4. ECONOMICS
Economist Definition What economics is
Adam Smith ‘an inquiry into the nature and causes the creation of wealth from scarce resources
1723–90 of the wealth of nations’
J. S. Mill ‘the practical science of the production the production and distribution of goods and
1806–73 and distribution of wealth’ services for consumption and further production
Alfred Marshall ‘action … connected with the the behaviour and interaction of man to improve
1842–1924 attainment … of the material requisites his well-being
of well-being’
Modern the study of how man allocates scarce the fact that there is a trade-off, or opportunity
economists resources, which have alternative uses, cost, involved in production and consumption
to achieve given goals
(Gopie, P. (2010))
5. Economics :
the study of how societies use scarce resources to
produce valuable goods and services and distribute
them among different individuals
(Edmund Burke 2009)
6. three main groups in the economy
1. Household
• consume goods and services
• owners of the factors of production
2. Firm
• produces goods and services
3. government
• provides the framework of rules and laws
• some economies, the government is also involved in production
(Gopie, P. (2010))
7. Needs and wants
Needs are any goods and services that are essential for life.
Wants are goods and services that are desired to improve
the quality of life but are not essential
(Gopie, P. (2010))
8. Scarcity & Choice
Scarcity is the universal problem that faces all
societies because there are not enough resources
to produce everything people want.
(Phillip Saunders & June V. Gilliard -National Council On Economic Education)
Choice is the range of options available to the
individual household, firm or government when
making a decision
(Gopie, P. (2010))
10. money cost
what was actually paid for the inputs used
to produce a given good or service
(Gopie, P. (2010))
11. The production possibility frontier
assumptions
• The economy produces only two goods.
• The amount of resources is fixed.
• Each of the goods can be produced using changing
ratios of the factors of production. This is called
‘variable factor proportions’.
(Gopie, P. (2010))
14. The production possibility frontier illustrates the
concepts of scarcity, choice and opportunity cost
(Gopie, P. (2010))
15. Economic efficiency:
When an economy is producing on its production
possibility frontier, that economy is said to be efficient.
All resources available in the economy are being
used to produce one of the maximum possible
combinations of goods
(Gopie, P. (2010))
17. DEMAND
the different quantities of a resource, good, or service that
will be purchased at various possible prices during a specific
time period
نقطه قیمت مقدار
روی هر کیلو تقاضا
نمودار میوه
P1Q1 1000 2
P3Q3 700 7
P5Q5 500 10
1379-کلیات اقتصاد. حسن سبحانی
18. SUPPLY
different quantities of a resource, good, or service that
will be offered for sale at various possible prices during a
specific time period.
نقطه قیمت مقدار
روی هر کیلو عرضه
نمودار میوه )(تن
P5Q5 200 5
P3Q3 300 8
P1Q1 400 10
1379-کلیات اقتصاد. حسن سبحانی
19. Equilibrium
The equilibrium price of a good is determined
by the intersection of its supply and demand
curves
1379-کلیات اقتصاد. حسن سبحانی
20.
21. References:
• Gopie, P. (2010). Economics for Csec Examinations, Macmillan Education.
• Saunders, P. and J. Gilliard (1995). A framework for teaching basic
economic concepts: with scope and sequence guidelines, k-12, Council for
Economic Education.
• Edmund Burke (2010). The Central Concepts of Economics.
• دکتر جمشید پژویان و همکاران.(7831) . کلیات علم اقتصلد
.• حسن سبحانی. (9731) کلیات اقتصاد
•
22. کار گروهی 1 :
یک محصول در حیطه آموزش پزشکی را در نظر بگیرید.
یک محصول دیگر را بعنوان هزینه-فرصت آن مطرح نمایید.
با توجه به مفروضات ، PPFمنحنی امکانات تولید آین دو محصول را رسم نمایید.
در منحنی رسم شده سه مفهوم کمیابی، انتخاب و هزینه-فرصت را تفسیر کنید.
کار گروهی 2 :
یک محصول در حیطه آموزش پزشکی را در نظر بگیرید.
بصورت فرضی برای این محصول جدول و نمودار عرضه و تقاضا را ترسیم نمایید
نقطه تعادل را بیابید و آنرا تفسیر کنید.
23. Goods and services
Goods: tangible , usually physical objects
• Free Goods
• Economic Goods
consumption good
investment good
intermediate good
Services: intangible ,what a person does for you
(Phillip Saunders & June V. Gilliard -National Council On Economic Education)
24. Resources (Factors of Production)
Land: original fertility and mineral deposits, topography, climate, water, and vegetation
Labor: contributions of humans who work (thinking and doing)
Capital: all manufactured resources including buildings, equipment, machines, and
improvements to land
Entrepreneurship : “to undertake.” .The ability of some people to organize
economic activity by taking the risks associated with starting a new business or
introducing a new good or service into the market-place in hopes of earning a profit .
(Phillip Saunders & June V. Gilliard -National Council On Economic Education)
