2. Evolution of Programming Paradigms
• Structured Programming
– Large programming project
– Emphasis on algorithm rather than data
– Programs are divided into individual procedures
that perform discrete tasks
– Procedures are independent of each other as far
as possible
– Procedures have their own local data and
processing logic
3. Evolution of Programming Paradigms
– Parameter passing facility between the
procedures for information communication
– Introduced the concept of user defined data types
– Support modular programming
– Projects can be broken up into modules and
programmed independently
– Scope of the data items is controlled across
modules
– Maintenance of a large software system is tedious
and costly
4. Object oriented programming
language
• Object oriented programming is a method of
implementation in which programs are organized as co-
operative collection of objects, each of which represents an
instance of some class and whose classes are all members
of hierarchy of classes united through the property called
inheritance.
• Object Based Programming Languages
– Encapsulation
– Object Identity
• Example
– Ada
• Object Oriented Programming Languages
– Object Based features
5. Object oriented programming
language
– Inheritance
– Polymorphism
• Example
– C++, Java, Smalltalk, Eiffel
• Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T Bell
Laboratories in USA
• Incremented version of C
• Superset of C
6. Evolution of Programming Paradigms
• Object Oriented Programming
– OOP treats data as a critical element
– Emphasis on data rather than algorithm
– Decompose the problem into number of entities
namely objects
– Doesn’t allow data to flow freely around the
system
– Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external
function
7. Evolution of Programming Paradigms
– Data and the functions that operate on the data
are tied together in the data structure
– Object may communicate with each other through
functions
– New data and functions can be added whenever
necessary
– Follows bottom up approach
9. Basic Concepts of Object Oriented
Programming
• Object
– Objects are the basic run time entities in an object
oriented system
– Object is a instance of class
– We can say that objects are variables of the type
class
– Objects can be student, employee, car, book, etc
11. Basic Concepts of Object Oriented
Programming
• Classes
– A class is a user defined data type.
– A class is a collection of data member and member
functions.
– Variable declared in class are called data member and
functions declared in class are known as member
functions.
– A class is an abstraction of the real world entities with
similar properties.
– A class identifies a set of similar properties.
– A class is an implementation of abstract data type.
12. Basic Concepts of Object Oriented
Programming
• Data Abstraction
– Abstraction refers to the act of representing
essential features without including the
background details or explanations.
– Classes use the concept of abstraction and are
defined as a list of abstract attributes such as
size, weight, cost etc.
13. Basic Concepts of Object Oriented
Programming
• Encapsulation
– The wrapping of data and functions into a single
unit is known as encapsulation.
– The data is not accessible to the outside
world, and only those functions which are
wrapped in the class can access it.
14. Basic Concepts of Object Oriented
Programming
• Inheritance
– Inheritance is the process by which objects of one
class acquire the properties of objects of another
class.
– Create a new class from existing class.
– The main benefits of the Inheritance is code
reusability.
• Add additional features to an existing class without
modifying it.
15. Basic Concepts of Object Oriented
Programming
• Polymorphism
– Polymorphism is a Greek term.
– It means the ability to take more than one form.
– An operation may exhibit different behaviors in
different instances.
– The behavior depends upon the type of data used
in the operation.
• For adding two number operation will generate sum of
two number.
• For adding two string operation will concate two string.
16. Basic Concepts of Object Oriented
Programming
• Dynamic Binding(Late Binding)
– Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to
the code to be executed in response to call.
• Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a
given function call is not known until the time of the call at
run time.
17. Basic Concepts of Object Oriented
Programming
• Message Passing
– Objects communicate with one another by
sending and receiving information.
Student.setData(Id, Name);
Object
Message Information
18. Advantages of OOP
• Through inheritance, redundant code is
eliminated and extend the use of existing classes.
• One can build programs from the standard
working modules that communicate with one
another.
– No need to write from scratch.
– Save the development time and increase the
productivity.
• The principal of data hiding helps the
programmer to build the secure program.
19. Advantages of OOP
• The data centered design approach enable
programmer to get details of a model in
implementable form.
• Possible to map objects in the problem domain to
those in the program.
• It is easy to partition the work in project based on
objects.
• Easily upgradable from small system to large
system.
• Software complexity can be easily managed.
