1. KKKH 1034 Introduction to Civil Engineering Design LECTURER: 1. Ir. Dr.Othman Jaafar 2. Ir. AnuarKasa 3. Pn. NorainiHamzah PRESENTED BY, GROUP 2 1. TEOH SHI SHENG A127329 2.NOR SHAIRAH AZLAN A126830 3.LIM WEE LEE A127084 4.NORIZZATI GHAZALI A128156 5.MUHAMMAD AKRAM BIN AMIRUDDIN A128457

3. Flood always happen.

4. Inconvenience occurred.

5. Causes of flood will be investigated.

6. Topography of the terrain will be studied.

7. Mitigations and solutions will be proposed.

9. DEFORESTATION

10. DEFINITION Clearing of virgin forests, or intentional destruction or removal of trees without replanting and allowing time for the forest to regenerate itself. Imprudent and non-scientific method of logging or burning forest trees.

11. How deforestation causing flood in Sungai Pinang? It reduces soil quality and results in soil erosion and flooding. Lack of green forest influent the control of water level of Sungai Pinang and consequently causing flood. The land's capacity to hold ground water shrinks with the depleting forest cover.

12. Reduces soil cohesion, so that flooding ensues. Deforested areas become sources of surface water runoff. Tree reduce raindrop impact. Without them, rain causes more erosion to the soil. Less tree roots to absorb water from the soil.

13. Demand of palm oil and rubber Clearing of tropical forest Logging Forest fires Degrading of rainforest FLOOD !!!

15. Disposal of human domestic wastes

17. Sediment deposition will occur along the inner meander bends where the velocity is low

19. Rubber tree contain lateritic type of soil.

20. Lateritic soil can be found in area which receive high rainfall.

21. Coarse texture, soft and friable.

24. Rubber tree plantation existed in the area consists of lateritic type of soil.

25. Rain water hardly absorbed by the soil and flows to the nearest river.

26. Water level of the river rises rapidly.

28. The river has limited capacity.

29. The surrounding of Sungai Pinang is swampy area.

31. Development

32. The irrigation and drainage system available there are not able to transfer water effectively.

34. The general air circulation is dominated by a system of monsoons.

36. Kuantan undergone northeast monsoon wind.

38. 1.Solution of Deforestationto Mitigate Flood

39. Sustainable forest management (SFM) The management of forests according to the principles of sustainabledevelopment. Use of forests in a way and at a rate, which to maintain the whole ecological systems at global level. Does not damage other ecosystems. Attainment of balance.

40. 2. Using of recycled items Example: Books, toilet papers, shopping bags, and etc. Do not waste any of the products. If you can, reuse and recycle them. Reduce of logging of trees beside Sungai Pinang. Therefore, flood can be eased.

41. 3. Farming New methods are developed to farm more intensively. High-yield hybrid crops, greenhouse, autonomous building gardens, and hydroponics. Rotate crops on farm.

42. 4. Replacement of firewood Use coals instead of using firewood. Reduce the demand of wood. 5. Reforestation and Afforestation Restocking of existing forests and woodlands which have been depleted. Most plants do not like standing in water but some will tolerate moist soils. Elephant Ears helps further to stabilise the bank side. Growing of plants ensures the absorbing of water.

44. 2. RIVER BANK PROTECTION

46. Reduce amount of sediment enter to the river.

47. Artificial levees or dykes:

48. Made of stone or concrete.

49. Regulate the water level.

50. Increase capacity of river.

51. Patch work is needed.Mississippi River levee at Gretna, Louisiana.

53. Riprap consists of rock types.

54. Strengthen river bank.

55. Absorb kinetic energy of incoming water.

56. None uniform shape of riprap interlock and makes up a stable structure.

57. The size and mass of riprap is very big, would not easily flush away.

60. Drainage system shall be constructed near the main drainage to channel the water to the other river

62. Yellow line- suggested part of straightening river. Red Spot- suggested area for small dam

63. 3.1 Straightening the river From our observation, Sungai Pinang is not a straight river. It has a lot bends and curves Cause the water to flows slowly. River straightening is a process of straightening the path of the river to reduce its curves and bends will lead to the shortening of the river thereby increasing the speed of flow.

66. The water collected in the dam can be used during drought. The water can be pumped out by electric pump house for plantations uses. Below shows the drawing of the underground dam structure.

68. When the heavy rainfall occur, the river is almost at the same level with the bridge.

70. Traffic patterns

71. Conditions of the soil

72. Span length.

73. Several types of bridge that can be built:

74. Beam bridge

75. Cantilever bridge

76. Suspension bridge

78. Suspension Bridge Truss Bridge

80. Frequently used in pedestrian bridges and for highway overpasses and flyovers.

81. Usually used to span shorter distances.

82. Commonly found in local road.

84. Carries: Pedestrians, automobiles, trucks, light rail, heavy rail

85. Span range: Short

86. Material: Shallow ‘I’ beam, box grinder, reinforced concrete, post-tensioned concrete

87. Movable: No

89. The structure of the bridge has two poles at each of the river bank respectively.

90. Does not obstruct the flow of the river.

92. Example of the embankment by the concrete to the existing road.

93. 5.PERMEABLE PAVEMENT

94. Based on the study of Chicago’ Green Alleys, the impermeable pavement is replaced by permeable pavement. Permeable pavement is porous and enable water to run through. Permeable concrete system acts as a filter. Replenish the water table. Reduce the amount of runoff on the road to the river and surrounding to prevent pollution.

95. Alley with impermeable surface. Alley with permeable surface.

96. Telemetric system use along with GIS and DEM system Telemetric flood- warning flood system. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) can be used to perform many geospatial and hydrological modeling. - drainage and watershed delineation, - flood prediction - physical development studies -rural settlements.

97. GIS application was applied using ILWIS- (Integrated Land and Water Information System) ILWIS used to prepare the required geospatial dataset for the GIS operation. Contour and point maps were generated from a toposheet toposheet of the study area was scanned, geo-referenced and digitized to produce point map and contour maps, referred to as thematic layers

98. The outcome of the digital elevation model showed well graphically distributed landform and terrain

99. The effectiveness tolerates between telemetric and GIS and DEM system will do a lot of helps to the villagers and also government.

100. CONCLUSION The suggested mitigation and remedial measures should be implemented. Open donation can be organized to raise the fund for these project. Resident should give full cooperation on preserving Sungai Pinang. Developers should concern the environmental issue. Developers should plan for complete drainage system.