Heinroth in 1818 described “mixtures; Griesinger (1845) middle form. Mixed states was use by Jules Falret. In his monograph, Weygandt (1899) who worked with Kraepelin, distinguished three forms of mixed episode: manic stupor, agitated melancholia: depression with flight of ideas and agitation, and unproductive mania: elated mood, increased motor activity, and inhibition of thinking Kraepelin linked mania and depressive illness in 1899 in his book, which was translated to English in 1921. He distinguished between two general classes of mixed states: Transitional forms: a stage in between when depression changes to mania and vice versa. Autonomous form: a mixed disorder on its own: “the most unfavourable form of manic-depressive insanity” The course is longer, with a tendency to chronicity, as compared with other types of manic-depressive insanity. The modern definitions can be subdivided as follows: Broad definitions: the presence of a single depressive symptom within a manic episode is considered sufficient for diagnosis of a mixed episode (Swann et al., 1997) Narrow or strict definitions: Only the co-existence of the full or cardinal symptomatology of a manic and a depressive episode allows the diagnosis of a mixed episode. (DSM-IV) Moderate definitions: the co-existence of the full syndromes of mania and melancholia is not necessary: prominent depressive symptoms within a manic or hypomanic state is sufficient. The Cincinnati, Pisa and Vienna criteria belong to this category. (Berber, McElroy, Bauer, Perugi)
Heinroth in 1818 described “mixtures; Griesinger (1845) middle form. Mixed states was use by Jules Falret. In his monograph, Weygandt (1899) who worked with Kraepelin, distinguished three forms of mixed episode: manic stupor, agitated melancholia: depression with flight of ideas and agitation, and unproductive mania: elated mood, increased motor activity, and inhibition of thinking Kraepelin linked mania and depressive illness in 1899 in his book, which was translated to English in 1921. He distinguished between two general classes of mixed states: Transitional forms: a stage in between when depression changes to mania and vice versa. Autonomous form: a mixed disorder on its own: “the most unfavourable form of manic-depressive insanity” The course is longer, with a tendency to chronicity, as compared with other types of manic-depressive insanity. The modern definitions can be subdivided as follows: Broad definitions: the presence of a single depressive symptom within a manic episode is considered sufficient for diagnosis of a mixed episode (Swann et al., 1997) Narrow or strict definitions: Only the co-existence of the full or cardinal symptomatology of a manic and a depressive episode allows the diagnosis of a mixed episode. (DSM-IV) Moderate definitions: the co-existence of the full syndromes of mania and melancholia is not necessary: prominent depressive symptoms within a manic or hypomanic state is sufficient. The Cincinnati, Pisa and Vienna criteria belong to this category. (Berber, McElroy, Bauer, Perugi)
Heinroth in 1818 described “mixtures; Griesinger (1845) middle form. Mixed states was use by Jules Falret. In his monograph, Weygandt (1899) who worked with Kraepelin, distinguished three forms of mixed episode: manic stupor, agitated melancholia: depression with flight of ideas and agitation, and unproductive mania: elated mood, increased motor activity, and inhibition of thinking Kraepelin linked mania and depressive illness in 1899 in his book, which was translated to English in 1921. He distinguished between two general classes of mixed states: Transitional forms: a stage in between when depression changes to mania and vice versa. Autonomous form: a mixed disorder on its own: “the most unfavourable form of manic-depressive insanity” The course is longer, with a tendency to chronicity, as compared with other types of manic-depressive insanity. The modern definitions can be subdivided as follows: Broad definitions: the presence of a single depressive symptom within a manic episode is considered sufficient for diagnosis of a mixed episode (Swann et al., 1997) Narrow or strict definitions: Only the co-existence of the full or cardinal symptomatology of a manic and a depressive episode allows the diagnosis of a mixed episode. (DSM-IV) Moderate definitions: the co-existence of the full syndromes of mania and melancholia is not necessary: prominent depressive symptoms within a manic or hypomanic state is sufficient. The Cincinnati, Pisa and Vienna criteria belong to this category. (Berber, McElroy, Bauer, Perugi)
Heinroth in 1818 described “mixtures; Griesinger (1845) middle form. Mixed states was use by Jules Falret. In his monograph, Weygandt (1899) who worked with Kraepelin, distinguished three forms of mixed episode: manic stupor, agitated melancholia: depression with flight of ideas and agitation, and unproductive mania: elated mood, increased motor activity, and inhibition of thinking Kraepelin linked mania and depressive illness in 1899 in his book, which was translated to English in 1921. He distinguished between two general classes of mixed states: Transitional forms: a stage in between when depression changes to mania and vice versa. Autonomous form: a mixed disorder on its own: “the most unfavourable form of manic-depressive insanity” The course is longer, with a tendency to chronicity, as compared with other types of manic-depressive insanity. The modern definitions can be subdivided as follows: Broad definitions: the presence of a single depressive symptom within a manic episode is considered sufficient for diagnosis of a mixed episode (Swann et al., 1997) Narrow or strict definitions: Only the co-existence of the full or cardinal symptomatology of a manic and a depressive episode allows the diagnosis of a mixed episode. (DSM-IV) Moderate definitions: the co-existence of the full syndromes of mania and melancholia is not necessary: prominent depressive symptoms within a manic or hypomanic state is sufficient. The Cincinnati, Pisa and Vienna criteria belong to this category. (Berber, McElroy, Bauer, Perugi)
Heinroth in 1818 described “mixtures; Griesinger (1845) middle form. Mixed states was use by Jules Falret. In his monograph, Weygandt (1899) who worked with Kraepelin, distinguished three forms of mixed episode: manic stupor, agitated melancholia: depression with flight of ideas and agitation, and unproductive mania: elated mood, increased motor activity, and inhibition of thinking Kraepelin linked mania and depressive illness in 1899 in his book, which was translated to English in 1921. He distinguished between two general classes of mixed states: Transitional forms: a stage in between when depression changes to mania and vice versa. Autonomous form: a mixed disorder on its own: “the most unfavourable form of manic-depressive insanity” The course is longer, with a tendency to chronicity, as compared with other types of manic-depressive insanity. The modern definitions can be subdivided as follows: Broad definitions: the presence of a single depressive symptom within a manic episode is considered sufficient for diagnosis of a mixed episode (Swann et al., 1997) Narrow or strict definitions: Only the co-existence of the full or cardinal symptomatology of a manic and a depressive episode allows the diagnosis of a mixed episode. (DSM-IV) Moderate definitions: the co-existence of the full syndromes of mania and melancholia is not necessary: prominent depressive symptoms within a manic or hypomanic state is sufficient. The Cincinnati, Pisa and Vienna criteria belong to this category. (Berber, McElroy, Bauer, Perugi)
Heinroth in 1818 described “mixtures; Griesinger (1845) middle form. Mixed states was use by Jules Falret. In his monograph, Weygandt (1899) who worked with Kraepelin, distinguished three forms of mixed episode: manic stupor, agitated melancholia: depression with flight of ideas and agitation, and unproductive mania: elated mood, increased motor activity, and inhibition of thinking Kraepelin linked mania and depressive illness in 1899 in his book, which was translated to English in 1921. He distinguished between two general classes of mixed states: Transitional forms: a stage in between when depression changes to mania and vice versa. Autonomous form: a mixed disorder on its own: “the most unfavourable form of manic-depressive insanity” The course is longer, with a tendency to chronicity, as compared with other types of manic-depressive insanity. The modern definitions can be subdivided as follows: Broad definitions: the presence of a single depressive symptom within a manic episode is considered sufficient for diagnosis of a mixed episode (Swann et al., 1997) Narrow or strict definitions: Only the co-existence of the full or cardinal symptomatology of a manic and a depressive episode allows the diagnosis of a mixed episode. (DSM-IV) Moderate definitions: the co-existence of the full syndromes of mania and melancholia is not necessary: prominent depressive symptoms within a manic or hypomanic state is sufficient. The Cincinnati, Pisa and Vienna criteria belong to this category. (Berber, McElroy, Bauer, Perugi)
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Referencias: 1. Taylor CP, Angelotti T, Fauman E. Pharmacology and mechanism of action of pregabalin: The calcium channel alpha 2 -delta subunit as a target for antiepileptic drug discovery. Epilepsy Res . 2007;73:137-150. 2. Field MJ, Cox PJ, Stott E et al. Identification of the alpha 2-delta subunit of voltage-dependant calcium channels as a molecular target for dolor mediating the analgesic actions of pregabalin. Proc Natl Acad Sci . 2006;46:17537-17542. 3. Fehrenbacher JC, Taylor CP, Vasko MR. Pregabalin and gabapentin reduce release of substance P and CGRP from rat spinal tissues only after inflammation or activation of protein kinase C. dolor . 2003;105:133-141. Aunque el mecanismo exacto de acción de la pregabalina es desconocido, los resultados de los modelos animales sugieren que la unión a la subunidad 2 - puede estar asociada con el efecto de la pregabalina en el alivio sintomático del dolor por FM. 1,2 La pregabalina se une selectivamente a la subunidad 2 - de los canales de calcio de las neuronas en el cerebro y en el sistema nervioso central 1 A medida que esta se une, la pregabalina reduce la liberación de varios neurotransmisores en las neuronas hiperexcitadas, incluyendo sustancia P, glutamato, y noradrenalina 1 Los estudios preclínicos sugieren que es a través de esta modulación de la hiperexcitabilidad neuronal que sus efectos analgésicos y anticonvulsivos se logran 1 La pregabalina no es un bloqueante del canal de calcio vascular; esta no afecta significativamente la presión arterial o la función cardiaca 1,2 La pregabalina no es activa en el receptor del ácido gamma-aminobutírico (GABA) 3 Los bloqueadores del canal de calcio se unen a una subunidad de los canales de calcio de tipo L y directamente bloquean al poro
Terapias no farmacológicas que han mostrado ser efectivas en el manejo de la FM. 1 Las opciones terapéuticas no farmacológicas con un fuerte nivel de evidencia para su eficacia incluyen: educación del paciente, ejercicio aeróbico, y terapia conductual cognitiva (CBT) 1 Se ha demostrado que el ejercicio aeróbico moderadamente intenso mejora el dolor y los umbrales de dolor por presión en los puntos sensibles. 2 La progresión gradual del ejercicio debería ser aconsejada para evitar la exacerbación de los síntomas 3 Se ha demostrado que la educación intensiva del paciente con FM mejora el dolor, el sueño, la fatiga, y la calidad de vida en pacientes con FM 1 Referencias: 1. Goldenberg DL, Burckhardt C, Crofford L. Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. JAMA . 2004;292:2388-2395. 2. Busch AJ, Schachter CL, Peloso PMJ, Bombardier C. Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2002;CD003786. 3. Burckhardt CS, Goldenberg D, Crofford L, et al. Guideline for the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome dolor in Adults and Children . APS Clinical Practice Guidelines Series, No.4. Glenview, IL: American dolor Society; 2005.
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