Sensibilidad 88% Prueba del Edrofonio(Tensilon®)      1-2mgs-15seg – 3mgs-15seg – 5mgs-15seg  (máx 10mgs) IV Prueba de la Neostigmina      1.5 – 2mgs IM + Atropina 0.4mgs IM.   20min – 2hrs. EMG - Respuesta decreciente del potencial evocado debido a estimulación repetitiva del nervio TAC de Tórax (Timo) Ice Pack Test (MG Ocular ) – Especificidad 98.3% Sensibilidad 76.9% Lewis P. Rowland. MyastheniaGravis. Merritt'sNeurology. 10th Edition (June 2000). Chapter 120. 545-549 J R Soc Med Sh Rep 2010;1:14. DOI 10.1258/shorts.2009.090037
Ropper, A. Samuels, M. Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders of the neuromuscular juntion. Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 9th Ed. Chapter 53
MIASTENIA GRAVIS Tratamiento Anticolinesterásicos ,[object Object]
Neostigmina  7.5-45mg c/2-6hrsCorticoesteroides ,[object Object],Inmunosupresores ,[object Object]
Ciclofosfamida 50mg/kg/día 4 días   Ropper, A. Samuels, M. Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders of the neuromuscular juntion. Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 9th Ed. Chapter 53
MIASTENIA GRAVIS Tratamiento Inmunoglobulina EV ,[object Object]
“Flulikesyndrome”Plasmaféresis ,[object Object]
80% Anticuerpos circulantesTimectomía ,[object Object]
Remisión 35% (1-2 años)
50% MejoríaRopper, A. Samuels, M. Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders of the neuromuscular juntion. Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 9th Ed. Chapter 53

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Miastenia Gravis 2011

  • 1. MIASTENIA GRAVIS Dra. Korina Hazkour F. R1 Neurología 01/02/11
  • 2. MIASTENIA GRAVIS “Patología causada por defecto en la transmisión neuromuscular debida a un ataque mediado por anticuerpos en los receptores de Acetilcolinaen la unión neuro- muscular; la cual se caracteriza por Debilidad Fluctuante que mejora tras el reposo y/o fármacos inhibidores de colinesterasa” Lewis P. Rowland. MyastheniaGravis. Merritt'sNeurology. 10th Edition (June 2000). Chapter 120. 545-549
  • 3. MIASTENIA GRAVIS Epidemiología Prevalencia en EEUU 14-20 por cada 100.000 habitantes. 36.000 – 60.000 casos Mujeres 2ª - 3ª década Hombres 7ª - 8ª década James F. Howard. ClinicalOverview. Of MG. MyastheniaGravisFoundation Of America 2010, http://www.myasthenia.org/
  • 4. MIASTENIA GRAVIS Historia Willis 1672 – Primera descripción Jolly 1895 – Miastenia Gravis Laquer y Weigert 1901 – Timoma/MG Reman 1932 y Walker 1934 – Fisostigmina Castleman y Norris 1949 – Cambios en Timo Patrick, Lindstrom y otros 1973 - Autoinmune Ropper, A. Samuels, M. Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders of the neuromuscular juntion. Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 9th Ed. Chapter 53
  • 7. MIASTENIA GRAVIS Etiología y Patogenia Anticuerpos unidos al AChR(Ac Anti-AChR) Ig G incrementa degradación de AChR Destrucción de membrana postsináptica, mediada por complemento (aplanamiento) Ropper, A. Samuels, M. Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders of the neuromuscular juntion. Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 9th Ed. Chapter 53
  • 8. MIASTENIA GRAVIS Manifestaciones Clínicas Naturaleza fluctuante Distribución de la Debilidad Respuesta a drogas colinérgicas Remisión Exacerbación -- Crisis Músc. Oculares Músc. Orofaríngeos y/o Faciales Músc. Cuello Extremidades Lewis P. Rowland. MyastheniaGravis. Merritt'sNeurology. 10th Edition (June 2000). Chapter 120. 545-549
  • 10. MIASTENIA GRAVIS Crisis Miasténica Emergencia Neurológica…!!! Insuficiencia Respiratoria potencialmente Mortal Se presenta en un 15-20% Recidiva en 1/3 pacientes (75% primer año) Mortalidad 4% (patologías concomitantes) Exacerbación de sintomatología previa con posterior Disnea, Diaforesis, Cianosis, Taquipnea, Temblor, etc. Tratamiento: * Generales (UCI-VM?) * Específico Signos Predictores de CM Toyka K., Müllges W. MyasteniaGravis and LEMS. In Hacke E.(ed). NeuroCriticalCare. Heidelberg. 1994 Mellado, P. Crisis Miasténicas. Dpto Neurología. Universidad Católica de Chile. http://escuela.med.puc.cl/paginas/publicaciones/neurologia/cuadernos/1997/pub_12_97.html
  • 11. MIASTENIA GRAVIS Crisis Colinérgica Bloqueo Postsináptico Exceso de Inhibidores de la Acetilcolinesterasa (IACasa) Signos y Síntomas Colinérgicos: * Taquicardia * Calambres * Fasciculaciones * Aumento de Secreciones * Náuseas o vómitos Dx Diferencial administración de IACasa (en UCI) Mellado, P. Crisis Miasténicas. Dpto Neurología. Universidad Católica de Chile. http://escuela.med.puc.cl/paginas/publicaciones/neurologia/cuadernos/1997/pub_12_97.html
  • 12.
  • 13. MIASTENIA GRAVIS Jaretzki, A. et al. MyastheniaGravisRecomendationsforClinicalReserchStandards. Neurology, 2000; 55:16-23
  • 14. MIASTENIA GRAVIS Diagnóstico Historia Clínica y Exploración Física Ac. Anti-AChR– Especificidad 99.9% Sensibilidad 88% Prueba del Edrofonio(Tensilon®) 1-2mgs-15seg – 3mgs-15seg – 5mgs-15seg (máx 10mgs) IV Prueba de la Neostigmina 1.5 – 2mgs IM + Atropina 0.4mgs IM. 20min – 2hrs. EMG - Respuesta decreciente del potencial evocado debido a estimulación repetitiva del nervio TAC de Tórax (Timo) Ice Pack Test (MG Ocular ) – Especificidad 98.3% Sensibilidad 76.9% Lewis P. Rowland. MyastheniaGravis. Merritt'sNeurology. 10th Edition (June 2000). Chapter 120. 545-549 J R Soc Med Sh Rep 2010;1:14. DOI 10.1258/shorts.2009.090037
  • 15. Ropper, A. Samuels, M. Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders of the neuromuscular juntion. Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 9th Ed. Chapter 53
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. Ciclofosfamida 50mg/kg/día 4 días Ropper, A. Samuels, M. Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders of the neuromuscular juntion. Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 9th Ed. Chapter 53
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 23. 50% MejoríaRopper, A. Samuels, M. Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders of the neuromuscular juntion. Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 9th Ed. Chapter 53
  • 24. RituximabforMyastheniaGravis In generalized myasthenia gravis (MG), a wide array of immunosuppressive and immunomodulating treatments is being used in clinical practice, but most drugs lack evidence from randomized controlled trials supporting their use. Furthermore, many patients develop serious side effects or do not respond sufficiently to these drugs. We report three patients with generalized MG who were treated with rituximab, a monoclonal antibody against CD20+ cells that causes prolonged B cell depletion. In all three patients, treatment with rituximab led to a sustained clinical improvement and discontinuation or reduction of prednisolone and other drugs. Rituximab was well tolerated. Therapy with rituximab was guided by the total count of peripheral B lymphocytes. Reviewing the anecdotal literature on rituximab for MG, we conclude that preliminary data on the efficacy and safety of rituximab are encouraging and that further studies in MG seem warranted MIASTENIA GRAVIS Stieglbauer, K. and Cols. Rituximabformyastheniagravis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. Volume 280 Issue 1, Pages 120-122, 15 May 2009
  • 25. MIASTENIA GRAVIS Successful treatment of refractory generalized Myasthenia Gravis with Rituximab OBJECTIVE: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder for which current therapies carry a high risk of side-effects and may be insufficient in stabilizing the clinical status. Many therapeutic options can be ruled, such as thymectomy, corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolatemofetil, methotrexate, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or less frequently plasmapheresis must be ruled. METHODS: We followed prospectively six patients with MG who presented with a poor response to two or three lines of immunosuppressive conventional drugs associated with oral corticosteroids. All but one were acetylcholine receptor negative and three were anti-MuSK positive. IVIg did not improved the neurological status and all patient required high doses of cholinesterase inhibitors. RESULTS: Rituximab was introduced with a mean follow-up of 1.5 years (375 mg/m(2), days 1, 8, 15, 28 during the first month and then one dose every 2 months). After 2 years of follow-up, all patients stopped corticosteroids and tapered off cholinesterase inhibitors from 60 to 180 mg/day without severe infectious events. CONCLUSION: Rituximab, a chimericIgG k monoclonal antibody that target CD20 is used for the treatment of relapsing/refractory CD20 positive low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other autoimmune neuromuscular diseases. Four previous short reports have described a good response of MG associated with lymphoma with rituximab. It appears to be a promising and effective drug for the treatment of MG without lymphoma, with a substantial benefit to the clinical status and good tolerability. Lebrun, C. Successful treatment of refractory generalized myasthenia gravis with Rituximab. Eur J Neurol. 2009 Feb;16(2):246-50.
  • 26. MIASTENIA GRAVIS Rituximab in the management of refractory Myasthenia Gravis Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an immune-mediated disorder with a variable response to treatment. In this study, patients with refractory MG who were treated with Rituximab were identified. A review of patients referred to the Yale Neuromuscular Clinic was performed. Patients with refractory MG who were treated with Rituximab were reviewed for response to treatment. Patients who had muscle-specific kinase (MuSK)or acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies were included. Six patients were identified who met the criteria described. All patients tolerated Rituximab without side effects and had a reduced need for immunosuppressants and/or improvement in clinical function. Patients with refractory MG appeared to respond to Rituximab in this small, retrospective study. This result suggests that a larger, prospective trial is indicated. Zebardast , N. Rituximab in the management of refractory Myasthenia Gravis. MuscleNerve. 2010 Mar;41(3):375-8
  • 27. FÁRMACOS EN MIASTENIA GRAVIS I. Relajantes musculares:   Mayores:                                                                     Menores:   Curarizantes: Bloqueo competitivo.                          Benzodiacepinas.                           (d- tubocurarina, pancuronium).         Meprobamato.                           Despolarizantes:Succinilcolina.        Blaclofen.                                                                                          Dantrolene.                                                                                          Otros.II. Antibióticos y similaresAGRAVAN                                                 DUDOSOS                               SIN RIESGO-Aminoglucósidos:                                Ampicilina 1.                              Penicilina.  -Estreptomicina.                                      Eritomicina1.                            Cloranfenicol.  -Dihidroestreptomicina.                          Sulfamidas 2.                            Vancomicina.  Kanamicina.                                                                                               Cefalosporina  -Neomicina. Gentamicina.  -Tobamicina. Amikacina.  -Paramomicina. Sisomicina.  -Viomicina. Spectinomicina.-Macrólidos: -Telitromicina(muy peligroso y ya ha causado algunas muertes). - Azitromicina.-Quinolonas: - Ciprofloxacino. Norfloxacino.-Betalactámicos: - Imipenem.-Fosfonatos: - Fosfomicina.-Polipéptidos:  -Colisitina. Polimixinas (A, B, E).  -Bacitracina.-Tetraciclinas.-Aminoácidos monobásicos:  -Lincomicina. Clindamicina.1. Eritromicina y Amplicilina producen bloqueo de placa neuromuscular en el EMG pero no existe evidencia en la clínica.2. Se ha encontrado actividad de bloqueo pero no se ha observado dificultad en su uso en pacientes con miastenia. III. Otros:  -Amantadina. Emetina.  -Apronitina (Trasylol).  -Antiácidos que contengan sales de magnesio.  -Inhibidores de la acetilcolinesterasa.(Usados solo por indicación del neurólogo).  -Contrastes iodados: Ácido lodotalámico (Conray 60% i.v.).IV. Inmunizaciones:  -Vacuna antitetánica.   -Antitoxina tetánica.V. Antipalúdicos:  -Quinina.      -Cloroquina.VI. Fármacos cardiovasculares:AGRAVAN                                                    PELIGROSOS-Quinidina                                                      Antagonistas del calcio (sin evidencia clínica)-Procainamida.   Lidocaína.-Ajmalina.  Hidantoínas.-Guanetidina.  Gangliopléjicos (trimetafan y otros).-Betabloqueantes (propanolol, oxoprenolol, timolol, pindolol, sotalol, practolol).-Sulfato magnésico.-Reserpina.­ NOTA: En situaciones de necesidad cardiológica y con indicación no sustituible pueden usarse estos fármacos con las debidas precauciones.VII. Anticomiciales:-Hidantoínas (Fenitoína, Mefenitoína).-Barbitúricos.   Trimetadiona.-Benzodiacepínicos.  Etosuximida. VIII. Psicótropos:Benzodiacepinas y derivados. Meprobamato. Carbonato de litio.Antidepresivos:  -Tricíclicos: -Amitriptilina (Triptizol).   -Imipramina (Tofranil).                               -Inhibidores de la MAO:Fenelcina (Nardelzine).Neurolépticos:    -Fenotiacina: -Clorpromacina.    -Promacina.                                -Butirofenonas: -Haloperidol.       -Droperido.Paraldehído, Tricloroetanol, Anfetaminas. Asociación Miastenia de España (AMES) www.miasteniagravis.es
  • 28. FÁRMACOS EN MIASTENIA GRAVIS IX. Antihistamínicos:-Difenhidramina.X. Hipnóticos:-Barbitúricos.    -Benzodiacepínicos.XI. Analgésicos:-Morfina; precaución con otros opiáceos.-Dipirona magnésica (Nolotil).-Butilescopolamina o hioscina (Buscapina).-ButilescopolominaDipirona (BuscapinaCompositum).­ NOTA: Aconsejamos usar tanto analgésicos como antitérmicos: Ácido acetilsalicílico y paracetamol.XII. Antirreumáticos:-D  -Penicilamina.    -Cloroquina.    - Colchicina.XIII. Agentes hormonales:-ACTH y corticoides (usar sólo bajo indicación del neurólogo).-Hormona tiroidea.    -Occitocina.     -Anticonceptivos.XIV. Anestésicos:ANESTÉSICOS GENERALES                                              ANESTÉSICOS LOCALES-Eter y cloroformo.                                                                      -Lidocaína.-Ketamina (Ketolar).-Propanidida (Epontol).-Metoxifluorane.XV. Anticolinérgicos:Por su efecto antimuscarínico podrían enmascarar una crisis colinérgica en un paciente que estuviese tratado con anticolinesterásicos, por tanto no es aconsejable usarlos por vía general, salvo que así lo indique el neurólogo.XVI. Diuréticos:Evitar aquellos que depletanpotasio. Pueden usarse los que lo retienen.XVII. Laxantes y enemas:Debe tenerse precaución porque pueden depleccionar potasio. Evitar preparados de magnesio. Los laxantes disminuirán la absorción de anticolinesterásicosorales. Asociación Miastenia de España (AMES) www.miasteniagravis.es
  • 29. El experimentador que no sabe lo que busca no comprenderá lo que encuentra Claude Bernard Fisiólogo francés Gracias…