This Slideshare presentation is a partial preview of the full business document. To view and download the full document, please go here: http://flevy.com/browse/business-document/the-complete-guide-to-dba-practices-and-procedures-data-modeling-and-normalization-part-3-574 Part 3 of a multi-part series of presentations on the management discipline of database administration. The entire series can be used to implement an efficient and effective database administration function at your organization. This first part covers the following areas: - Data Modeling Concepts - The Components of a Data Model - Discovering Entities, Attributes & Relationships - Conceptual, Logical & Physical Data Models - Normalization - Additional Data Modeling Issues

1. Database Administration:
The Complete Guide to Practices and Procedures
Chapter 3
Data Modeling & Normalization

2. The Blind Men & The Elephant
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3. Entities
Student
Instructor
Course
• Something that exists and is capable
of being described.
• A person, place, thing, concept or
event about which an organization
maintains facts.
Employee
Order
Item
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4. Entity Naming Guidelines
• Noun, or adjective noun format
–Contract
–Lease Agreement
• Minimize use of adjectives
–Contractor vs Contract Employee
–Training vs Employee Course
• Do not pluralize; use singular instead: Employee vs Employees
–The entity type is a model or pattern rather than the set of all
employees
• Use business terms
–Vendor or Supplier?
–User or Client?
• Be consistent
• Remove process specific artifacts from the entity name
–State not Residence State
–Agent not Selling Agent
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5. Entity-Relationship Diagramming
is
rented
under
reports to
completes
rents /
is in
employed by
receives
makes
rents under
is made on
is rented as
CUSTOMER
CustomerNum
Name
Address
Phone
CreditCardNum
CreditCardExDate
StatusCode
MOVIE
MovieNum
Name
Director
Description
Star
Rating
Genre
Rental Rate
STORE
StoreNum
Manager
Address
Phone
EMPLOYEE
EmployeeNum
Name
Address
Phone
SocialSecNum
HireDate
Salary
Supervisor (FK)
PAYMENT
Payment Transaction Num
Type
Amount
PaymentDate
Status
MOVIE RENTAL RECORD
Rental Record Date
Rental Date
Due Date
Rental Status
Rental Rate
Overdue Charge Amt
MOVIE COPY
Movie Copy Num
General Condition
JoinDate
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6. Data Model Diagram Guidelines
Order Customer
Order Customer
Order
Customer Customer
Order
Reads left-to-right
Is placed by
Read right-to-left
Places
Read top-to-bottomRead bottom-to-top
Is placed byPlaces
The relationship is read clockwise over the line
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7. Attributes
An attribute is a fact about an entity.
It is a data element that is an inherent property of an
entity.
An attribute will fulfill one (and only one) of these
objectives:
Identify
Relate
Describe
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8. Attribute Naming Guidelines
CLASS ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION
ADDRESS ADDR Address or location
AMOUNT AMT Monetary amount
CODE CODE Classifications, codes, types
DATE DATE Calendar dates
DESCRIPTION DESC Descriptive text
IDENTIFIER ID Alphanumeric unique identifier
IMAGE IMG Encoded digital image
NAME NAME Alphabetic name, identification
NUMBER NUM Numeric count
PERCENT PCT Relationships as %
QUANTITY QTY Counts and units
TEXT TXT Free form document text
TIME TIME Time; temporal data
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9. Primary Keys
• The attribute or attributes that uniquely identify an entity type
• A primary key value uniquely identifies a single occurrence of an entity
Order
Order #: 0001 Line #: 1
ProdID: 1234
Qty: 5
Customer
Number
Order Number +
Line Number Product
ID
0001 / 1
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10. Discovering Entities, Attributes, and
Relationships
• Keep track of the nouns, noun phrases, verbs and
adjectives used by subject matter experts
• Nouns are potential entities & attributes, or
perhaps entity occurrences & attribute values
• Adjectives and prepositional phrases are usually
potential attributes
• Verbs highlight potential relationships
• Of course, these are not hard & fast rules and you
will need to dig for meaning & understanding to
build an accurate data model
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11. Types of Data Models
• Conceptual
– High level
• Logical
– More detailed
– No many-to-many relationships
– Ready to move to physical
• Physical
– Additional DBMS details
– Ready to be implemented as a database
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12. First Normal Form
StudentID LastName FirstName MiddleInit MajorID StudentMajor
2907 Smith Jacob R MAT Mathematics
4019 Patterson Jane K PHI Philosophy
5145 Neeld Norris B EGL English Literature
6132 Morrison Xavier Q MUS Music
7810 Brown Richard E CS Computer Science
8966 Juarez Samantha EGL English Literature
StudentID CourseNum CourseName CourseCompDate
2907 MAT0011 Discrete Math 2002-08-01
2907 MAT0027 Calculus I 2002-04-30
2907 EGL0010 English Classics I 2001-12-30
4019 PHI0010 Intro to Philosophy 2002-04-30
4019 CS00100 Programming Languages 2002-04-30
5145 SOC0102 Ascent of Man 2002-08-01
6132 MUS0002 Origin of Jazz 2002-04-30
6132 SOC0102 Ascent of Man 2002-08-01
8966 EGL0010 English Classics I 2001-12-30
8966
EGL0101 Shakespeare II 2002-08-01
STUDENT
COURSE
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13. MAJOR
MajorID
Major
STUDENT
StudentID
LastName
FirstName
MiddleInit
MajorID
ENROLLMENT
StudentID
CourseNum
CourseCompDate
COURSE
CourseNum
CourseName
Credits
The Data Model
in Third Normal Form
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14. Additional Data Modeling Issues
• Subtypes and super-types
• Handling time
• One-to-one relationships?
• Derived data (see next slide)
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15. 1
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