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RAØNG BUOÄC TOAØN VEÏN TREÂN
CSDL QUAN HEÄ
Chöông 7
NOÄI DUNG
I. Ñònh nghóa – Taàm quan troïng cuûa
RBTV
II. Caùc yeáu toá cuûa RBTV
III. Phaân loïai RBTV
ÑÒNH NGHÓA
RBTV (Integrity Constraints) laø caùc
nguyeân taéc maø moïi tình traïng CSDL ñeàu
phaûi thoûa.
VD: KQ (MASV, MAMH, DIEM)
Ñieåm laø soá thöïc thuoäc [0,10] vaø chính
xaùc ñeán 0.5
TAÀM QUAN TROÏNG CUÛA RBTV
Giuùp CSDL theå hieän trung thöïc theá giôùi
thöïc maø CSDL ñang moâ taû.
Ngaên chaën nhöõng thao taùc gaây sai treân
CSDL.
Giuùp CSDL luoân ñuùng ñaén.
CAÙC YEÁU TOÁ CUÛA RBTV
Coù 4 yeáu toá:
Phaùt bieåu: ngoân ngöõ töï nhieân theå hieän ngöõ
nghóa cuûa RBTV
Bieåu dieãn: ngoân ngöõ hình thöùc, duøng thuaät
toùan (maõ giaû), toùan hoïc, ñaïi soá quan heä, pheùp
tính quan heä,...ñeå theå hieän
Boái caûnh: Caùc quan heä maø raøng buoäc coù lieân
quan
Taàm aûnh höôûng: Caùc thao taùc Theâm, Xoùa,
Söûa treân caùc quan heä (laø boái caûnh) coù khaû
naêng gaây vi phaïm raøng buoäc hay khoâng (+ coù,
- khoâng)
PHAÂN LOÏAI RBTV
Boái caûnh
RB coù boái caûnh 1 quan heä
RB coù boái caûnh nhieàu quan heä
Nguoàn goác
RB laø nguyeân taéc laøm vieäc: thöïc teá
RB sinh ra do giaûi phaùp toå chöùc döõ lieäu
Söï hoã trôï khai baùo RBTV
Tuøy HQT CSDL maø 1 RB coù ñöôïc hoã trôï
kieåm tra hay khoâng.
PHAÂN LOÏAI RBTV
1. RB coù boái caûnh 1 quan heä
a. RB mieàn giaù trò
b. RB lieân thuoäc tính
c. RB lieân boä
d. RB giaù trò thuoäc tính theo thôøi gian
2. RB coù boái caûnh nhieàu quan heä
a. RB khoùa ngoaïi (Toàn taïi/ Tham chieáu)
b. RB lieân thuoäc tính (lieân quan heä)
c. RB lieân boä (lieân quan heä)
d. RB veà thuoäc tính toång hôïp
e. RB chu trình
RB mieàn giaù trò
Cho bieát caùc giaù trò maø moät thuoäc tính
coù theå nhaän laáy.
VD: KQ (MASV, MAMH, DIEM)
Pb: Ñieåm ∈ [0,10] vaø chính xaùc ñeán 0.5
Bd: ∀k∈KQ, k.DIEM ∈ R and 0<= k.DIEM
<=10 and (k.DIEM*2 – floor(k.DIEM*2))= 0
Bc: quan heä KQ
Tah:
T X S
KQ + - + (DIEM)
RB lieân thuoäc tính
Cho bieát moái lieân heä giöõa caùc thuoäc
tính trong 1 quan heä
VD: MH (MAMH, TENMH, STLT, STTH)
Pb: Soá tieát thöïc haønh khoâng lôùn hôn soá
tieát lyù thuyeát
Bd: ∀m∈MH, m.STLT >= m.STTH
Tah:
T X S
MH + - + (STLT, STTH)
RB lieân boä (1 quan heä)
Cho bieát moái lieân heä giöõa caùc boä döõ
lieäu trong 1 quan heä
VD1 : MH (MAMH, TENMH, STLT, STTH)
Pb: Teân moân hoïc laø duy nhaát.
Bd: ∀m1∈MH, ¬∃m2 ∈MH: m1≠ m2 and
m1.TENMH = m2.TENMH
Bc: MH
TAH:
T X S
MH + - + (TENMH)
RB lieân boä (1 quan heä)
VD2: CÑ_MO(MACÑ, NAM, HK)
Pb: Khoâng ñöôïc môû quaù 3 chuyeân ñeà
trong 1 hoïc kyø.
Bd: ∀m∈CĐ_MO:
ℑcount(*) (σNAM=m.NAM and HK = m.HK(CĐ_MO))<=3
Bc: CĐ_MO
Tah:
T X S
CĐ_MO + - + (NAM, HK)
RB giaù trò thuộc tính theo thôøi gian
Do thao taùc caäp nhaät gaây ra.
Cho bieát moái quan heä giöõa giaù trò cuõ vaø
giaù trò môùi cuûa 1 thuoäc tính.
VD: NV(MANV, TENNV, LUONG,MAPB)
Pb: Löông cuûa nhaân vieân chæ taêng chöù khoâng
giaûm.
Bd: ∀m∈NV, m.LUONG (cuõ) <= m.LUONG(môùi)
Bc: NV
Tah:
T X S
NV - - + (LUONG)
RB khoùa ngoaïi (Toàn taïi/ Tham chieáu)
VD: NV(MANV, TENNV, PHAI, MAPB)
PB (MAPB, TENPB)
Pb: Nhaân vieân phaûi thuoäc phoøng ban hôïp leä
Bd: ∀n∈NV, (n.MAPB = NULL) or (∃p ∈PB: p.MAPB
= n.MAPB)
Bc: NV, PB
Tah:
T X S
NV + - + (MAPB)
PB - + +(MAPB)
RB lieân thuoäc tính (lieân quan heä)
Cho bieát moái lieân heä giöõa caùc thuoäc tính treân caùc
quan heä khaùc nhau.
VD: ÑÑH (SOÑÑH, NGAYÑAT, SLÑ, ÑGÑ)
PGH(SOPG, NGAYGIAO, SOÑÑH)
Pb: Khoâng ñöïôc giao haøng treã hôn 7 ngaøy so vôùi ngaøy
ñaët.
Bd: ∀d∈ÑÑH,
∀p∈PGH: p.SOÑÑH = d.SOÑÑH thì
d.NGAYÑAT <= p.NGAYGIAO <= d.NGAYÑAT + 7
Bc: ÑÑH, PGH
Tah: T X S
ÑÑH - - + (NGAYÑAT)
PGH + - +(NGAYGIAO, SOÑÑH)
RB lieân boä (lieân quan heä)
Cho bieát moái lieân heä giöõa caùc boä döõ lieäu treân
caùc quan heä khaùc nhau.
VD: HÑ (SOHÑ, NGAYHÑ, TENKH)
CTHÑ (SOHÑ, MAHH, SL, ÑG)
Pb: Trong 1 hoùa ñôn phaûi coù ít nhaát 1 maët
haøng.
Bd: ∀h∈HÑ, ∃ c∈CTHÑ : c.SOHÑ = h.SOHÑ
Bc: HÑ, CTHÑ
Tah:
T X S
HÑ + - + (SOHÑ)
CTHÑ - + +(SOHÑ)
RB veà thuoäc tính toång hôïp
Cho bieát moái lieân heä giöõa giaù trò 1 thuoäc tính cuûa QH
naøy vaø soá doøng döõ lieäu cuûa 1 QH khaùc.
Vd: LOP(MALOP, TENLOP, SISO)
SV (MASV, TENSV, MALOP)
Pb: Só soá cuûa 1 lôùp = toång soá sinh vieân cuûa lôùp ñoù
Bd: ∀l∈LOP,
∀s∈SV: s.MALOP = l.MALOP thì
l.SISO = ℑcount(*) (σMALOP = l.MALOPSV)
Bc: LOP, SV
Tah:
T X S
LOP + - + (SISO, MALOP)
SV + + +(MALOP)
RB chu trình
SV (MASV, TENSV, MANGANH)
CÑ_NG(MANGANH, MACÑ)
ÑKY(MASV, MACÑ, ÑIEM)
Pb: Sinh vieân chæ ñöôïc ñaêng kyù caùc chuyeân ñeà baét
buoäc cho chuyeân ngaønh maø sv ñang theo hoïc.
Bd: ΠMASV,MACÑ (ÑKY) ⊆ ΠMASV,MACÑ (SV⋈CÑ_NG)
Tah:
SV
CÑ_NG
ÑKY
MANGANH
MASV
MACÑ
T X S
CÑ_NG - + +
ÑKY + - +(MASV,MACÑ)
SV - - +(MANGANH)
HEÁT.

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Chuong 7 rang_buoc_toan_ven

  • 1. RAØNG BUOÄC TOAØN VEÏN TREÂN CSDL QUAN HEÄ Chöông 7 NOÄI DUNG I. Ñònh nghóa – Taàm quan troïng cuûa RBTV II. Caùc yeáu toá cuûa RBTV III. Phaân loïai RBTV
  • 2. ÑÒNH NGHÓA RBTV (Integrity Constraints) laø caùc nguyeân taéc maø moïi tình traïng CSDL ñeàu phaûi thoûa. VD: KQ (MASV, MAMH, DIEM) Ñieåm laø soá thöïc thuoäc [0,10] vaø chính xaùc ñeán 0.5 TAÀM QUAN TROÏNG CUÛA RBTV Giuùp CSDL theå hieän trung thöïc theá giôùi thöïc maø CSDL ñang moâ taû. Ngaên chaën nhöõng thao taùc gaây sai treân CSDL. Giuùp CSDL luoân ñuùng ñaén.
  • 3. CAÙC YEÁU TOÁ CUÛA RBTV Coù 4 yeáu toá: Phaùt bieåu: ngoân ngöõ töï nhieân theå hieän ngöõ nghóa cuûa RBTV Bieåu dieãn: ngoân ngöõ hình thöùc, duøng thuaät toùan (maõ giaû), toùan hoïc, ñaïi soá quan heä, pheùp tính quan heä,...ñeå theå hieän Boái caûnh: Caùc quan heä maø raøng buoäc coù lieân quan Taàm aûnh höôûng: Caùc thao taùc Theâm, Xoùa, Söûa treân caùc quan heä (laø boái caûnh) coù khaû naêng gaây vi phaïm raøng buoäc hay khoâng (+ coù, - khoâng) PHAÂN LOÏAI RBTV Boái caûnh RB coù boái caûnh 1 quan heä RB coù boái caûnh nhieàu quan heä Nguoàn goác RB laø nguyeân taéc laøm vieäc: thöïc teá RB sinh ra do giaûi phaùp toå chöùc döõ lieäu Söï hoã trôï khai baùo RBTV Tuøy HQT CSDL maø 1 RB coù ñöôïc hoã trôï kieåm tra hay khoâng.
  • 4. PHAÂN LOÏAI RBTV 1. RB coù boái caûnh 1 quan heä a. RB mieàn giaù trò b. RB lieân thuoäc tính c. RB lieân boä d. RB giaù trò thuoäc tính theo thôøi gian 2. RB coù boái caûnh nhieàu quan heä a. RB khoùa ngoaïi (Toàn taïi/ Tham chieáu) b. RB lieân thuoäc tính (lieân quan heä) c. RB lieân boä (lieân quan heä) d. RB veà thuoäc tính toång hôïp e. RB chu trình RB mieàn giaù trò Cho bieát caùc giaù trò maø moät thuoäc tính coù theå nhaän laáy. VD: KQ (MASV, MAMH, DIEM) Pb: Ñieåm ∈ [0,10] vaø chính xaùc ñeán 0.5 Bd: ∀k∈KQ, k.DIEM ∈ R and 0<= k.DIEM <=10 and (k.DIEM*2 – floor(k.DIEM*2))= 0 Bc: quan heä KQ Tah: T X S KQ + - + (DIEM)
  • 5. RB lieân thuoäc tính Cho bieát moái lieân heä giöõa caùc thuoäc tính trong 1 quan heä VD: MH (MAMH, TENMH, STLT, STTH) Pb: Soá tieát thöïc haønh khoâng lôùn hôn soá tieát lyù thuyeát Bd: ∀m∈MH, m.STLT >= m.STTH Tah: T X S MH + - + (STLT, STTH) RB lieân boä (1 quan heä) Cho bieát moái lieân heä giöõa caùc boä döõ lieäu trong 1 quan heä VD1 : MH (MAMH, TENMH, STLT, STTH) Pb: Teân moân hoïc laø duy nhaát. Bd: ∀m1∈MH, ¬∃m2 ∈MH: m1≠ m2 and m1.TENMH = m2.TENMH Bc: MH TAH: T X S MH + - + (TENMH)
  • 6. RB lieân boä (1 quan heä) VD2: CÑ_MO(MACÑ, NAM, HK) Pb: Khoâng ñöôïc môû quaù 3 chuyeân ñeà trong 1 hoïc kyø. Bd: ∀m∈CĐ_MO: ℑcount(*) (σNAM=m.NAM and HK = m.HK(CĐ_MO))<=3 Bc: CĐ_MO Tah: T X S CĐ_MO + - + (NAM, HK) RB giaù trò thuộc tính theo thôøi gian Do thao taùc caäp nhaät gaây ra. Cho bieát moái quan heä giöõa giaù trò cuõ vaø giaù trò môùi cuûa 1 thuoäc tính. VD: NV(MANV, TENNV, LUONG,MAPB) Pb: Löông cuûa nhaân vieân chæ taêng chöù khoâng giaûm. Bd: ∀m∈NV, m.LUONG (cuõ) <= m.LUONG(môùi) Bc: NV Tah: T X S NV - - + (LUONG)
  • 7. RB khoùa ngoaïi (Toàn taïi/ Tham chieáu) VD: NV(MANV, TENNV, PHAI, MAPB) PB (MAPB, TENPB) Pb: Nhaân vieân phaûi thuoäc phoøng ban hôïp leä Bd: ∀n∈NV, (n.MAPB = NULL) or (∃p ∈PB: p.MAPB = n.MAPB) Bc: NV, PB Tah: T X S NV + - + (MAPB) PB - + +(MAPB) RB lieân thuoäc tính (lieân quan heä) Cho bieát moái lieân heä giöõa caùc thuoäc tính treân caùc quan heä khaùc nhau. VD: ÑÑH (SOÑÑH, NGAYÑAT, SLÑ, ÑGÑ) PGH(SOPG, NGAYGIAO, SOÑÑH) Pb: Khoâng ñöïôc giao haøng treã hôn 7 ngaøy so vôùi ngaøy ñaët. Bd: ∀d∈ÑÑH, ∀p∈PGH: p.SOÑÑH = d.SOÑÑH thì d.NGAYÑAT <= p.NGAYGIAO <= d.NGAYÑAT + 7 Bc: ÑÑH, PGH Tah: T X S ÑÑH - - + (NGAYÑAT) PGH + - +(NGAYGIAO, SOÑÑH)
  • 8. RB lieân boä (lieân quan heä) Cho bieát moái lieân heä giöõa caùc boä döõ lieäu treân caùc quan heä khaùc nhau. VD: HÑ (SOHÑ, NGAYHÑ, TENKH) CTHÑ (SOHÑ, MAHH, SL, ÑG) Pb: Trong 1 hoùa ñôn phaûi coù ít nhaát 1 maët haøng. Bd: ∀h∈HÑ, ∃ c∈CTHÑ : c.SOHÑ = h.SOHÑ Bc: HÑ, CTHÑ Tah: T X S HÑ + - + (SOHÑ) CTHÑ - + +(SOHÑ) RB veà thuoäc tính toång hôïp Cho bieát moái lieân heä giöõa giaù trò 1 thuoäc tính cuûa QH naøy vaø soá doøng döõ lieäu cuûa 1 QH khaùc. Vd: LOP(MALOP, TENLOP, SISO) SV (MASV, TENSV, MALOP) Pb: Só soá cuûa 1 lôùp = toång soá sinh vieân cuûa lôùp ñoù Bd: ∀l∈LOP, ∀s∈SV: s.MALOP = l.MALOP thì l.SISO = ℑcount(*) (σMALOP = l.MALOPSV) Bc: LOP, SV Tah: T X S LOP + - + (SISO, MALOP) SV + + +(MALOP)
  • 9. RB chu trình SV (MASV, TENSV, MANGANH) CÑ_NG(MANGANH, MACÑ) ÑKY(MASV, MACÑ, ÑIEM) Pb: Sinh vieân chæ ñöôïc ñaêng kyù caùc chuyeân ñeà baét buoäc cho chuyeân ngaønh maø sv ñang theo hoïc. Bd: ΠMASV,MACÑ (ÑKY) ⊆ ΠMASV,MACÑ (SV⋈CÑ_NG) Tah: SV CÑ_NG ÑKY MANGANH MASV MACÑ T X S CÑ_NG - + + ÑKY + - +(MASV,MACÑ) SV - - +(MANGANH) HEÁT.