1. Adaptive control
Improvements in CNC machine tools depend on the refinement of adaptive control, which is the
automatic monitoring and adjustment of machining conditions in response to variations in
operation performance. With a manually controlled machine tool, the operator watches for
changes in machining performance (caused, for example, by a dull tool or a harder workpiece)
and makes the necessary mechanical adjustments. An essential element of NC and CNC
machining, adaptive control is needed to protect the tool, the workpiece, and the machine from
damage caused by malfunctions or by unexpected changes in machine behaviour. Adaptive
control is also a significant factor in developing unmanned machining techniques.
One example of adaptive control is the monitoring of torque to a machine tool’s spindle and
servomotors. The control unit of the machine tool is programmed with data defining the
minimum and maximum values of torque allowed for the machining operation. If, for example, a
blunt tool causes the maximum torque, a signal is sent to the control unit, which corrects the
situation by reducing the feed rate or altering the spindle speed.
Basic principles.
Several other techniques enter into the design of advanced control systems. Adaptive control is the
capability of the system to modify its own operation to achieve the best possible mode of operation. A
general definition of adaptive control implies that an adaptive system must be capable of performing
the following functions: providing continuous information about the present state of the...
Improvements in CNC machine tools depend on the refinement of adaptive control, which is the
automatic monitoring and adjustment of machining conditions in response to variations in operation
performance. With a manually controlled machine tool, the operator watches for changes in machining
performance (caused, for example, by a dull tool or a harder workpiece) and makes the necessary...
http://www.controleng.com/single-article/patent-for-cnc-adaptive-control-
system/dcd02f7f852695a253965ee939016628.html s
CNC integrates adaptive control to add
productivity
Fanuc iAdapt S adaptive control solution has been
integrated into computer numerical controls to improve the

2. ability for CNC material removal and decrease CNC cycle
time. 07/06/2011
anuc Factory Automation America (Fanuc FA America) has integrated its iAdapt S adaptive
control solution into the CNC system for increased machine tool productivity. Fanuc iAdapt S
improves material removal and minimizes cycle time by automatically optimizing the cutting
feedrate based on the actual spindle load. Additionally, integration of the iAdapt S product
within the CNC now eliminates the need for mounting space, simplifying installation while
improving the capabilities of the original iAdapt product.
The original iAdapt product introduced the concept of roughing cycle productivity to CNC
customers. The ―On Demand‖ control feature simplified the use of the adaptive control by
making it easy to setup and operate.
The new iAdapt S has an arsenal of improvements which allows the operator to improve
machine cycle time and tool life. By automatically optimizing the cutting feedrate based on the
actual spindle load, iAdapt S improves material removal and minimizes cycle time. In fact,
productivity is increased as cycle times are reduced by up to 40% as every part is automatically
optimized in real-time, including the first. iAdapt S compensates for material and process
variations including: material hardness, tool wear, depth of cut and width of cut. Additionally,
feedrate control is 100 times finer which increases the responsiveness and accuracy of the
adaptive control. To view and improve the machining process, a graphing feature has been
added, which displays both the spindle load and feedrate override versus time. A new 64-entry
setting table has been introduced in iAdapt S which allows easy saving of settings for later use
and recall. A new Torque Override feature has been added to allow the operator to dynamically
modify the adaptive control set point during the machining cycle.
Additionally, iAdapt S keeps roughing tools fully loaded, putting the heat into the chips rather
than the part, thus extending tool life. As a result, there are fewer minor stoppages,
which increases productivity and reduces labor costs.
Fanuc Corporation, headquartered at the foot of Mt. Fuji, Japan, is a diversified manufacturer of
Factory Automation (FA), Robots and Robomachines. Since its inception in 1956, Fanuc has
contributed to the automation of machine tools as a pioneer in the development of computer
numerical control equipment. Fanuc is committed to developing efficient, reliable and innovative
products.
Fanuc FA America is the exclusive provider of industry leading Fanuc CNC systems and
solutions in the Americas, providing a one-stop shop for comprehensive CNC solutions
including industry-leading control systems, a complete range of drives and motors and CO2 laser
solutions. Fanuc FA America also offers engineering support, genuine parts, repair and factory
automation solutions and training programs to machine tool builders, dealers and users. Fanuc
FA America has headquarters in Hoffman Estates, IL, and supports 37 offices and service centers
in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina.

3. www.fanucfa.com
http://www.controleng.com/channels/machine-control.html
Patent for CNC adaptive control system
Fanuc Factory Automation America (Fanuc FA America)
received a patent for developing on-demand integrated
adaptive control for their CNC control system.
06/05/2012
Fanuc Factory Automation America ( Fanuc FA America) and Jerry Scherer, engineer
with Fanuc FA America, have been awarded a patent for the development of their CNC
Adaptive Control System for on-demand integrated adaptive control of machining operations.
This system was developed to increase machine tool productivity with Fanuc FA America's
iAdaptS adaptive control solution.
Fanuc FA America's patented CNC Adaptive Control System measures the present value of the
spindle load and then compares this value to a present value of a target spindle load. The
adaptive controller is configured to control the feed rate of the machine tool relative to the
workpiece to maintain the present value of the spindle load approximately equal to the present
value of the target spindle load using one or more calculations of the first feed rate value, the
first feed rate dither adjustment value and the second feed rate dither adjustment value.
This CNC adaptive control system is the base technology in Fanuc FA America's iAdaptS
solution that improves material removal and minimizes cycle time by automatically optimizing
the cutting feedrate based on the actual spindle load. Additionally, integration of the iAdaptS
software solution within the CNC now eliminates the need for mounting hardware, simplifying
installation while improving the capabilities of the original iAdapt product. The original iAdapt
product introduced the concept of roughing cycle productivity to CNC customers. The "On
Demand" control feature simplified the use of the adaptive control by making it easy to setup and
operate. iAdaptS extends tool life by keeping roughing tools fully loaded, putting the heat into
the chips rather than the part. As a result, there are fewer minor stoppages which further
increases productivity and reduces labor costs.
Fanuc Factory Automation America
www.fanucfa.com
- Edited by Chris Vavra, Control Engineering, www.controleng.com
Also see controleng.com/machinecontrol

4. Related News:
Real-time diagnostics system for micromilling - 11.07.2012 21:12
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Computer Numerical Control: CNC Faceoff - 13.07.2011 11:20
CNC integrates adaptive control to add productivity - 06.07.2011 03:57
CNC outlook: making tracks in midrange products - 28.06.2011 19:32
Real-time diagnostics system for
micromilling
Control Engineering International: Tool condition
monitoring is important for quality of micromilling
processes and can be improved with a real-time diagnostics
system. Diagnostic signals selection, tool wear inspection
algorithm, and proper measuring system selection all help.
Testing and validation were completed in operating
conditions.
Bogdan Broel-Plater, Krzysztof Pietrusewicz, Paweł Waszczuk
07/11/2012
Share
With wider use of miniature components in all industries, attention to quality in micromilling of
various materials has become more important. A real-time diagnostics system for micromilling
allows tool condition monitoring and improves metal component production quality. A
monitoring system ensures accuracy, quality, and most of all, microcutting process stability.

5. Selecting a proper signal that provides the best information about process conditions is crucial.
Due to availability, simplicity of use, and price, accelerometers are the most common sensing
choice. Sensors placed in key areas of a micromilling machine ensure that an acceleration signal
processing algorithm can create reliable and useful information about the process.
It’s also important to measure microcutting process cutting forces. Because of the nature of
micromilling, cutting force amplitude can be very low (<1N) and hard to measure. Like
information about vibration, cutting force information is extremely helpful for diagnostics.
Measurements, diagnostics
Selecting an appropriate measuring system is an important issue during development of a
diagnostics system. A real-time diagnostics system for micromilling was created based on
National Instruments hardware and software: cRIO-9022 PAC controller and analog modules
with dynamic signal acquisition for making high-accuracy frequency measurements from an
integrated electronic piezoelectric (IEPE) accelerometer. The controller includes a reconfigurable
field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chassis, which allows analog signal acquisition up to
51.2 kHz. Data are filtered then processed in real time to provide determinism and stability of the
monitoring algorithms. Depending on need, acquired data can be written on a device’s hard drive

6. or visualized by the user interface panel on a computer screen. Additionally, the system can
communicate with the micromilling machine drives controller.
Thanks to the flexibility of the measurement equipment used, a monitoring system was created
and specially adapted for microcutting processes. The FPGA module and LabVIEW Real-Time
System allow development of deterministic data acquisition and data processing algorithms.
As for other technologies, motion control uses Aerotech linear nano-modules (250 ns movement
resolution); force measurement is based on Kistler dynamometer for small forces; and PCB
Piezoelectronics is used for acceleration measurement.
The main assumption of the diagnostic procedure was to process obtained signals using an FFT
algorithm. An inspection program based on rotational speed of the electric spindle observed
adequate spectrum section of acceleration and cutting force signals at all three axes. In case of
additional frequencies near the excitation frequency, the monitoring algorithm immediately
informs the operator via the user interface panel and sends appropriate notification to the
micromilling machine drives controller.
During microcutting operations, the device’s hard drive stores data to analyze all diagnostic
signal variations. If necessary, a quick implementation of new algorithms is possible, to gain
measurement variety. Relatively small dimensions and rugged design permit use in a wide range
of applications.
18,000 rpm
To test the real-time diagnostics system for micromilling, a set of experiments on carbon steel
18G2 and two-bladed, 0.61mm diameter tool was prepared. Spindle rotational speed was set to
18,000 rpm, with step size of 6 µm and milling depth of 10 µm. Accelerometers were attached to
the electro spindle, based on prior experiments. A 3-axis dynamometer was placed on the vertical
axis of the micromilling machine. The work piece was attached on top of the dynamometer.
Experiments were performed for five tool passes through the entire work piece, during which the
tool condition was monitored. Before and after every operation, tool images were made using a
digital microscope (500X magnification).

7. During experiments,
significant degradation of the tool and surface quality deterioration were observed. Power
spectrum analysis of recorded acceleration and cutting force signals shows a similar relationship.
Figure 3 compares diagnostic signal power spectrum graphs of a new and a worn tool. The
excitation frequency of spindle rotational speed (600 Hz) is clearly dominant. In the case of a
worn tool, additional undesirable frequencies occur, indicating damaging vibrations that can
have a negative impact on micromilling process quality.
The real-time diagnostics system developed for micromilling is an interesting solution for any
application where accuracy and improved quality are required. Due to modularity, it can be
quickly reconfigured to fit various conditions. Small dimensions and ruggedness allow use in a
wide range of applications. The intuitive user interface can be adapted to operator needs.
Implementing a real-time diagnostics system for micromilling in industrial applications helps
save time and money.
- Bogdan Broel-Plater, Krzysztof Pietrusewicz, and Paweł Waszczuk are with West Pomeranian
University of Technology, Control Engineering Poland. Edited by Mark T. Hoske, content
manager CFE Media, Control Engineering and Plant Engineering, mhoske(at)cfemedia.com
www.controlengpolska.com

8. Szczecin University of Technology
ONLINE extra - More about the authors
- Bogdan Broel-Plater, PhD, is with the West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering. His research work involves artificial intelligence utilization
within the digital control and supervision systems.
- Krzysztof Pietrusewicz, PhD, is with the West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering. He is also an editor for Control Engineering Poland. His
research work involves robust open architecture controls and integrated condition monitoring
approach for machine tools.
- Paweł Waszczuk, PhD student, is with the West Pomeranian University of Technology,
Szczecin, Faculty of Electrical Engineering. His research interests include real-time condition
monitoring systems for machine tools as well as micromilling.
Related News:
Domestic machine tool manufacturer facility expansion drives new opportunities -
17.08.2012 12:17
Technologies used: Motion control system for Boeing 787 assembly - 06.07.2012
09:50
Patent for CNC adaptive control system - 05.06.2012 10:59
Five control market trends for 2012 - 30.05.2012 13:00
Domestic machine tool manufacturer facility
expansion drives new opportunities
Brian Papke, president of Mazak Corp., talks about how a
large expansion to the company's Florence, Ky. facility is
driving new opportunities for the company in the U.S.
08/17/2012
Share

9. Mazak Corp. has announced a large expansion of its Florence, Ky., manufacturing facility to
handle the rapid growth in the domestic machine tool business. Brian Papke, president of Mazak
Corp., talks about how that growth is driving new opportunities for the company in the U.S.
PE: What have the last three years been like for Mazak? Have you been able to invest in
R+D while serving the existing customer base?
Papke: Our incoming orders in 2010 were up 100%, last year up 60% (on a calendar year basis),
and this year are up 20% thus far. Also during the past 3 years, we continued to develop new,
innovative products, as opposed to simply meeting the increases in demand with existing older
machine models.
During the downturn prior to the manufacturing upswing, we continued to reinvest in our factory
and in our R+D resources to ensure that we could competitively produce new products that were
receptive to the market when the economy was back on track in 2010. Even though business is
now good for most manufacturers, they must still strengthen their competitiveness, and doing so
requires truly new, innovative, and productive equipment, not technology that’s as much as 5
years old.
And Mazak, like other manufacturers, is under the same pressure, which is why we continually
improve our technology and invest in new equipment for our own production-on-demand
manufacturing operations to increase our productivity and competitiveness. Our customers, like
us, want the latest and greatest technology that will increase their productivity better than
anything else on the market and better than what their competitors are using.
A favorable business climate doesn’t imply that a company will automatically be successful. You
still have to be competitive or you will lose that success. Our customers are very receptive to the
products we develop because they consistently provide more productivity and a competitive
advantage.
PE: As IMTS approaches, what are you hearing from your customers about what they
need to continue to grow their business?
Papke: As IMTS approaches, our customers are seeking new technology that will give them the
competitive advantage and improve their business. Additionally, they are quite concerned with
how those products will help reduce the labor content in operations—not in an effort to
necessarily reduce labor costs, but instead to improve production without increasing their
dependency on skilled labor.
To reduce their reliance on skilled labor, manufacturers are also seeking to automate as many
operations or processes as possible. Such automation can take different forms besides the
commonly thought-of stand-alone robot. For instance, a multitasking machine combines enough
different processing capability that, in itself, automates production because parts are loaded in
the machine once and come out completed.
PE: Conversely, what do they say are the barriers to growing their business?

10. Papke: The biggest barrier to our customers’ abilities to grow is the current lack of skilled labor.
Recruiting, training, and maintaining skilled employees on an ongoing basis are proving
increasingly challenging for these manufacturers. Therefore, we continue to strengthen our
efforts in providing not only highly productive machines and fully automated solutions that will
ease the need for skilled labor, but also providing customers with various training programs as
part of our Pyramid of Learning and through our regionally located technology centers.
PE: Mazak is a global company. What are the secrets to being both global and local today,
and why is that of benefit to manufacturing?
Papke: There is really no big secret, except for the fact that a company has to be committed.
Being a successful company on both a global and local level simply takes a strong commitment
to being where your customers are and having a well-established presence in those areas.
We are not only a company that sells machine tools, but one that also works closely with its
customers to develop complete turnkey manufacturing solutions that provide them the lowest
possible cost of ownership and the fastest return on their investment. But equally important,
these solutions optimize their operations and increase equipment utilization rates.
In the machine tool business, those who survive, prosper, and grow over long periods of time are
the ones that are completely committed to providing innovative technology and unmatched
customer support. Ultimately, our desire is to always have our customers tell us that they’ve
improved their profitability as a result of investing in Mazak equipment. We want them to grow
and prosper, and in the process, we want to grow as partners with them.
Related News:
Mid-Year Report: Bullish on manufacturing - 20.08.2012 08:00
Packaging machinery initiatives - 08.08.2012 09:47
Using 3D to deliver a new view of manufacturing - 07.08.2012 11:03
Real-time diagnostics system for micromilling - 11.07.2012 21:12

11. http://www.slideshare.net/guestac67362/adaptive-control-
systems-paper-presentation
Adaptive Control Systems Paper Presentation — Document
Transcript
1. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com co om Adaptive control system with
knowledge server system m in CNC system gi. .c oogi ntyy eent ADAPTIVE CONTROL
SYSTEM WITH KNOWLEDGE t t dd SERVER IN INTELLEGENT CNC SYSTEM
ssuu w. . w ABSTRACT: ww ww In an ideal scenario of intelligent machine tools the
human mechanist was almost replaced by the controller. During the last decade many
efforts have been made to get closer to this ideal scenario, but the way of information
processing within the CNC did not change too much. The paper summarizes the
requirements of an intelligent CNC evaluating the advancement of technology in this
field using different adaptive control systems. In this paper a low cost concept for
artificial intelligence named www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com
2. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com Knowledge Server for Controllers
(KSC) is introduced. It allows more devices to solve their intelligent processing needs
using the same server that is capable to process intelligent data. The KSC concept is used
in an open CNC environment to build up an intelligent CNC. om Key words: Intelligent
CNC, knowledge server, adaptive control systems i.c og nty de 1. INTRODUCTION: stu
There are many definitions of the intelligent machine tools. In a well known book Wright
and Bourne said that ―We must therefore acknowledge that the degree of intelligence can
be gauged by the complexity of the input and/or the difficulty w. of ad hoc in-process
problems that get solved during a successful operation. Our unattached, fully matured
intelligent machine tool will be able to manufacture accurate aerospace components and
get a good part right the first time‖. They told that an ww intelligent machine tool had the
CAD data, the materials and the set-up plans as inputs and could produce correctly
machined parts with quality control data as outputs. 2 It is clear that adaptive control
techniques are necessary to apply if one wants intelligent CNC machine, but - of course -
the usage of them is not adequate in intelligent behavior. www.studentyogi.com
www.studentyogi.com
3. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com Table 1 summaries the features of an
intelligent CNC (Wright and Bourne collected them more than ten years ago) and shows
two further things: the positive changes done in the recent years and the still existing gaps
where - according to the scientific community – adaptive control systems offers solutions
with its information om processing methods. Analyzing the above list, it is clear that
many features do not require direct adaptive control methods. We can state that the main
reasons of the advancement were: i.c (1) The development of the hardware elements
(more sensitive sensors, more precise actuators, quicker and stronger computers etc.)
even in higher requirements. og (2) The development of the software and the
methodology mainly in the preparation phases of the manufacturing (in design, planning,
scheduling, resource management etc.) and in the user interface issues (more comfortable
and informative 'windows-like' screens nty and Menus). de Table 1. Commercial needs

12. for the intelligent machine tools: stu Features (forecasted in 1988) Big Artificial advance
intelligence by 2001 methods still needed w. 1. Reduce the number of scrap parts
following initial setup. ww 2. Increase the accuracy with which parts are made. 3.
Increase the predictability of machine tool operations. 4. Reduce the manned operations
in the machine tool environment. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com
4. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com 5. Reduce the skill level required for
machine setup and operations. 6. Reduce total costs for part fabrication. om 7. Reduce
machine downtime. 8. Increase machine throughput. 9. Increase the range of materials
that can be both setup and i.c machined. 10. Increase the range of possible og geometries
for the part 11. Reduce tooling through better operation planning nty 12. Reduce number
of operations required for setup 13. Reduce setup time bydesigning parts for ease of setup
de 14. Reduce the time between part design and fabrication stu 15. Increase the quantity
of information between the machine 16. control and part design w. operations ww Even
there is a big advance in the technology of the CNCs, the Knowledge processing and
other adaptive control methods have not appeared within the Intelligent Open CNC
System Based on the Knowledge Server Concept 3controllers, so in some points there is
no real development. Special heuristic rules, problem-solving strategies, learning
capabilities and knowledge communication features are still missing
www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com
5. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com from the recent controllers available on
the market. It is also true for many new, open or PC-based CNC s, where DSP add-on-
boards provide the necessary computation power and speed. Further requirements of
intelligent CNC s can be find out and defined. (Table 2.): The second column indicates
whether the different adaptive control om techniques (mainly rule base systems, neural
nets and fuzzy logic) would provide methods and solutions. One can find positive
answers to all these issues in the resent literature: i.c og nty de Table2. Future
requirements of an intelligent CNC: stu Table 2. Future requirements of an intelligent
CNC w. Further features Artificial intelligence methods ww would help
www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com
6. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com • Model based on-line path generation •
Automatic tool selection • Technological based settings of the operational parameters •
Automatic compensation of machine limits • Automatic back-step strategies om •
Detection and compensation of geometrical deflection • On-line selection of control
algorithms • Intelligent co-operation with other devices to solve problems i.c together •
Detection and correction of tool wear and breakage • Automatic handling of rejected
work pieces og • Detection and managing of emerging situations of the machine tool •
Complex self-diagnostics nty The list may be continued with the learning capabilities and
others. In the users' point of view these features rough in a controller, that "recognizes the
problem" and de "efficiently and reasonable solves them" with minimal disturbance of
the environment of the controller. stu w. 2. RESULTS IN INTELLIGENT CNC s: ww
On the one hand in the recent literature one can find many different topics related to
intelligent CNCs. Unfortunately they often do not mean intelligent behaviors but the
application of intelligent methods. Sometimes it is the case that authors call their devices
―intelligent" if one module of the system contains based method. On the other hand (2)
the key controller vendors leave everything to the users or machine tool builders offering

13. PC/Windows based CNCs. With these systems any software modules (e.g. even
www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com
7. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com adaptive control based ones) can be
coupled into the controller but they do not offer J real solutions or methodologies, but
only software possibilities. The following list summarizes the most important active
research topics in this field. A real intelligent CNC would contain most of these issues.
om 1) Fuzzy logic based concurrent control of some operating parameters (E.g. cutting
speed, depth of cut, feed rate) independently from the Given tool and the work piece. i.c
2) Neural nets and fuzzy rules in the CNC's control algorithms. Optimal path planning,
real-time correction of the trajectory. 3) og 4). Compensation of temperature (and other)
deformations. Life time management of the tools and other parts of the machine 5) Tool
including self-diagnostics. nty 6) Tool breakage detection (maybe forecasting) and tool
wear Monitoring (maybe compensation) with AI methods. 7) The utilization of CNC
management (setup, orders, etc.) via Intelligent agents. de Intelligent parts of a CNC can
be classified into three groups, namely: stu (1) Tool monitoring, (2) operation/machine
tool modeling and (3) Adaptive control. w. A general problem in all the three groups is
that the adaptive control based solutions are typically limited and valid only in a very
narrow field. If one changes some parameters of the operation or the environment, the
earlier successful methods become ww false. A special type of adaptivity partly helps on
this hard and well-known problem. If it is possible to replace the different modules of the
controller time by time, than one can guarantee, that a given adaptive control module can
run within its limitation, and over it another module (e.g. a much simpler one) covers the
same functionality. It can be realized (among others) if the controller is open to allow this
replacement. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com
8. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com 3. Adaptive Control System : In
adaptive control, the operating parameters automatically adapt themselves to conform to
new circumstances such as changes in the dynamics of the particular process and any
arise. The adaptive would check load conditions, adapt an appropriate desired braking om
profile (for ex: antilock brake system and traction control), and then use feed back to
implement it. With advanced adaptive controllers the gain may vary continuously with
changes in operating condition. i.c Purpose of adaptive control: 1. to optimize production
rate 2. to optimize product cost og 3. to minimize cost The functions common to adaptive
control systems are the following: 1. Determine the operating conditions of the process,
including measures of nty performance. Thos typically achieved by using sensors which
measure process parameters (such as force, torque, vibration, and temperature). 2.
Configure the process control in response to the operating conditions. Large changes de
in the operating conditions may provoke a decision to make a major switch in control
strategy. More modest alterations may be the modifications of process parameters (such
as changing the speed of operation or the feed in manufacturing). stu 3. continue to
monitor the process, making further changes in controller when and As needed. In an
operation such as turning on lathe, the adaptive control system senses real – w. time
cutting forces, torque, temperature, tool-ware, tool chipping or tool fracture, and surface
finish of the work piece. The system then converts this information into commands that
modify the process parameters on the machine tool to hold them ww constant (or with in
certain limits) or to optimize the cutting operation. 4. DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF
KNOWLEDGE SERVERS: www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com

14. 9. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com The features of World Wide Web led to
introduce knowledge server to easier solve the installation and version control problems
of expert systems and to provide a web based interface of the knowledge base for the
different users. Some advanced knowledge based systems are based on this concept.
There are some applications of knowledge servers in manufacturing. In the HPKB (High
Performance Knowledge Environment) om some hundred thousand rules are performed
in an intelligent knowledge environment. In this project the different intelligent
components are called knowledge servers. The components are communicating with each
other via the OKBC (Open Knowledge Base Connectivity) protocol specified at Stanford.
i.c On communication networks, the protocol named MAP uses a bus configuration,
broad band transmission, a token passing access scheme and data Transmission rate of og
10mbps. MAP is based on specification defined by the identical standard organizations
(ISO) called the open system interconnection (OSI) reference model. nty The seven layer
structure of MAP standard the first four layers are connected with the inter connection
functions, and the top three layers are connected with inter working functions. The
application layer (seventh layer) is the highest layer in MAP at the time of de this writing.
It is possible that this layer may be sub divided into multiple layers as applications of
communication protocol and computer techniques evolve in future. stu w. ww 5.
KNOWLEDGE SERVER FOR CONTROLLERS: Knowledge Server for Controllers
(KSC) is defined as a server providing capability of intelligent data processing for other
systems. It allows the basic system to reach external intelligent processing resources,
because it does not have any. The KSC contains a high performance reasoning tool, and
different knowledge based modules. All www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com
10. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com the modules have their special rules
and procedures. The client system calls these modules, passes them specific data if
necessary, and the KSC module can collect data if the knowledge processing requires. All
the data acquisition and user interaction is done by the client system. It is clear that in
KSC the clients have much more tasks than a simple browser based user interface and in
the applications listed in the previous chapter. om It should be stated that KSC does not
deal with fuzzy and neural net based adaptive control modules. The computing power and
the necessary software costs and complexity of these methods are less than the rule or
model based ones. (In the case of the neural nets it is true only if the net is not trained on-
line.) . i.c The KSC allows the different modules to run independently, to cooperate as
agents or to control each other. The third case means that one module is started by
another one og because either the second one uses the results of the first one or the
inference of the first one led to the need of the second module. Generally the resources of
the KSC can use more clients (controllers) nty simultaneously. It leads to a cost effective
AI solution, because one costly AI tool can solve all the intelligent problems in a
distributed environment. The overhead of the KSC (network connection, one more
computer, some delay etc.) is much less comparing to the advantages (adaptive control
tool licensing, less computing power in the de clients/controllers, one server module may
used by more clients etc.). Using the KSC together with the component based software
technology (e.g. stu CORBA) gives a very adaptive software frame to solve complex
problems. In the Fig. 1 a CNC with an embedded PLC controls a machine tool. The
modules of both controllers are open and some of them are also clients of a knowledge
server (KSC). It means that these modules can run special adaptive control Intelligent

15. Open w. CNC System Based on the Knowledge Server Concept methods during their
work that is an independent service is implemented in the KSC. ww
www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com
11. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com om i.c og nty 6. PROTOTYPE
INTELLIGENT CNC BASED ON KSC: In an early prototype of the intelligent open
CNC that is using KSC, Adaptive de control system was implemented An advance axis
tester is put on the top of this. Axis Test module handles all the tests but it gets the
necessary position and velocity values from a stu knowledge based general tester running
as an application on the KSC. The KB tester determines some goal positions and motion
speeds, that the Axis Test module executes with the axis using jog commands. The results
(execution time, tuning in errors etc.) are w. sent to the KSC that analyses and qualifies
the axis. In the prototype the modules are built in CORBA, the controller and the HMI is
programmed in Java. ww www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com
12. www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com 7. CONCLUSIONS: The controllable
parameters in machining by using micro controller i.e. adaptive om control system are
cutting force, torque, vibrations, feed and depth of cut. The controllable parameters in
machining by using artificial intelligenceModel based on-line path generation •
Automatic tool selection i.c • Technological based settings of the operational parameters •
Automatic compensation of machine limits og • Automatic back-step strategies •
Detection and compensation of geometrical deflection • On-line selection of control
algorithms nty • Intelligent co-operation with other devices to solve problems together •
Detection and correction of tool wear and breakage • de Automatic handling of rejected
work pieces • Detection and managing of emerging situations of the machine tool By
introducing an interface between micro controller of adaptive control system stu and the
data base of artificial intelligence we can control all the above parameters by
communicating with knowledge server. The features of KSC were discussed and an early
prototype was introduced. w. References: ww Adaptive control system -------- Bernard
wplrow,Samuel D.stearns Manufactureing Engg and technology by Serope Kalpak Jain,
Steven R. schmid Computer integrated manufacturing---------------- James A Regh, Henry
w scrab Manufacturing system Engg -------------------- katsundo Hitoni
www.studentyogi.com www.studentyogi.com

16. http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/manufacturing/9780132441889/computer-
controls-in-
nc/ch09lev1sec7#X2ludGVybmFsX0ZsYXNoUmVhZGVyP3htbGlkPTk3ODAxMzI0NDE4ODkl
MkZjaDA5bGV2MXNlYzg=
9.7. Adaptive Control Machining Systems
Adaptive control (abbreviated AC) machining originated out of research in the early 1960s
sponsored by the U.S. Air Force at the Bendix Research Laboratories. The initial adaptive
control systems were based on analog control devices, representing the state of technology at that
time. Today, AC uses microprocessor-based controls and it is typically integrated with an
existing CNC system. Accordingly, the topic of adaptive control is appropriate to include in this
chapter on computer controls in NC.
For a machining operation, the term adaptive control denotes a control system that measures
certain output process variables and uses these to control speed and/or feed. Some of the process
variables that have been used in adaptive control machining systems include spindle deflection
or force, torque, cutting temperature, vibration amplitude, and horsepower. In other words,
nearly all the metal-cutting variables that can be measured have been tried in experimental
adaptive control systems. The motivation for developing an adaptive machining system lies in
trying to operate the process more efficiently. The typical measures of performance in machining
have been metal removal rate and cost per volume of metal removed.
Where to use adaptive control
One of the principal reasons for using numerical control (including DNC and CNC) is that NC
reduces the nonproductive time in a machining operation. This time savings is achieved by
reducing such elements as workpiece handling time, setup of the job, tool changes, and other
sources of operator and machine delay. Because these nonproductive elements are reduced
relative to total production time, a larger proportion of the time is spent in actually machining the
workpart. Although NC has a significant effect on downtime, it can do relatively little to reduce
the in-process time compared to a conventional machine tool. The most promising answer for
reducing the in-process time lies in the use of adaptive control. Whereas numerical control
guides the sequence of tool positions or the path of the tool during machining, adaptive control
determines the proper speeds and/or feeds during machining as a function of variations in such
factors as work-material hardness, width or depth of cut, air gaps in the part geometry, and so on.
Adaptive control has the capability to respond to and compensate for these variations during the
process. Numerical control does not have this capability.
Adaptive control (AC) is not appropriate for every machining situation. In general, the following
characteristics can be used to identify situations where adaptive control can be beneficially
applied:

17. Sources of variability in machining
The following are the typical sources of variability in machining where adaptive control can be
most advantageously applied. Not all of these sources of variability need be present to justify the
use of AC. However, it follows that the greater the variability, the more suitable the process will
be for using adaptive control.
1. Variable geometry of cut in the form of changing depth or width of cut. In these cases,
feed rate is usually adjusted to compensate for the variability. This type of variability is
often encountered in profile milling or contouring operations.
2. Variable workpiece hardness and variable machinability. When hard spots or other areas
of difficulty are encountered in the workpiece, either speed or feed is reduced to avoid
premature failure of the tool.
3. Variable workpiece rigidity. If the workpiece deflects as a result of insufficient rigidity in
the setup, the feed rate must be reduced to maintain accuracy in the process.
4. Toolwear. It has been observed in research that as the tool begins to dull, the cutting
forces increase. The adaptive controller will typically respond to tool dulling by reducing
the feed rate.
5. Air gaps during cutting. The workpiece geometry may contain shaped sections where no
machining needs to be performed. If the tool were to continue feeding through these so-
called air gaps at the same rate, time would be lost. Accordingly, the typical procedure is
to increase the feed rate by a factor or 2 or 3, when air gaps are encountered.
Two types of adaptive control
In the development of adaptive control machining systems, two distinct approaches to the
problem can be distinguished. These are:
1. Adaptive control optimization (ACO)
2. Adaptive control constraint (ACC)
Operation of an ACC System
Typical applications of adaptive control machining are in profile or contour milling jobs on an
NC machine tool. Feed is used as the controlled variable, and cutter force and horsepower are
used as the measured variables. It is common to attach an adaptive controller to an NC machine
tool. Numerical control machines are a natural starting point for AC for two reasons. First, NC
machine tools often possess the required servomotors on the table axes to accept automatic
control. Second, the usual kinds of machining jobs for which NC is used possess the sources of
variability that make AC feasible. Several large companies have retrofitted their NC machines to
include adaptive control. One company, Macotech Corporation in Seattle, Washington,
specializes in retrofitting NC machine tools for other manufacturing firms. The adaptive control
retrofit package consists of a combination of hardware and software components. The typical
hardware components are:
1. Sensors mounted on the spindle to measure cutter deflection (force).

18. 2. Sensors to measure spindle motor current. This is used to provide an indication of power
consumption.
3. Control unit and display panel to operate the system.
4. Interface hardware to connect the AC system to the existing NC or CNC control unit.
Benefits of adaptive control machining
A number of potential benefits accrue to the user of an adaptive control machine tool. The
advantage gained will depend on the particular job under consideration. There are obviously
many machining situations for which it cannot be justified. Adaptive control has been
successfully applied in such machining processes as milling, drilling, tapping, grinding, and
boring. It has also been applied in turning, but with only limited success. Following are some of
the benefits gained from adaptive control in the successful applications.
1. Increased production rates. Productivity improvement was the motivating force behind
the development of adpative control machining. On-line adjustments to allow for
variations in work geometry, material, and tool wear provide the machine with the
capability to achieve the highest metal removal rates that are consistent with existing
cutting conditions. This capability translates into more parts per hour. Given the right
application, adaptive control will yield significant gains in production rate compared to
conventional machining or numerical control.
The production rate advantage of adaptive control over NC machining is illustrated in
Table 9.1 for milling and drilling operations on a variety of work materials. Savings in
cycle time reported in this table range from 20% up to nearly 60% for milling and 33 to
38% for drilling.
Table 9.1. Comparison of Machining Times—NC versus Adaptive Control
Work NC Percent
Operation Description material time AC time saving
Profile Aircraft flap ribs Aluminum 152 min 81 min 46
milling
Profile Aircraft flap ribs Aluminum 641 min 319 50
milling min
Profile Aerospace component Stainless steel 9.6 h 7.5 h 22
milling
Profile Aerospace component Stainless steel 11.8h 9.4 h 20

19. Table 9.1. Comparison of Machining Times—NC versus Adaptive Control
Work NC Percent
Operation Description material time AC time saving
milling
Profile Space shuttle engine ring Inconel 718 35
milling
Profile Engine Mounting ring Inconel 718 45
milling
Profile Aircraft component Titanium 64 min 35 min 48
milling
End milling Aerospace component 4330 Steel 61 min 25 min 59
Drilling 0.433″ diameter × 1.0″ deep 1019 Steel 8s 5s 38
Drilling 0.433″ diameter × 1.75″ Cast iron 10.5 s 7s 33
deep
Source: Data courtesy of Macotech Corp.
2. Increased tool life. In addition to higher production rates, adaptive control will generally
provide a more efficient and uniform use of the cutter throughout its tool life. Because
adjustments are made in the feed rate to prevent severe loading of the tool, fewer cutters
will be broken.
3. Greater part protection. Instead of setting the cutter force constraint limit on the basis of
maximum allowable cutter and spindle deflection, the force limit can be established on
the basis of work size tolerance. In this way, the part is protected against an out-of-
tolerance condition and possible damage.
4. Less operator intervention. The advent of adaptive control machining has transferred
control over the process even further out of the hands of the machine operator and into
the hands of management via the part programmer.
5. Easier part programming. A benefit of adaptive control which is not so obvious concerns
the task of part programming. With ordinary numerical control, the programmer must
plan the speed and feed for the worst conditions that the cutter will encounter. The

20. program may have to be tried out several times before the programmer is satisfied with
the choice of conditions. In adaptive control part programming, the selection of feed is
left to the controller unit rather than to the part programmer. The programmer can afford
to take a less conservative approach than with conventional NC programming. Less time
is needed to generate the program for the job, and fewer tryouts are required.
9.8. Trends and New Developments in NC
We will conclude these three chapters on numerical control by discussing some of the important
trends and new developments in NC technology. Without question, the most important general
trend in NC involves the expanding use of computer technology. The use of computers has
already provided significant improvements in part programming procedures (e.g., computer-
assisted programming, interactive graphics, and voice programming). The control of NC
machinery has also been dramatically enhanced through computer technology (e.g., CNC, DNC,
and adaptive control). We have covered these topics in Chapter 8 on programming and in the
current chapter on computerized NC. In the following sections, we discuss some additional
topics likely to influence the future evolution of numerical control.
http://www.moldmakingtechnology.com/articles/optimize-cnc-machining-with-add-on-
adaptive-controls
Optimize CNC Machining With Add-On
Adaptive Controls
The use of CNC adaptive controls can help moldmakers not only reduce cycle times, but also
extend the life of their cutting tools.
While CNC technology coupled with CAD/CAM has long helped to introduce flexibility in
batch production, there still remain some major inefficiencies inherent in most machining
processes.
Present day CNC technology relies on the programmers' input of appropriate cutting parameters -
even when sophisticated software systems are used to generate NC programs. The fact is that NC
programming is based on predetermined and unchanged conditions.
The control mechanisms of CNC machines are limited to geometry and kinematics. As such,
they follow pre-programmed and constant speed and feedrates during each cutting segment.
Consequently, they do not have the flexibility required for adapting to the dynamic changes that
occur during cutting. This inflexibility would be acceptable if cutting conditions were uniform

21. during machining. In practice, however, cutting conditions tend to continuously vary for many of
the following reasons:
Uneven workpiece surface.
Gradual tool wear.
Material hardness varies within each workpiece.
Workpiece dimensions vary from piece to piece.
Temperature variations in material during cutting.
The fixture's stability may be affected during cutting.
NC programs may contain errors.
Advances in CAD/CAM technology have caused machinists to focus most of their attention to
"defining the required geometry" and ignore the need to consider the rest of the previously
mentioned conditions. However, with all of the those deviations in mind, NC programmers have
no alternative but to be conservative in determining cutting parameters - resulting in safer but
more inefficient cutting processes. No matter how optimized NC programs may be, they cannot
take into account these dynamic variations encountered during cutting. At best, long NC
programs may be created with different feedrates for each segment. However, these programs
still cannot modify cutting parameters in real time in order to adapt to unexpected conditions that
may occur during cutting.
Dynamic Optimization Solution
CNC machining can be fully optimized through the implementation of add-on adaptive control
systems, which continuously monitor cutting conditions in real time. Such optimization and
machine automation technology systems are indispensable if expensive CNC machines are ever
to run at their full capacity and if cutting tools are to be utilized up to their maximum life rather
than incurring in-process catastrophic breakage and production disruption. Similarly, machine
operators will not be required to intervene in the machining process to watch and manually fine-
tune the process. In this way, true automation is made a reality and programmers may be more
aggressive, knowing that the adaptive controls will adjust the feedrate based on the load.
Manufacturers require optimization features that can be added on to their existing CNC
machinery. Add-on adaptive control systems connect directly to the CNC machine controller;
sense and monitor actual cutting load conditions; and adjust feedrates to optimal levels in real
time. This ensures a constant cutting load, which takes into account the variations in the cutting
conditions during the cut. In this way, these systems ensure that machine cycle times are
minimized and that the machines run at the maximum permissible capacity for each tool.
One of the most attractive features of these systems is that they apply the optimal feedrate in real
time based on the most basic parameters for each specific tool and material. These parameters
may be input, if necessary, from an external tool library. The operator is not required to know
specific load threshold for each tool, as the internal expert system determines these limits for
itself.

22. This enhancement allows NC programmers to be aggressive and program feeds as though the
tools are new and sharp. During cutting, the adaptive controls automatically compensate for tool
wear since feedrates are automatically and continuously adjusted partly as a function of the
extent of tool wear. The system also gives operators a quantitative indication of tool wear during
the cut. Based on the system's indication, operators can get ready to replace the worn tools in
time without actually incurring costly and disruptive tool breakage or replacing the tool much
sooner than necessary.
In addition to detecting tool wear, the devices also protect tools from breakage through their
sensitivity to the spindle load. Fewer broken tools also reduce scrap and the need for rework.
Breakage protection is provided in the form of an alarm system that alerts the machine
operator/supervisor when acute overload conditions occur in the cutting process and, if
necessary, automatically stops the machine.
Adaptive control systems ensure automatic optimization of the machining process to reduce
cycle times, increase tool utilization and prevent tool breakage, thus lowering machining costs
and increasing machine capacity.
These adaptive control systems are applicable on CNC milling, turning and drilling applications.
Typical applications include rough milling when the material and workpiece surface hardness
vary, die and mold manufacturing, blade manufacturing an
Cnc, dnc & adaptive control — Presentation Transcript
1. CNC, DNC &Adaptive Control Arvind Deshpande
2. Problems with Conventional NC1. Partprogramming mistakes2. Nonoptimal speeds
and feeds3. Punched tape4. Tape reader5. Controller6. Management
information4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 2
3. Conventional hard- wired NC controller Computer Numerical Control unit NC
system that utilizes stored programs in replaced by computer. a dedicated computer to
perform some or Soft-wired all NC functions Flexibility4/10/2012 Arvind
Deshpande(VJTI) 3
4. CNC4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 4
5. Functions of CNC1. Machine tool control Hybrid CNC –Hard-wired logic circuits for
functions like feed rate generation , circular interpolation etc. in addition to computer
Mass production of circuits and less expensive computer Straight CNC – Computer to
perform all NC functions4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 5
6. Hybrid CNC4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 6
7. Straight CNC4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 7

23. 8. Functions of CNC2. In-process compensation – Dynamic correction of machine tool
motion for changes or errors that occur during processing Adjustment of errors sensed
by in-process inspection probes and gauges Recomputation of axis positions when an
inspection probe is used to locate a datum reference on the work part Offset
adjustments for tool radius and length Adaptive control adjustments to sped and feed
Computation of predicted tool life and selection of alternate tooling when
indicated.4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 8
9. Functions of CNC3. Improved programming and operating features Use of tape and
tape reader only once On-line editing of part programs at the machine Special canned
cycles. Graphic display of tool path to verify the tape Various types of interpolation:
circular, parabolic, cubic Support of various units. Conversion from one unit to another
unit. Use of specially written subroutines or macros Manual data input (MDI) Several
part programs in bulk can be stored.4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 9
10. Functions of CNC4. Diagnostics – Equipped with diagnostic capability to assist in
maintaining and repairing the system Identification of reason for downtime Indication
of imminent failure of certain component Redundancy of components4/10/2012 Arvind
Deshpande(VJTI) 10
11. Direct Numerical Control A manufacturing system in which no. of machines are
controlled by a computer through direct connection and in real time.4/10/2012 Arvind
Deshpande(VJTI) 11
12. DNC with satellite computer4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 12
13. DNC – Drip Feeding very large NC program Very complex part shapes NC
controller memory may not handle HUGE part program computer feeds few blocks of
NC program to controller When almost all blocks executed, controller requests more
blocks4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 13
14. Behind the Tape Reader (BTR) Computer is linked directly to regular NC controller
unit The connection is made behind the tape reader Two temporary storage buffers
Less cost4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 14
15. Special Machine Control Unit Regular NC controller is replaced by special MCU
More accuracy in circular interpolation and fast material removal rates than BTR systems
Most CNC machines are sold with computer4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 15
16. NC, CNC and DNC4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 16
17. Functions of DNC1. NC without punched tape2. NC part program storage Programs
must be made available for downloading to CNC machine tools Part program can be
uploaded after editing from CNC machine Entry of new programs. Editing of programs ,
deletion of programs Tool management Tool offsets can be downloaded in to MCU
Postprocessor Data processing and management functions Primary storage and
secondary storage Syntax checking and graphic proving of programs on CNC computer
CNC can be operated directly from DNC computer Flexibility in shop floor scheduling
Part program preparation Machinability database for calculating speed/feed4/10/2012
Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 17
18. Functions of DNC3. Data collection, Processing and reporting Monitor production
in the factory Data processing and report generation by DNC computer Getting the
data about health of the machine in the form of sensor signals or diagnostic messages
which can be used for preventive/predictive maintenance Metrological data in the form

24. of dimensional acceptance4. Communications Central computer and machine tools
Central computer and NC part programmer terminals Central computer and bulk
memory, which stores the NC programs CAD system Shop floor control system
Corporate data processing Remote maintenance diagnostics system4/10/2012 Arvind
Deshpande(VJTI) 18
19. Justification of DNC Interconnected CNC machines are large in Very large
program number size. Can not be accommodated in the part program Large memory of
MCU variety of part programs and small Frequent changes in batch sizes program
designs4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 19
20. Advantages of DNC1. Elimination of punched tape and tape reader2. Greater
computational capability and flexibility3. Convenient storage of NC part programs in
computer files4. Programs stored as CLFILE5. Reporting of shop performance6.
Establishes the framework for evolution of future computer automated factory (CIM)7. 2-
5 % increase in operational efficiency of CNC machine tools. Cost of DNC installation
can be recovered quickly.4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 20
21. Combined CNC/DNC systems Development of hierarchical computer systems in
manufacturing Flexibility Ability to gradually build the system More versatile and
economic approach Distributed Numerical System Part program downloaded only
once Redundancy Improved communication between central computer and shop
floor4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 21
22. Adaptive Control A control system that measures certain output process variables
like spindle deflection, force, torgue, cutting temperature, vibration amplitude, horse
power and uses them to control speed or feed NC reduces non productive time in a
machining o peration AC determines proper speeds and feeds during machining as a
function of variation in work piece hardness, width or depth of cut, air gaps in part
geometry etc. Increased metal removal rate and reduced cost per volume of metal
removed4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 22
23. Where to use adaptive control?1. In-process time consumes significant portion of the
machining cycle time. (>40%)2. Significant sources of variability in the job3. Higher cost
of operation of machine tool4. Work material – steel, titanium, high strengh
alloys4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 23
24. Sources of variability in machining1. Variable depth/width of cut2. Variable
workpiece hardness and variable machinability3. Variable workpiece rigidity4.
Toolwear5. Air gaps during cutting4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 24
25. Adaptive Control Optimization(ACO) Index of performance is a measure of overall
process performance such as production rate or cost per volume of metal removed.
Objective is to optimize the index of performance by manipulating speed or feed in the
operation IP = MRR/TWR MRR – Material removal rate TWR – Tool wear rate
Sensors for measuring IP not available4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 25
26. Adaptive control Constraint (ACC) Less sophisticated and less Nearly all AC
systems is of this type expensive Objective is to manipulate speed than research ACO
systems or feed so that measured process variables are maintained at or below their
constraint limit values.4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 26
27. Operation of ACC system Profile or contour milling on NC machine tool Feed is
controlled variable Cutter force and horsepower are used as measured variables

25. Hardware components1. Sensors mounted on the spindle to measure cutter force2.
Sensors to measure spindle motor current3. Control unit and display panel to operate the
system4. Interface hardware to connect the AC system to existing NC/CNC
system4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 27
28. Relationship of AC software to APTprogram4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 28
29. Operation of ACC system duringmachining process4/10/2012 Arvind
Deshpande(VJTI) 29
30. Benefits of AC1. Increased production rate2. Increased tool life3. Greater part
protection4. Increases machine life5. Less operator intervention6. Easier part
programming4/10/2012 Arvind Deshpande(VJTI) 30