syllabus for criminal law for Rai university Offences against Human Body Offences against Property Offences against Women • Culpable Homicide • Murder • Hurt, Grievous Hurt • Criminal Force, Wrongful Restraint, Wrongful Confinement • Kidnapping, Abduction • Causing death by rash or negligent Act • Death caused by consent of the deceased – euthanasia and surgical operation • Theft & Extortion, Robbery and Dacoity • Criminal Breach of Trust, Mischief • Cheating • Forgery • Defamation • Criminal Intimidation • Rape, Custodial Rape, Relevancy of Consent • Dowry Death, Cruelty by Husband or Relatives of Husband • Offences relating to marriage • Outraging modesty and annoyance of woman

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S y l l a b u s o f C r i m i n a l l a w f o r s e m e s t e r 1
Offences against Human Body
Offences against Property
Offences against Women
2021
21/01/2021
Criminal Law
Full syllabus
Nirav H Bhatt
School of law Rai University
Semester - 1

2. 1
INTRODUCTION
All offencesagainsthumanbodyinanyformare includedinCriminal Law.Itcan be classifiedas
mentionedbelow:
 Culpable Homicide
 Murder
 Hurt, GrievousHurt
 Criminal Force,Wrongful Restraint,Wrongful Confinement
 Kidnapping,Abduction
 Causingdeathbyrash or negligentAct
 Deathcausedby consentof the deceased – euthanasiaandsurgical operation
 Theft& Extortion,RobberyandDacoity
 Criminal Breachof Trust, Mischief
 Cheating
 Forgery
 Defamation
 Criminal Intimidation
 Rape,Custodial Rape,Relevancyof Consent
 DowryDeath,CrueltybyHusbandor Relativesof Husband
 Offencesrelatingtomarriage
 Outragingmodestyandannoyance of woman
Unit: 1:
Culpable Homicide
The word homicide issupposedlyderivedfromLatinwhere "homo"meansmanand"cida"means
killing.Thus,homicide meansthe killingof a manby a man. Homicide canbe lawful orunlawful.
Culpable homicide ispunishable bylawandisfurtherdividedintotwocategories:
 Culpable homicide amountingtomurder(SECTION 300)
 Culpable homicide notamountingtomurder(SECTION 299)
The major difference betweenculpable homicideandmurderis Intention.
MURDER
The term "Murder"traces its originformthe Germanicword"morth"whichmeanssecretkilling.
Murder meanswhenone personiskilledbyanotherpersonora group of personswhohave a pre -
determinedintentiontoendlife of the former.

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Section300 of the IPC reads as follows:
 Exceptinthe caseshereinafterexcepted,culpable homicide ismurder,if the actbywhich
the deathis causedisdone withthe intentionof causingdeath,or
 If it is done withthe intentionof causingsuchbodilyinjuryasthe offenderknowstobe likely
to cause the deathof the personto whomthe harm iscaused,or
 If it is done withthe intentionof causingbodilyinjurytoanypersonandthe bodilyinjury
intendedtobe inflictedissufficientinthe ordinarycourse of nature tocause death,or
 If the personcommittingthe actknowsthat itis soimminentlydangerousthatitmust,inall
probability,cause deathorsuchbodilyinjuryasislikelytocause death,andcommitssuch
act withoutanyexcuse forincurringthe riskof causingdeathor suchinjury as aforesaid.
If we analyse the definitionunderSection300 of the IPC,culpable homicide isconsideredasmurder
if:
 The act iscommittedwithanintentiontocause death.
 The act isdone withthe intentionof causingsuchbodilyinjuryforwhichthe offenderhas
knowledge thatitwouldresultindeath.
 The personhas the knowledge thathisactis dangerousandwouldcause deathorbodily
injurybutstill commitsthe act,thiswouldamountto murder.
INGREDIENTS OF MURDER
 Intent:There shouldbe an intentionof causingdeath
 Doing an act: There shouldbe an intentiontocause suchbodilyinjurythatislikelytocause
deathor
 Accomplishment:The act must be done withthe knowledgethatthe act islikelytocause
the deathof another.
Condition when CULPABLE HOMICIDE IS NOT CONSIDERED AS MURDER
Clauses1-4 of Section300 provide the essential ingredients,whereinculpablehomicide amountsto
murder.Section300 afterlayingdownthe casesinwhichculpable homicide becomesmurder,states
certainexceptionalsituationsunderwhich,if murderiscommitted,itisreducedtoculpable
homicide notamountingtomurderpunishable undersection304,IPC and notundersection302,
IPC.
The exceptionsare:
1 Grave and suddenprovocation:
 If the offenderisdeprivedof the powerof self-control due tosuddenandgrave provocation,
and hisact causesthe deathof the personwhoprovokedordeathof any otherpersonby
accidentor mistake.
 Thisexceptionissubjecttoacertainproviso:

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• That the provocationisnot soughtor isvoluntarilyprovokedbythe offenderto
be usedas an excuse forkillingorcausinganyharm to the person.
• That the provocationisnot givenbyanythingthatisdone inobedience tothe
law,or by a publicservantwhile exercisingthe powers lawfullyof apublic
servant.
• That the provocationisnot done while doinganylawfulexerciseof the rightof
private defence.
 ILLUSTRATION
 A isgivengrave and suddenprovocationbyC.A firesat C as a resultof this
provocation.A didn'tintendorhave knowledgethathisact islikelytokill C,who
was outof A's sight.A killsC.A isnot liable tomurderbutisliable toculpable
homicide.
2. Private defence:
The right of private defence isabsolutelynecessaryforthe protectionof one’slife,liberty
and property.Itisa rightinherentinaman. But the kindandamount of force is minutely
regulatedbylaw.The use of force to protect one’spropertyandpersoniscalledthe rightof
private defence
 ILLUSTRATION
If personA triesto attack person B.and personB inattemptto save himself hits
back at personA andin the processA getskilledthenpersonBcan’tbe heldunder
murderas hisact wasnot intentionalanditwasjust forprivate defence.
3. Exercise of legal power:
Extrajudicial killingsbythe police orthe armedforces,supposedlyinself-defence,whenthey
encountersuspectedgangstersorterrorists.
 ILLUSTRATION
In the 1990s and the mid-2000s, the Mumbai Police usedencounterkillingstoattack
the city's underworldandtokeepcrime rate down.
4. withoutpremeditationinsuddenfight:
5. Consentincase of passive euthanasia:
Passive euthanasiaPassiveeuthanasiaoccurswhenthe patientdiesbecause the medical
professionalseitherdon'tdosomethingnecessarytokeepthe patientalive,orwhenthey
stopdoingsomethingthatiskeepingthe patientalive.

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PUNISHMENT
PUNISHMENTFOR MURDER - SECTION 302, IPC:
Whoevercommitsmurdershall be punishablewithdeath,orimprisonmentforlife andshall alsobe
liable tofine.
PUNISHMENTFOR CULPABLE HOMICIDE – SECTION 304, IPC:
Culpable homicide isnotmurderif itfallsunderanyone of the five exceptionsgivenunderSection
300. For culpable homicidenotamountingtomurder,Section304 of IPC describesthe punishments
as:
• Imprisonmentforlifeor
• Imprisonmentforeitherdescriptionof atermextendinguptotenyears and/or
• Fine.
MEANING OF EXPRESSION "BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT"
For a doubtto stand inthe way of convictionof guiltitmustbe a real doubtand a reasonable doubt.
If the data leavesthe mindof the trial judge indoubt,the decisionmustbe againstthe partyhaving
the burdenof persuasion.If the mindof the adjudicationtribunalisevenlybalancedasto whether
or not the accusedis guilty,itisitsdutyto acquit the accused.
EXAMINING RAREST OF THE RARE CASE IN IMPOSING DEATH PENALTY
Rarestof the rare case isthe principle enshrinedinBachanSinghv.State of Punjab(1980) (2 SCC
684) whichlimitsthe vastdiscretionof the courtinimposingdeath penalty.Deathasa highest
punishmentwasremovedfrombeingageneral rule tobeingawardedonlyinexceptional
circumstancesandthat too afterrecordingthe special reasonforimposingthe highestpunishment
whichcannotbe revertedunderanycircumstance afteritsexecution.The phrase "rarestof the rare"
case still remainstobe definedwhile the concernforhumanlife,the normsof acivilisedsocietyand
the needto reformthe criminal hasengagedthe attentionof the courts.The sentence of death has
to be basedon the actionof the criminal ratherthan the crime committed.The doctrine of
proportionalityof sentence vis-a-visthe crime,the victimandthe offenderhasbeenthe greatest
concernof the courts.
CONCLUSION
As discussedabove,there is athinline betweenMurderandCulpable Homicide.The courtshave
time andagain takeneffortstodifferentiate betweenthe twooffencesthe endresultof the two
beingsame,intentionbehindthe offence beingthe importantfactorof consideration.The entire
case of the prosecutioncanbe basedona single pointi.e."intention"andinthe same waythe
entire case of the prosecutioncanbe destroyedbythe defence byproving"nointention".

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Suicide (section 309)
Whoeverattemptstocommitsuicide anddoes anyact towardsthe commissionof suchoffence shall
be punishedwithsimple imprisonmentforaterm whichmayextendtoone yearor withfine,orwith
both.Althoughsection309 isstill ineffect,the Mental Healthcare Act,2017 (enactedJuly2018) has
restricteditsapplication.
Theory and Types of Suicide
THEORY OFSUICIDE:
• Suicide offersanexaminationof how ratesof suicide differedbyReligion.
• Durkheimfoundthatsuicide waslesscommonamongwomenthanmen.
• Additionally,Suicide was mostcommonamongSinglesthanthose whohave Children.
• Furthermore,Soldierscommitsuicide more oftenthanCivilians.
• Basedonwhat he saw inthe data:
• Durkheimanalysedthatsuicide canbe causedbysocial factors,not justindividual
psychological ones.
TYPES OF SUICIDE
Suicide canbe classifiedinfourtypes:
 EgoisticSuicide:
 Thistype of suicide occurswhenthe degree of social integrationislow.
 Notwell supportedinasocial group.
 Outsiderorloner.
 IsolatedandHelpless
 AltruisticSuicide:
 Thistype of suicide occurswhenthe degree of social integrationistoohigh.
 Whena personcommitsthistype of suicide theyare greatlyinvolvedina
group.
 All thattheycare about are that group’snorms andgoalsand they
completelyneglecttheirownneedsandgoals.
 Theytake theirlivesfora cause.

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 AnomicSuicide:
 Thiskindof suicide isrelatedtotoolow of a degree of regulation.
 Thistype of suicide iscommittedduringtimesof greatstressorchange.
 Withoutregulation, apersoncannotsetreachable goalsandinturn people
getextremelyfrustrated.
 Life istoo muchfor themto handle andit becomesmeaninglesstothem.
 FatalisticSuicide:
 People committhissuicide whentheirlivesare keptundertightregulation.
 Theyoftenlive theirlivesunderextremerulesandhighexpectations.
 These typesof people are leftfeelinglike they’ve losttheirsenseof self.
Reasons of Suicide
 Depression:
 One of the leadingcause.
 Feelslike thatthe theirexistence doesn’tmatteranymore.
 Theyare unable tofeel happyaboutanything.
 Try to make theirdaysfulfilling.
 Depressionisdifferentfromsadness.
 Hopelessness:
 Hopesand expectationsinlife.
 Noteverythinggoesaccordingtoour plans.
 Nothingcanimprove theirsituation.
 Negative viewof the future.
 Unable to cope withlife.
 Fear:
 We all have fears.
 Facingfear can have twoeffects:
o Overcomingof the fear.
o Multipliesthe fear.
 People dothingsthattheyregretlater.
 Fear getsrootedinthe people’shead.
 Perfectionism:
 Setunrealisticallyhighstandards.
 Increasesthe chancesof suicide more thanhopelessness.
 Problemsbeginwithstressful life events.
 Take the failurespersonallyandcreatesnegativemind-settowards
problems.

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 Regrets:
 Made some mistakesinpast.
 Eithermake peace withregretor keeponsinking.
 Keepthinkingaboutthe mistakes.
 Perceive theirmistakesasbiggestcrime.
 Presentorfuture holdsnoimportance tothem.
 Submerge sodeeplyinguilt.
 Traumatic Experience:
 Traumatic experienceslikewars,sexualassault,losingalovedone orany
terrifyingtrouble.
 Effectbothmentallyandphysically.
 The symptomsinclude flashbacks,racingheart,sweating,frightening
thoughts.
 Theyfeel tensedandare easilystartledwhichcanmake themangryand
irritable.
 Mental Illness:
 Mental illnessesare easiertodetect.
 Theyfeel like theyare cagedintheirownworld.
 Theyare termedas‘psycho’,‘mad’,‘nuts’.
 Theydenythe signsof illnessandworryaboutwhatotherswill think.
 Sometimestheyare abusedandbulliedandtheybecome dependenton
others.
 Bullying:
 Teenagersare mostvulnerable toattemptsuicidebecauseof beingbullied.
 The cases of people killingthemselvesafterexperiencingbullyingare not
rare.
 People whoare bulliedexperience tremendouspain.
 A close eye onthemisnecessarytodetectany signsof distress.
 Unemployment:
 Unemploymentisamajor reasonforsuicide amongthe youth.
 Findingadecentjobisnot as easyas it sounds.
 Competitionsohighandthe numberof opportunitiessoless.
 No moneyandmanybillstopay.

9. 8
Impact of Suicide
 Feelingof guilt
 People oftentreatthe lovedonesof the personwhocommittedsuicide differently(being
blamed) studyshowedthatthe youngerthe childatthe time of the parent'ssuicide,the
greaterthe riskof hisor her ownsuicide.
 Depressed:“It’smy fault”thatmy son committedsuicide
 Your fatherfacingpeople rumoursalone
 Your brotherwhoteasesyou,getshockedandwill hurthimself
 Divorce of parents
 IMPACT OFSUICIDE ON SOCIETY :
 Filmanddramas showingsuicide attemptspersuadesyoungsters(badeffecton
society)
 Personthinkit’sthe onlyoptionhe leftwith
 Easy wayto tackle life problems
 If theirwishisnot acceptedbytheirparentstheyfeel suicideisthe bestway.

10. 9
UNIT: 2
Assault
Accordingto Section351 IPC,Whoevermakesanygesture,oranypreparationintendingor knowing
it to be likelythatsuchgesture orpreparationwill cause anypersonpresentto apprehendthathe
whomakesthat gesture orpreparationisaboutto use criminal force to that person,issaidto
commitan assault.
Explanation:
Mere wordsdonot amountto an assault.But the wordswhicha personusesmay give to his
gesturesorpreparationsucha meaningas may make those gesturesorpreparations
amountto an assault.
Illustrations:
 A shakeshisfistat Z,intendingorknowingittobe likelythathe maytherebycause Z
to believethatA isabout to strike Z,A has committedanassault.
 A beginstounloose the muzzle of aferociousdog,intendingorknowingittobe
likelythathe maytherebycause Zto believe thathe isaboutto cause the dog to
attack Z. A has committedanassaultuponZ.
 A takesup a stick,sayingtoZ, "I will give youabeating".Here, thoughthe words
usedbyA couldin nocase amountto an assault,andthoughthe mere gesture,
unaccompaniedbyanyother circumstances,mightnotamountto an assault,the
gesture explainedbythe wordsmayamount to an assault.
Essential Ingredients of an assault (Section 351 IPC) are:
 Making a gesture,orany preparationbya personinpresence of another
 Intentionorknowledge thatsuchgesture orpreparationwill cause anyperson presentto
apprehendthatthe personmakingitisabout to use criminal force tohim.
 It isnot everythreatthat constitute anassault,there must,inall casesbe the meansof
carryingthe threatintoeffect.
 Mere preparationtocommita crime isnot punishable,yetthe preparationwiththe
intention specifiedinthis sectionamountstoanassault.
 An assaultissometimeslessthanthe use of criminal force.Howeveranassaultisincludedin
everycriminal force.
 In orderto constitute an assaultitis notnecessarythatthere shouldbe some actual hurt
caused. Pointingaloadedpistol atanotherisundoubtedlyanassaultwithinthe meaningof
thissection.

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Injury
The word “injury”denotesanyharmwhateverillegallycausedtoanyperson,inbody,mind,
reputationandproperty.
Simple Hurt
Hurt may be described as the bodily pain that is resulting from real contact with the frame by an
aggravated assault. There’s no radical difference between assault and harm. Section 319 of the
IndianPenal Code,1860 (hereinafter“IPC”) defineshurtas: “whoever reasons bodily pain, disorder
or disease to any man or woman is said to have caused harm.” The section does not outline the
offence of inflictingharm.Itdefines best the time period hurt and does not describe the situations
underneath which it can be brought on.
Essentials of simple hurt:
 BodilyPain
 Infirmitytoanother
 Disease
1. BodilyPain:
 The expression‘physical pain’meansthatthe painmustbe physical insteadof any
mental pain.Somentallyoremotionallyhurtinganyone will nolongerbe ‘harm’ inside
the meaningof Section319. However,tobe coveredunderthissection,itisn’talways
importantthatany visible injuryshouldbe precipitatedatthe sufferer.All thatthe
sectioncontemplatesisthe inflictingof bodilypain.The diplomaorseverityof the ache
or painisn’ta fabric elementtodecide whetherSection319will applyornot.The
durationof ache or painisimmaterial.Pullingagirl withherhair wouldamounttohurt.
 Illustrations:
 In the State vs RameshDass on22 May 2015 In a hospital,passingthroughthe
corridor,inthe newsurgical blocklocation,anunknownpublicindividual came from
the front andattackedthe woman.Thatindividual pulledherhairandthrew herto
the ground.He hither onher headtogetherwithhishand.Accusedwasconvicted
for the offencesunderSection341 and 323 of the IPC andacquittedforthe offence
underSection354 of the IPC.
2. Infirmitytoanother:
 Infirmitydenotesthe badstate of frame of mindand a state of transientintellectual
impairmentorhysteriaorterror wouldconstitute disease inside the meaningof this
expressioninside the section.Itisan incapabilityof anorgan to carry out itseveryday
function,whethertemporarilyorcompletely.Itmaybe deliveredthroughthe

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administrationof atoxicor poisonoussubstance orbymeansof takingalcohol
administeredbywayof any otherperson.
 Illustrations:
 Jashanmal Jhamatmal vsBrahmanandSwarupanand[AIR1944 Sind19]:In this
situation,the respondenthasbeenevictedwiththe aidof the owner.He attempts
to getrevenge viavacatingothersfromthat constructingtoo.Respondentlater
confrontedwithA’sspouse withapistol inhishand.
3. Disease:
 A communicationof ailmentordisease fromone individual toanotherthroughthe way
of touchwouldconstitute hurt.But,the ideaisunclearwithrespecttothe transmission
of sexual sicknessesfromone individual toeveryother.Forinstance,aprostitute who
had intercourse withapersonandtherebycommunicatedsyphilischangedintoheldin
charge underSection 269 of the IPC forspreadinginfectionandnotforinflictinghurt
due to the fact that the interval betweenthe actand sicknessturnedintotoofaraway
to attract Section319 of the IPC.
 Illustrations:
 In Raka vs.Emperor,the accusedwas a prostitute andshe inflictedsyphilistoher
customers.Itwas heldthataccused;the prostitute wasliable underSection269 of
IPC- negligentactlikelytospreadinfectionof anydisease dangeroustothe life of
anotherperson.
Intention or Knowledge
Intention orknowledge isanimportantaspectof causinghurt to an individual.A personwho
intentionallysetsouttopurpose shockto somebodywithaweakcoronaryheartand succeedsin
doingso,he issaidto have causedhurt. Anybodilyache due tomanagementof capsulescanbe
protectedunder‘harm’.Whilstthe harmisn’talwayssevere andthere isnopurpose tocause death,
or grievoushurt,the accusedcouldbe guiltyof inflictingharmmosteffective,despitethe factthat
deathiscaused.
 Illustrations:
 In Marana Goundan v.R [AIR1941 Mad. 560] the accused demandedmoney
fromthe deceasedwhichthe latterowedhim.The deceasedpromisedtopay
later.Thereafterthe accusedkickedhimatthe abdomenandthe deceased
collapsedanddied.The accusedchangedintoheldguiltyof causinghurtasit
couldn’tbe statedthathe meantor knew thatkickingat the abdomenbecome
inall likelihoodtohazardexistence.
 Section321 of the IPCdefinesvoluntarilycausingharmaswhoeverdoesanyactwiththe
intentionof therebycausingharmtoany person,or withthe expertise thathe’slikely
therebytoreasonhurt to anyindividual,anddoestherebymotive harmtoanyperson,is

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stated:“voluntarilytomotive hurt”.Whatconstitutesaselectedoffence reliesuponthe
character of the act achieved(actusreus) butadditionallyuponthe characterof aimor
know-how(mens rea) withwhichit’sfarcarriedout.
 Section319 definedthe nature of the actusreus,whichmightconstitute the offence of
voluntarilycausingharm,punishable underSection323, and
 Section321 describesthe mensreanecessarytorepresentthatoffence.Goal and
informationneedtobe proved.The personinrealityhurtwantsnow notalwaysisthe
personwhobecomesintendedtobe hurt.
 Section321 describesthe situationsthatdressthe act withfactorsof criminal activity,
makingitan offence.
 The instancesare:
 doingof an act,
 to any person,
 Withthe goal or know-how of causingharm.
Grievous Hurt
The draftsmanof IPCfoundittough to draw a line amongthose physical hurts,whichcanbe severe,
and people whoare moderate.However,theyspecial certaintypesof hurtsasgrievoushurt.
The followingkindsof hurtonlyare termedas “grievous”:
 Emasculation,
 Permanentinjurytoeyesightoreitherof the eye,
 Permanentdeafnessorinjurytoeitherof the eye,
 Privationof anymemberorjoint(lossof limb),
 Impairingof Limb,
 Permanentdisfigurationof the headorface,
 Fracture or dislocationof abone or tooth,
 Anyhurt whichriskslife orwhichcausesthe victimtobe duringthe time of twentydaysin
severe bodilypain,orunable tofollow hisordinarypursuits.
(a) Emasculation:
The firsttype of grievoushurtisdeprivingapersonof hisvirility.Thisclause is
confinedtomenandwas insertedtocounteractthe practice commonplace inIndia
for womentosqueeze men’stesticlesatthe slightestprovocation.Emasculationcan
be resultingfromcausingsuchharm to the scrotumof a personas has the effectof
renderinghimimpotent.The impotencypromptedoughttobe permanent,andno
longersimplytemporaryandcurable.

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(b) Injuringeyesight:
Some otherinjuryof identical gravityis the permanentdeprivationof the sightof
eithereye orof both the eyesight.Suchharmhasto have the effectof permanently
deprivingthe injuredof the usage of one or bothof hiseyes.The testof gravityis
the permanencyof the harm because itdeprivesapersonof the usage of hissight
and additionallydisfigureshim.
(c) Inflictingdeafness:
The everlastingdeprivationof hearingof bothearsislessseriousthanthe above-
mentionedharmasitdoesno longerdisfigureaperson,howeverhandiestdeprives
himof usinghisear.But, it’sseriousdamage deprivingsomeoneof hissense of
listeningto.The deafnesshastobe permanenttoattract thisprovision.Suchharm
may be resultingfromblow givenonhead,earorthe one’selementsof the head
whichspeakwithandinjure the auditorynervesorwiththe aidof thrustinga stick
intothe ear or placingintoear a substance whichreasonsdeafness.
(d) Loss of limb:
Everlastingdeprivationof anymemberorjointissome othergrievoushurt,whereby
a person isrenderedmuchlessable toguard himself ortoharasshis adversary.
‘Member’methodnotanythingextrathanan organor a limb:‘Joint’referstoan
area where twoor more bonesor muscle massbe a part of.Theirpermanent
deprivationneedstoinvolve suchdamage tothemas makesthempermanentlystiff,
so that theyare not able to performthe everydayfunctionassignedtothe human
bodystructure.
(e) Impairingof a limb:
The deprivationof apersonto the use of memberorjointincludeslifelongcrippling
and makesa persondefencelessanddepressing.The provisionspeaksof destruction
or permanentimpairingof theirpowers,whichmightencompassnolongeronly
overall howeveradditionallyaparticularuse of the limborjoint.Anypermanent
decrease of theirutilitywouldconstitute grievoushurt.
(f) Everlastingdisfigurationof the pinnacle orface:
‘Disfigure’meanstodoa persona few outside hurtswhichdetractfromhisprivate
look,butdoesnot weakenhim.Brandingaladiescheekwithredwarmiron,itleaves
permanentscars,amountstodisfiguration.acutat the bridge of the nostrilsof a
womandue to a sharp weaponhasbeenheldtobe everlastingdisfigurement
despite the factthatthe innerwall become intact.

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(g) Fracture or dislocationof a bone or teeth:
It’sfar everyotherspeciesof grievousharm, whichmayadditionallyormaynot be
attendedwitheverlastingdisability.A fracturedordislocatedbone maybe setor
rejoin,butonaccount of the extreme sufferingtowhichitgivesupward thrust,the
harm isnamedas grievous.The numberone meansof the wordfracture is
‘breaking’,thoughitisn’talwaysessential incase of fracture of the craniumbone
that itshouldbe dividedintoseparate partsdue tothe fact itmay consistsimplyof a
crack; but if it isa crack, itmust be a crack whichextendsfromthe outerfloorof the
skull tothe innersurface.If there maybe spoil withthe aidof cuttingor splintering
of the bone or there isa breakor gap in it,wouldaddup to a crack inside the
importance of clause 7 of Section320. What must be seeniswhetherthe cuts
duringthe bonessawin the damage reportare justshallow ordo theyimpacta
breakin them.‘Dislocation’impliesdislodging,beingappliedtoa bone expelled
fromits typical associationswithaneighbouringbone.A bone movedoutof its
attachmentor put outof itsjointisa disjointbone.
(h) Anyhurt whichriskslife orwhichcausesthe victimtobe duringthe time of daysin
severe bodilypain,orunable tofollow hisordinarypursuits.
Dangerous hurt:
 Three distinctclassesof hurtare assignedasriskyor dangeroushurt.These classes
are autonomousof one anotherandhurt of any of the three classeswouldbe
grievoushurt.Injuryissaidto endangerlifeinthe eventthatitmightputthe life of
the harmedin danger.Basicinjurycan’tbe calledoffensive orgrievoussinceit
happenstobe causedonan indispensablepiece of the bodyexceptif the nature and
measurementsof the damage,oritsbelongings,are withthe endgoal thatin the
assessmentof the specialist,itreallyendangersthe lifeof the victim.
 There isan exceptionallymeagrelineof distinctionbetween‘hurtwhichendangers
life’and‘injuryasisprobablygoingtocause death’.
 Illustrations:
 In MohammadRafi v. Emperor,the accusedcauseddamage on the neck of
the perishedfrombehind,the Lahore HighCourtheldthe accusedat riskfor
underSection322 (intentionallycausinggrievoushurt) forcausingdemise
by grievoushurtasagainstguiltyof culpable homicidenotaddingupto the
murder.The articulation‘endangerslife’isalotmore groundedthanthe
articulation‘riskyordangeroustolife’.Withaperspectiveonthe realityof
the damage bringingaboutthe weakeningof the personinquestionfora
base time of twentydays, the IndianPenal Code hasassignedcertainhurts
as grievoushowevertheyprobablywon’tbe fundamentallyriskyor
dangeroustolife.

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 A hurt maycause extreme substantialandsevere bodilypain,butnotbe dangerous
to life.Sucha hurtis grievoushurt. Inanycase, itmust be indicatedthatsuchhurt
was adequate tocause seriousbodilypainfortwentydays.Else,itmighthappen
that such agonyor painwas causedyetthere mightbe nothingtoshow that it was
causedinoutcomesof that damage.In conclusion,the trial of terriblenessisthe
sufferer’sfailure totake care of hisstandard interestsforatime of twentydays.On
the off chance that,where the impactof damage doesn’tlastfortwentydays,sucha
hurt can’t be assignedasgrievous:
Voluntarily Causing Grievous Hurt
 Section322 of the IPCcharacterizes‘deliberatelycausinggrievoushurt’aspursues:
 Whoeverdeliberatelycauseshurt,if the hurtwhichhe expectstocause or realizes
that he will generallybe prone tocause isgrievoushurt,andif the hurtwhichhe
causesisgrievoushurt,issaid“wilfullytocause grievoushurt.”
 Explanation-Anindividualisn’tsaidwilfullytocause grievoushurtwiththe exception
of whenhe,the twocausesgrievoushurtandmeansor realizesthathe generally
will probablycause grievoushurt.Be thatas it may,he issaidintentionallytocause
offensive hurt,if proposingorrealizingthathimself generallywill probablycause
grievoushurtof one kind,he actuallycausesgrievoushurtof anothersort.The
clarificationisundeniable andself-evident.
 In anycase, there mustbe proof that what the accusedhad plannedorknowntobe likely
wasn’tonlyhurt,yetgrievoushurt.Soas to attract thisprovision,Courtneedstosee that
the accusedexpectedtocause hurt,or that he realizedthatgrievoushurtisprobablygoing
to be causedand that such grievoushurtisreallycaused.Regardlessof whetherthe
individualknowshimself prone tocause grievoushurt,he issaidtobe intentionallycausing
terrible hurt.All togetherthatan individual mightbe heldliable foranoffence of causing
grievoushurt,itmustbe demonstratedthathe eitherexpectedtocause or realizedthat
himself will generallybe liable tocause grievoushurtandnototherwise.The prerequisitein
the clarificationwillbe fulfilledif the guiltypartyhadthe informationthatbyhis
demonstrationhe wasprobablygoingtocause grievoushurt.Clarificationclarifiesthat
eitherthe elementof aimoron the otherhand that of informationmustbe availablesoas
to establishthe offence of grievoushurt.Soas to decide if the hurtisintolerableone,the
degree of the hurtand the expectationof the guiltypartymustbe considered.
 Section325 of the IPCrecommendsthe discipline forintentionallycausinghurtaspursues:

17. 16
 Whoever,aside fromforthe situationaccommodatedbySection335,wilfullycauses
grievoushurt,will be rebuffedwiththe detainmentof eitherportrayal foraterm
whichmay stretchoutto sevenyears,andwill likewise be obligatedtofine.
 An individual issaidtowilfullycause grievoushurtwhenthe hurtbroughtaboutby
him,isof the ideaof any sort of hurts listedinSection320 of the IPC,andhe expects
or realizesthathimselfwillgenerallybe likelytocause grievoushurt.
 Illustrations:
o In KalikaSinghv.Province of Uttar Pradesh,afew woundscausedto
complainantbyblamedbyclenchhandsandlathi incorporatedabreak
causedto one side thumbbyhisfall on the groundduringhisbeatingbythe
accused.The AllahabadHighCourtheldthat the accusedwas liable under
Section325, eventhoughthe fracture wascausedby the fall andnot bythe
lathi.Sections326, 329 331, 333, 335 and338 prescribe punishmentfor
causinggrievoushurtundervariousothercircumstances.
Causing Hurt or Grievous Hurt by “Dangerous Weapons”
 As indicatedbySection320,grievoushurtmeanshurt whichbringsabouta particularsort of
explicitwounds.These woundsincorporatedeprivationof eyesorears,harmto joints,
undermining,andsoon.
 Section326 fundamentallydepictsanirritatingtype of unfortunatehurt.Underthisoffence,
the deplorable hurtmustoutcome frominstrumentsof firing(weapons),woundingor
cutting(blades).Itcanlikewise emerge fromdifferentweaponswhichare probablygoingto
cause demise ordeath.Indeed,evenexplosives,harms,destructive substancesorflames
bringingaboutgrievoushurtattract thisprovision.Sincethe oddsof offensivewoundsare
progressivelyunderthese conditions,the discipline islikewise increasinglyserious.
 An accusedunderSection 326 can be punishedwithlife detainmentordetainmentaslong
as 10 years.
Causing Hurt or Grievous Hurt on Provocation
Willfully causing hurt on provocation (Sec. 334)
“Whoeverdeliberatelycauseshurtongrave andsuddenprovocation,onthe off chance that he
neithermeansnorrealizesthathimself will generallyprobablymake hurtanyindividual otherthan
the individual whoprovoked,willbe rebuffedwithdetainmentof eitherdescriptionforaterm which
may reachout to one month,or withfine whichmaystretchoutto 500 rupees,orwithboth.”

18. 17
Intentionally causing offensive hurt on incitement (Sec. 335)
 “Whoeverintentionallycausesgrievoushurtongrave andunexpectedincitementor
provocation,onthe off chance that he neitherexpectsnor realizesthathimself will generally
probablymake intolerable hurtanyindividualotherthanthe individual whogave the
incitementorprovokedhim, will be rebuffedwithdetainmentof eitherdepictionforaterm
whichmay reachout to fouryears,or with fine whichmaystretchout to 2,000 rupees,or
withboth.
 Explanation:- The lasttwosectionsare dependentuponthe same provisionasException1,
Section300.”
 The fundamental elementsof Sections334and 335 are as perthe following:
 The guiltyparty ought to intentionallycause hurtorshockinghurt;
 It oughtto be causedbyprovocation;
 The incitementcausedoughttobe bothgrave andabrupt;
 He oughtnot wishedorintendedtocause hurtto anyindividual otherthanthe
individualwhoincited;
 He oughtnot to have informationthathisdemonstrationisprobablygoingtomake
harmedor offensivehurtanyindividual otherthanthe individual whoincited.
 All togetherthatSections334 and 335 oughtto apply,itiscritical to buildingupthatthere
was incitementandsuchincitementwasgrave andabrupt. Onthe off chance that the
incitementisjustunexpectedyetnotgrave,the offence won’tbe one culpable underboth
of these Sections.Thus,if the incitementisjustgrave andnotunexpected,the
demonstrationwon’tadduptoan offence underthese sections.The trial orcheckof ‘grave
and unexpected’incitementiswhetherasensible manhavingaplace witha similarclassof
societyasthe accused,putinthe circumstance inwhichthe accusedwas set,wouldbe so
incitedasto lose hiscontrol.
 In the eventthatthe hurt causedisbasic hurt,at thatpointthe discipline endorsedunder
Section334 isdetainmentof eitherdepiction,whichmaystretchoutto one monthor with
fine whichmayreachout to Rs. 500 or withboth.
 On the off chance that the hurtis grievoushurt,atthat pointthe disciplineendorsedunder
Section335 isdetainmentof eitherdepictionforaterm whichmayreach outto four years
or withfine whichmaystretchout to Rs.2000 or withboth.
 The offence underSections334 and335 iscognizable howeversummonswill usuallyissue in
the mainexample.Itisbailable,compoundableandistriable bya Magistrate.
Dangerous Weapons or Dangerous Means
 In criminal law,the expression,“dangerousweapon”alludestoa gun,or whateveranother
article that isutilizedorproposedtobe utilizedsothatitcould make demise orgenuine
damage anotherindividual.Legitimately,the termisalot more extensive thanwhatmany
people think.
 For example,respondentswhohave beenseenasliableof ambushwithasavage weapon
have actedin an accompanyingway:
 Assaultingsomebodywithabator othersports equipment

19. 18
 Employingablade at somebody,expectingtoharmher
 Pointingafirearmat somebody’sheadandtakingstepstopull the trigger
 Deliberatelyutilizingavehicle tohitanotherdriverorpersononfoot
 Pursuinganindividualwithahatchet
 Notwithstandingfirearmsandblades,differentthingscanbe utilizedaslethal ordangerous
weapons.A couple of modelsinclude brokenjugs,hounds,control instruments,cultivating
devices,gruff items,pontoons,andanymechanizedvehicles.
 There isa motivationbehindwhythe law isexpansive,andthatisto keepawayfromany
escape clauses infiguringoutwhatcomprisesadangerousweapon.Fundamentally,
anythingthatcan prompt incrediblesubstantial damage andadditionallypassingisculpable
inan official courtroom.Incertainstates,anindividual’shands,feet,andteethmayall be
utilizedasdestructiveweapons.Inspite of the factthat the humanbodyitself isanything
but a lethal weapon,itcanpositivelybe utilizedtocause someone else extraordinaryreal
hurt or demise/death.
 A vehicle isviewedasalethal anddangerousweaponinsituationswherethe driverplanned
to hitanotherdriveror walker.Some drivingimpairedcasesare additionallyaccusedasan
attack of a lethal ordangerousweapon.
Causing Grievous Hurt by use of Acid
 As perSection326A of IndianPenal Code,”Whoevermakeschangelessorhalfwayharmor
distortion,orconsumesormutilatesordistortsorcripples,anypartor partsof the bodyof
an individualorcausesoffensive hurtbytossingcorrosive onorbyregulatingcorrosive to
that individual,orbyutilizingsome othermethodswiththe expectationof causingorwith
the informationthathe isprobablygoingtocause suchhurt, will be rebuffedwith
detainment/imprisonmentof eitherportrayal foraterm whichwill notbe undertenyears
howeverwhichmay stretchoutto detainmentforever(life imprisonment),andwithfine.
 “Accordingto Section326B of IndianPenal Code,”Whoevertossesorendeavourstotoss
corrosive onany individual orendeavourstocontrol corrosive toanyindividual,or
endeavoursto utilizesome othermethods,withthe aimof causinglastingorfractional harm
or deformationordistortionorinabilityorgrievoushurttothat individual,will be rebuffed
withdetainmentof eitherdepictionforatermwhichwill notbe underfive yearsyetwhich
may reachout to sevenyears,andwill likewisebe subjecttofine.”
 Section357B of Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 setsdown,” The remunerationpayable by
the State GovernmentunderSection357A will be notwithstandingthe paymentof fine to
the unfortunate casualtyunderSection326A or Section376D of IPC.
 Section357C of Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 setsout,“All emergencyclinics,publicor
private,regardlessof whetherrunbythe Central Government,nearbybodiesorsome other
individual,will quicklygivethe emergencytreatmentortherapeutictreatment,free of cost,
to the casualtiesof anyoffense securedunderSection326A,376, 376A, 376C, 376D or 376E
of IPCand will promptlyeducatethe police aboutsuchanincident.

20. 19
 Recentlyincludedseventhprovisionof Section100 of the IPC setsout thatthe privilege of
private barrierof bodystretchesoutto deliberatelycausingdeathorof some otherdamage
to the attacker inthe eventof a demonstrationof tossingormanagingcorrosive oran
endeavourtotossor regulate corrosive whichmaysensiblycause the dreadthatterrible
hurt will generallybe the resultof suchact.
 For the firsttime remunerationwasgiventocorrosive unfortunatecasualtyonaccountof
Laxmi v UOI. InMorepallyVenkatasreeNageshvState of AP,the accusedwas suspicious
aboutthe character forhissignificantotherandemptiedmercuricchloride intohervagina,
she laterkickedthe bucketbecause of renal disappointment.The accusedwascharged
underSection302 and 307 of the IPC.
 In the State of Karnatakaby Jalahalli Police StationvJosephRodrigues,one of the most
popularcasesincludingcorrosive assault.The accusedtossedcorrosive onayounglady
namedHasinafor declininghisemploymentbid.Because of the corrosive assault,the
shadingandpresence of herface changedwhichlefthervisuallyimpaired.The accusedwas
convictedunderSection307 for IPCand condemnedtodetainmentforever(life
imprisonment).Remunerationof Rs2,00,000 notwithstandingTrial Courtfine of Rs3,00,000
was to be paidby the accusedto the guardiansfor the victim.
 The previouslymentionedcasesare obviousof the brutal repercussionslookedbythe
unfortunate casualtiesbecause of the corrosive assaults.The administrationisstill inthe
questforstringentmeasures.
Causing Hurt or Grievous Hurt to Extort Property
 Under Section330, the guiltypartycauseshurt for coercingan admissionordataidentifying
withan offence orunfortunate behaviour.This,forthe mostpart, appliestocopsor police
officerswhomischief accusedpeople tocompel themtoadmit.
 The coercionon the unfortunate casualtycanlikewise happentoblackmail suchadmission
or data from someone else.Thishurtcanlikewise occurtooblige the unfortunate casualty
to reestablishsomepropertyorsignificantsecurity.
 For instance,anincome official maytormentanindividualtopropel himtosettle upback
paymentsof landincome.
 DisciplineforSection330 incorporatesdetainment/imprisonmentaslongas7 years
alongside afine.
 Section331 islike Section330 howeveritidentifiesgrievoushurtratherthansimplybasic
hurt.Since grievoushurtisprogressivelyextreme,the discipline canreachoutto detainment
for a longtime ratherthan 7 years.

21. 20
Causing Hurt by Means of Poison
 Under thisprovision,the guiltypartymustmanage toxicsubstance orsome otherstunning,
or unwholesome medicationtothe personinquestion.The guiltypartymustdoas suchwith
the aim of causinghurt or for submittingorencouraginganoffence.Such agoal issignificant
and no offence emergeswithoutit.
 DisciplineforSection328 incorporatesdetainmentaslongas10 years withfine.
 Whoeverdirectstoor causesto be takenby any individual anytoxicsubstance orany
stunning,orunwholesome medicationlikepoison,orotherthingwithplantomake hurt
such individual,orwithaimtosubmitor to encourage the commissionof anoffence or
realizingthatitwill generallybe likelythathe will inthismannercause hurt,will be rebuffed
withdetainmentof eitherportrayal foraterm whichmaystretchout to tenyears,and will
likewise be atriskto fine.”
Basic elements of Section 328:
 The wrongdoeroughtto manage a toxicstunningorunwholesomemedication;or
 Such an individual oughttobe withthe goal to cause hurt; or
 Withan aim to submitorencourage the commissionof anoffence;or
 Such an individual oughttobe withthe informationthatitisprobablygoingtocause
hurt.
 The objectof Section328 is clearlytorebuff people whoviolate othersbyputtingthemout
of theirfacultiesbymethodsforstunningmedications,whichencouragesthe commissionof
wrongdoingaswell asinan incredible measure counteractsitsrecognition.Inanycase,
there mustbe the regulatingof anytoxicsubstance,andsoforth.makingitbe takenby
another.
 The words ‘anyindividual’meansanyindividual otherthanthe guiltyparty.The words
‘manage’andcause to be taken’are plannedtoapplyto twoparticularstrategies for
conferringpoisonandsoon.
 The principal referstothe givingof toxicsubstance legitimatelytothe sufferer,whilethe
expression’cause tobe taken’refertoa takingby the suffererunderconditionswhenhe
was nota free operatortodo somethingelse.
The modelsfor regulating‘unwholesome medication’are:
 The juice of certainleavestocertainresidentsbymethodforthe experience;
 powderof dhaturato a ladyto lootheradornmentswhile she wassilly;
 a spouse,notknowingthe hazardouspropertiesof aconite,managedittohersignificant
otherby blendingitinwithhisnourishmentandhe kickedthe bucket;

22. 21
 Where an accuseddirectedapoisonoussubstance toanindividual soastoburglarize him
whenthe individual wasobliviousorstunned,itwouldbe anoccurrence of overseeing
inebriatingsubstance forencouragingthe commissionof anoffence.
 The offence underSection328 isfinishedregardlessof whethernohurtiscausedto the
individualtowhomthe toxicor some otherstunningor unwholesome medicationisgiven.
 Under Section324 genuine causingof hurtis basic;
 underSection328 unimportantorganizationof toxinisadequate tocarrythe guiltypartyto
equity.
 Thisoffence iscognizable,non-bailable,non-compoundableandistriable bythe Courtof
Session.The mostextreme discipline awardable underSection328 isthoroughdetainment
stretchingoutas longas tenyears.
Causing Hurt or Grievous Hurt to Deter Public Servants
Deliberately causing hurt to deter public servant from his obligation (Sec. 332)
 “Whoeverwilfullyhurtsanyindividual beingacommunityworker/publicservantinthe
release of hisobligationall thingsconsideredlocal official,orwithaimto forestall orhinder
that individual orsome otherlocal official fromreleasinghisobligationinthatcapacitylocal
official,orinresultof anythingdone orendeavouredtobe finishedbythatindividualinthe
legitimate release of hisobligationaccordinglylocal official,will be rebuffedwith
detainmentof eitherportrayal fora termwhichmaystretch outto three years,or withfine,
or withboth.”
Deliberately making grievous hurt to deter public servant from his obligation (Sec. 333)
 “Whoeverintentionallymakesgrievoushurtanyindividual beingalocal official inthe
release of hisobligationall thingsconsideredcommunityworker,orwithgoal toavoidor
deflectthatindividual orsome otherlocal officialfromreleasinghisobligationall things
consideredlocal official,orinoutcome of anythingdone orendeavouredtobe finishedby
that individual inthe legitimaterelease of hisobligationall thingsconsideredlocal official,
will be rebuffedwithdetainmentof eitherportrayal fora termwhichmay reachout to ten
years,and will likewisebe atriskto fine.”
Fundamental elements of Sections 332 and 333:
 The guiltypartyought to wilfullyhurtorgrievoushurta local official orpublicservant;

23. 22
 It oughtto be caused:
 Whenthe communityworkeractedinthe release of hisobligations;
 To avoidor dissuade thatlocal official orsome othercommunityworkerfrom
releasinghisobligation;or
 In the outcome of anythingdone orendeavouredtobe finishedbythe local official
inthe release of hisobligation.
 The term ‘publicservant’ischaracterizedunderSection21of the Code.Section332 and 333
applyjustif the local official wasactinginthe release of hisobligationasacommunity
workeror it oughtto be demonstratedthatitwasthe expectationof the blamedtoavoidor
stopthe publicservantfromreleasinghis obligation.
 The articulation‘inthe release of hisobligationall thingsconsideredlocal official’signifiesin
the release of anobligationforcedbylaw onsuch communityworkerinthe specificcase,
and doesn’tcovera demonstrationdonebyhiminaccordance withsome basichonesty
underthe shade of his office.
 The obligationneednotbe todo a particulardemonstration.‘Counteractiveaction’alludes
or refersto a phase whenthe executionof the obligationisenteredupon;‘hinder’refersto
a phase whenithas not beenatthispointenteredupon.“Oron the otherhand inresultof
anythingdone”where case the attackwouldbe submittedbymethodforthe counter.
 These wordsshowthat the offence underthe sectioncanbe submittednotjustwhenan
individualisattackedwhilehe isreleasinganopenobligationyetinadditionwhenhe is
attackedinthe outcome of the release of hisobligation.
 Section353 of the Code alsomanagescriminal attackon communityworkertodiscourage
himfromthe release of hisobligation.
 People otherthancommunityworkerswhomaygo withthemforhelpanddirectionare not
qualifiedtoguarantee uniquesecurityunderSections332and 333.
 The offence underSection332 iscognizable andwarrantoughtto customarily issue inthe
principal occurrence.Itisnon-bailable andnotcompoundableandistriable byaMagistrate
of the topof the line.
 The offence underSection333 iscognizable,however,warrantoughtto commonlyissue in
the primaryoccurrence.It isboth non-bailableandnon-compoundable andsolelytriableby
the Court of Sessions.
 DisciplineunderSection332is detainment/imprisonmentof eitherdepictionforaterm
whichmay stretchoutto three years,or withfine orwithboth.
 DisciplineunderSection 333is detainmentof eitherportrayal foraterm whichmayreach
out to tenyears,andwill likewisebe subjecttofine.
Causing Hurt or Grievous Hurt by Endangering Life of Personal Safety of Others
Act endangering life or individual wellbeing of others (Sec. 336)
 “Whoeverdoesanydemonstrationsoimpulsivelyorcarelesslyastoimperil humanlife or
the individual securityof others,will be rebuffedwiththe detainmentof eitherportrayal for
a term whichmaystretchout to a quarter of a year,or withfine whichmayreachout to 200
and fiftyrupeesorwithboth.”

24. 23
Causing hurt by act endangering life or individual wellbeing of others (Sec. 337)
 “Whoeverhurtsany individual bydoinganydemonstrationsoimpulsivelyorcarelesslyasto
imperil humanlife,orthe individual wellbeingof others,willbe rebuffedwithdetainmentof
eitherdepictionforaterm whichmaystretchout to a half year,or withfine whichmay
reach outto 500 rupees,orwithboth”.
Causing grievous hurt by act endangering life or individual wellbeing of others (Sec. 338)
 “Whoevermakesshockinghurtanyindividual bydoinganydemonstrationsoimprudentlyor
carelesslyastojeopardize humanlife,orthe individualwellbeingof others,willbe rebuffed
withdetainmentof eitherdepictionforatermwhichmay reachout to twoyears,or with
fine whichmaystretchout to one thousandrupees,orwithboth”.
The fundamental elements of these sections are as per the following:
 The act of the chargedprobablybroughtaboutsimple orgrievoushurt;
 The act mustbe done ina rash and carelessway;
 The impulsivenessorcarelessnessmustbe tothe degree of imperillinghumanlife or
individualwellbeingof others.
 These areaswill be pertinentinsituationswhere hurtcausedisanimmediate consequence
of the carelessnessorrashact. Unimportantcarelessnessorimprudence isn’tsufficientto
bringa case inside the ambitof Section337 or Section338.
 Carelessnessorimprudence demonstratedbyproof mustbe,forexample,oughtto
essentiallyconveywithitacriminal obligation.Regardlessof whethersuchriskisavailable
may relyuponthe level of culpabilityhavingrespectforeachsituationtothe specifictime,
spotand conditions.
 On the off chance that it isonlyan instance of remunerationorreparationfordamage or
harm causedto an individual orproperty,itisplainlynotculpable underbothof the areas.
The culpabilitytobe criminal oughttobe,for example,concernsnotjustthe individual
harmedor propertyharmedhoweverthe securityof people ingeneral outandabout.Inany
case,the nature anddegree of the hurt or harm will be excessinfixingcriminal obligation
for carelessnessundertheseareas.
 An offence underSection336 ispunishable withthe detainmentof eitherdepictionfora
termwhichmay stretch out to a quarterof a year or withfine whichmayreachout to Rs.
250 or withboth.Anoffence underSection337 ispunishable with detainment
/imprisonmentof eitherdepictionforatermwhichmay reach outto a half year,or withfine
whichmay stretch outto 500 rupeesorwithboth.

25. 24
 An offence underSection338 is punishablewiththe detainmentof eitherdepictionfora
termwhichmay stretchout to twoyears,withfine whichmayreachout to one thousand
rupeesorboth.
 OffencesunderSections336, 337 and 338 are cognizable andsubject:
 Offense underSection336 isnon-compoundable,thoughunderSections337 and 338 are
compoundable.
Section 339: Wrongful restraint
Whoevervoluntarilyobstructsanypersonsoasto preventthatpersonfrom proceedinginany
directioninwhichthatpersonhasright to proceed,issaidwrongfullytorestrainthatperson.
Wrongful restraintmeanspreventingapersonfromgoingto a place where he has a rightto go.
Section 340: Wrongful confinement
In wrongful confinement,apersoniskeptwithincertainlimitsoutof whichhe wishestogo andhas
a right to go.In wrongful restraint,apersonispreventedfromproceedinginsome particular
directionthoughfree togoelsewhere.Inwrongfulconfinement,there isrestraintfrom proceeding
inall directionsbeyondacertainarea.One may evenbe wrongfullyconfinedinone's owncountry
where bya threat issuedtoa personpreventshimfromleavingthe shoresof his land.
 Object–
The objectof thissectionisto protect the freedomof apersonto utilize hisrightto passin
his.The slightestunlawful obstructionisdeemedaswrongful restraint.Physical obstruction
isnot necessaryalways.Evenbymere wordsconstitute offence underthissection
 The main ingredientof thissectionisthatwhenapersonobstructsanotherby causingitto
appearto that otherthat it isimpossibledifficultordangeroustoproceedsaswell asby
causingit actuallytobe impossible,difficultordangerousforthatto proceeds.
 Ingredients:
 An obstruction.
 Obstructionpreventedcomplainantfromproceedinginanydirection.
 Obstruction:-
 Obstruction man’sphysical obstruction,thoughitmaycause by physical force orby the use
of menacesorthreats.Whensuch obstructioniswrongful itbecomesthe wrongful restraint.
For a wrongful restraintitisnecessarythatone personmustobstructanothervoluntarily. In
simple worditmeanskeepingapersonoutof the place where hiswishesto,andhasa right
to be.
 Thisoffence is completedif one'sfreedomof movementissuspendedbyanact of another
done voluntarily.
 Restraintnecessarilyimpliesabridgmentof the libertyof apersonagainsthiswill.

26. 25
 What isrequiringunderthissectionisobstructiontofree movementof a person,the
methodusedforsuch obstructionisimmaterial.Use of physical force forcausingsuch
obstructionisnot necessary.Normallyaverbal prohibitionorremonstrance doesnot
amountto obstruction,butincertaincircumstancesitmay be causedby threator by mere
words.Effectof such wordupon the mindof the personobstructedismore importantthan
the method.
 Obstructionof personal liberty:
 Personal libertyof apersonmustbe obstructed.A personmeansa humanbeing,
here the questionariseswhetherachildof a tenderage whocannot walkof hisown
legscouldalsobe the subjectof restraintwasraisedinMahendra NathChakarvarty
v. Emperor.Itwas heldthat the sectionisnotconfinedtoonlysuchpersonwhocan
walkon hisownlegsor can move byphysical meanswithinhisownpower.Itwas
furthersaidthat if onlythose whocan move by physical meanswithintheirown
powerare to be treatedaspersonwhowishestoproceedthen the positionwould
become absurdincase of paralyticor sickwho onaccount of hissickness cannot
move.
 Anotherpointsthatneedsourattentionhere iswhetherobstructiontovehicle
seatedwith passengerswouldamounttowrongful restraintornot. An interesting
judgmentof ourBombayHigh Courtin Emperorv. Ramlala: "Where, thereforea
driverof a bus makeshisbusstand across a road insuch a manner,as to prevent
anotherbuscomingfrom behindtoproceedfurther,he isguiltyof anoffence under
Sec.341 of the Penal Code of wrongfullyrestrainingthe driverandpassengersof
anotherbus".
 "It isabsurd to saythat because the driverandthe passengersof the otherbuscould
have got downfromthat bus andwalkedawayindifferentdirections,orevengone
inthat bus to different destinations,inreverse directions,there wastherefore no
wrongful restraint"isthe judgmentof ourHigh Courtwhichisapplicable toour
busmenwhosuddenlyparkthe busesacrossthe roads showingtheirproteston
some issues.
 Illustrations1.
o A wason the roof of a house.Bremovesthe ladderandtherebydetainsA
on the roof.
o A and B were co-owerof a well.A preventedBfromtakingoutwaterfrom
the well .
Section 340: Wrongful confinement.
 Whoeverwrongfullyrestrainsanypersoninsucha manneras to preventthatpersonfrom
proceedingsbeyondcertaincircumscribinglimits,issaid"wrongfullytoconfine"thatperson.
 Object– The objectof thissectionisto protectthe freedomof a personwhere hispersonal
libertyhastotallysuspendedorabolish,byvoluntarilyactdone byanother.

27. 26
 Ingredients:
 Wrongful confinementof person.
 Wrongful restraintof a person
 Such restraintmustpreventthatpersonfromproceedingbeyondcertainlimits.
 Preventfromproceedings:
 Wrongful confinementisakindof wrongful restraint,inwhichapersonkeptwithin
the limits outwhichhe wishestogo,and has rightto go. There mustbe total
restraintof a personal liberty,andnotmerelyapartial restrainttoconstitute
confinement. Forwrongful confinementproof of actual physical obstructionisnot
essential.
 CircumscribingLimits:
 Wrongful confinementmeansthe notionof restraintwithinsome limitsdefinedbya
will orpowerexteriortoourown. Moral force:Detentionthroughthe excise of
moral force,withoutthe accomplishmentof physical force issufficientto constitute
thissection.
Base:
 Section339- Restraint
 Section340-Confinement
Degree of Offense
 Wrongful restraintisnota seriousoffence,andthe degree of thisoffenseiscomparatively
lees thenconfinement.
 Wrongful confinementisaseriousoffence,andthe degree of thisoffenseiscomparatively
 intensivethenrestraint.
Principle element
 Voluntarilywrongfulobstructionof apersonpersonal liberty,where he wishesto,andhe
have a right to.
 Voluntarilywrongfully restraintapersonwhere he wishesto,andhe has a rightto, withina
 circumscribinglimits.
Personal liberty
 It isa partial restraintof the personal libertyof aperson.A personisrestraintisfree tomove
anywhere otherthantoproceedina partial direction.
 it isa absolute ortotal restraintorobstructionof a personal liberty.
Nature
 Confinementimplieswrongful restraint.
 Wrongful confinementnotimpliesvice-versa.

28. 27
Necessity
 No limitsorboundariesare required Certaincircumscribinglimitsorboundariesrequires.
 Conclusion —
Persuasionis not obstruction,physical presence,forobstruction is not necessary,
reasonable apprehensionofforce issufficient,restraintimplieswill and desire are some of
the salientfeaturesofsuch decisions.
KIDNAPPING AND ABDUCTION
 Section359 to 369 of the IndianPenal Code has made kidnappingandabductionpunishable
withvaryingdegree of severityaccordingtothe nature and gravityof the offence.
 The underlyingobjectof enactingtheseprovisionsistosecure the personal libertyof
citizens,togive legal protectiontochildrenof tenderage frombeingabductedorseduced
for improperpurposesandtopreserve the rightsof parentsandguardiansovertheirwards
for custodyor upbringing.
 KidnappingandAbduction:The wordkidnappinghave beenderivedfromthe word‘kid’
meaningchildand‘napping‘tosteal.Thuskidnappingliterallymeanschild- stealing.
 In the wordsof SirHari SinghGaur: At commonlaw the termkidnapping consistsof stealing
and carryingaway,or secretinganypersons,whetherinthe same country,orby sending
himaway fromhisowncountry intosome other,or toparts beyondthe seaswherebyhe is
deprivedof the friendlyassistance of the lawstoredeem fromsuch captivity.
 The offence of kidnappingisanaggravatedformof wrongful confinementandistherefore,
an offence inwhichall the elementsof thatoffence are necessarilypresent.Itishowever,
confinementof sucha seriousformthatthe code treatsit as distinctoffence.
 But kidnappingdoesnotincludethe offence of wrongfulconfinementorkeepingin
confinementof akidnappedperson.
 Accordingto Section359 IPC.Kidnappingisof twokinds:
o Kidnappingfromindia
o Kidnappingfromlawfulguardianship
 KidnappingunderIndianpenal code isnotconfinedtochild- stealing.Ithasbeengivena
widerconnotationasmeaningcarryingawayof a human beingagainsthisorher consentor
the consentof some otherpersonlegallyauthorizedtogive consentonbehalf of such
person.
 KidnappingfromIndia:
 As perthe section360 of IndianPenal Code,(i) KidnappingfromIndiameans
―Whoeverconveyanypersonbeyondthe limitsof Indiawithoutthe consentof

29. 28
that person,orof some personlegallyauthorizedtoconsentonbehalf of that
personissaidto kidnapthat personfromIndia.
 Section360 IPCdefineskidnappingfromIndiaand
 section363 IPCprescribespunishmentforthe offence.
 For an offence underthissectionthe victimmaybe a male or a female,whether
majoror a minorand irrespective of hisnationality.
 Thisoffence consistsof the followingingredient.
 Conveyingof anypersonbeyondthe limitsof India
 Such conveyingmustbe withoutthe consentof thatpersonConveyingwithout
consent
 The word ‘convey‘literally meanssimplygoingtogetheronajourneyputin popular
parlance,itnowmeanscarrying a persontohis destination.Thusthe offence would
not be complete until the personactuallyreachesnotonlyaforeignterritorybutto
hisdestinationaswell.
 Mere conveyingof apersonfromone place to anotherisnot criminal.The act
becomescriminal if he isconveyedwithouthisconsent.Itisthat whichgivestothe
act its essential elementof criminality.A personmaybe soconveyedasmuchby
usingforce or by inducinghimtogive hisconsentbyfraudand deception.
 Similarly,aconsent,losesitsessential elementsif itisgivenunderfearorduress,inwhich
case itis submissionandnotconsent.
 KidnappingfromLawful Guardianship:
 Accordingto Section361 IPC―Whoevertakesorenticesanyminorunder(sixteen)
yearsof age if a male,orunder-(eighteen) yearsof age of a female,oranypersonof
unsoundmind,outof the keepingof the lawful guardianof suchminororpersonof
unsoundmind,withoutthe consentof suchguardian,issaidtokidnapsuchminoror
personfromlawful guardianship.
 Explanation- The words―lawful guardianinthissectioninclude anypersonlawfully
entrustedwiththe care or custodyof such minoror otherperson.
 Exception- Thissectiondoesnotextendtothe act of any personwhoingood faithbelieves
himself tobe the fatherof an illegitimatechildorwhoingoodfaithbelieveshimself tobe
entitledtolawful custodyof suchchild,unlesssuchactis committedforanimmoral or
unlawful purpose.
 ObjectandScope- Section361 IPCmakeskidnappingfromlawfulguardianshipof aminor
undersixteenyearsof age,if amale,andundereighteenyearsof age,if a female.This
sectionalsoprotectsa personof unsoundmindfrombeingkidnappedfromthe lawful
curator.
 The provisionscontainedinthe section361IPC correspondtosection55 of (EnglishStalute)
OffencesAgainstthe PersonAct,1861 which makesabductionof an unmarriedgirl a
statutoryoffences.Thissectionisdesignedtoprotectminorsandpersonsof unsoundmind
fromexploitationandtoprotectthe right andprivilegesof parentsandguardianshavingthe
lawful charge or custodyof theirwards.Thusthe consentof the parentor guardianwould
alone take the case outof the purview of the section.
 Ingredients- The followingare essential ingredientsof thissection.

30. 29
 Takingor enticingawaya minoror a personof unsoundmind
 Such minormustbe underthe age of 16 years,if a male or underthe age of 18
years,if a female.
 The takingor enticingmustbe outof the keepingof the lawfulguardianof such
minoror personof unsoundmind.
 The takingor enticingmustalsobe withoutthe consentof the guardian.Takingor
Enticingexplained.
 The gravityof the offence of kidnappingliesinthe takingorenticingof a minorunderthe
specifiedage outof the keepingof the lawfulguardian,withoutthe consentof such
guardian.Ona plain readingof thissectionthe consentof the minor,whoistakenor enticed
iswhollyimmaterial;itisonlythe guardian‘sconsentwhichtakesthe case outof its
purview.
 Nor itis necessarythatthe takingor enticingmustbe showntohave beenbymeansof force
or fraud.Persuasionbythe accusedpersonwhichcreateswillingnessonthe part of the
minorto be takenout of the keepingof lawfulguardianwouldbe sufficienttoattract the
section.
 The word ‘takes’doesnotnecessarilyconnote takingbyforce,anditisnot confirmedonly
to use of force,actual or constructive.Itmerelymeanstocause togo, to escortor to get
intopossession.
 The mental attitude of the minorisnot relevantinthe course of taking.Thuswhere the
accusedtook the minorwithhimwhethershe waswillingornot,the act of takingwas
complete anditamountedtotakingout of the father‘scustodywithinthe meaningof this
section.
 Enticingisinducingaminorto go to her ownaccord to the kidnaper.Itinvolvesthe ideaof
inducementbyexcitinghope ordesire inthe other.One doesnotentice anotherunlessthe
latterattemptedtodo a thingwhichthe personkidnappedwouldnototherwise doEnticing
meansthat while the personkidnappedmighthave leftthe keepingof the lawful guardian
willingly,still the state of mindthatbroughtaboutthat willingnessmusthave beeninduced
or broughtabout insome wayby the accused.
 Illustrations:
 In T.D. VadgamaV.State of Gujrat183 the accusedwas inthe habitof visitinga
prostitute,andthere he meta youngmarriedgirl below the age of sixteenwhomhe
seducedandthencarriedherand keptherconcealedfromthe husband,the girl
havingbeenalreadywiththe prostitute,the accusedcouldnotbe heldtotakenor
enticedher,andbe convictedof kidnapping.
 In Dutta PradhanV State of Orissathe accusedabducteda youngmarriedwoman
fromthe lawful guardianandagainstherwill,the actwouldamounttoan offence of
kidnappingnotwithstandingthe factthe accusedbelongedtothe kandhatribe in
whichone of the recognizedformsof marriage wasthata youngman forciblytakes
away a younggirl and laterthe marriage issolemnizedwithfullconsentof boththe
families.Bynostretchof imaginationsuchanact wouldlegalizeacrime of forcibly
kidnappingamarriedwomanfromherlawful guardianagainstherwill.
 The two words ‘take‘and ‘entice‘asusedinsection361 IPCare togethersothat
each takesintosome extentitscolourandcontentfromthe other.The statutory

31. 30
language suggeststhatif the minorleavesherparental house completely
uninfluencedbyanypromise offerorinducementemanatingfromthe guiltyparty
thenthe lattercannot be consideredtohave committedanoffence asdefinedin
section361.
 MuslimLaw-
 Under Muslimlawif a Sunni fathertakesawaya son undersevenyearora daughter
before she hasattainedpubertyoran illegitimate childfromthe custodyof the
motherhe wouldbe guiltyunderthissectionbecause motheristhe lawful guardian.
Under Sunni lawmotheristhe guardianof her daughteruntil she attainspuberty
whichispresumedwhenthe daughtercompletesherfifteenyears.
 In case of a Shiafather,if fathertakesawaya sonor daughterundersevenyearsor
an illegitimatechildfromthe custodyof the motherhe wouldbe guiltyof
kidnapping.
 Evena divorcedwife isentitledtothe custodyof herchildren.Aftermothercomes
the fatherso far as guardianshipisconcernedandthencome otherrelationstanding
withinthe prohibiteddegrees.Whenamarriedgirl attains pubertyherhusbandis
the guardian.When offence is complete-:The offence of kidnappingfromlawful
guardianshipiscompletewhenaminorisactuallytakenfromthe lawful
guardianshipandthatisnot a continuingoffence.
 Where ‘A’kidnapsa minorgirl fromlawful guardianshipandgivesherto‘B‘who
acceptsher not knowingthatshe hasbeenkidnapped.A isguiltyof kidnapping,but
not B. Likewise,whereaminorgirl wasenticedbyX to leave herhome andentera
motor car in whichR wassittingsothat the lattermighttake heroff inthe car, it was
heldthatthe offence of kidnappingwascompletedwhenRdrove awaywithher.
Abduction-
 Abductionincommonlanguage meansthe carryingawayof a personbyfraudor force.
 Accordingof Section362 IPC.Whoeverbyforce compels,orby any deceitfulmeansinduces,
any persontogo from anyplace,issaid toabduct that person.Thissectiondefinesthe word
abduction.
 Abductiontakesplace whenapersonbyforce compels,orby anydeceitful meansinduces
anotherpersontogo from anyplace.Abductionisnotan offence.Itwasauxiliaryactnot
punishable initself,butwhenitisaccompaniedbyacertainintentiontocommitanother
offence,itbecomespunishableasan offence.
 For instance;
 If the intentionisthatthe personabductedmaybe murderedorso disposedof asto
be put indangerof beingmurdered,section394 IPCapplies
 If the intentionistocausessecretlyorwrongfullyaperson,section365 IPCapplies
 If the abductedpersonisa womanand the intentionisthatshe maybe compelled,
to marry any personagainstherwill,ormaybe forcedor seducedtoillicit
intercourse,orislikelytobe soforcedor seduce,undersection366 IPCapplies.
 If the intentionis tocause grievous hurtorto dispose of the personabductedasto
put himindangerof beingsubjectedto grievous hurtorslaveryor to the unnatural
lustof anyperson.Section367 applies.

32. 31
 If the abductedpersonisa childunderthe age of tenyearsand the intentionisto
take dishonestlyanymovable propertyfromitsperson,section369IPC applies
Whenno force or deceitispracticedonthe personabducted,there canbe no
offence of abduction.
 For instance,if aminorgirl voluntarilygoesoutof herguardian‘sprotectionandmeetsa
person,whotreatsherwell withnocompulsionorfraud,suchpersonwill notbe guiltyof
abduction.
 In viewof the definitionembodiedinsection362 IPCthe word force usedthereinconnotes
the actual force and not merelya show or threatof force.Itwouldbe an offence tocarry
away a grownup womanby force againstherownwill evenwiththe objectof restoringher
to herhusband.
 Under the IndianPenal code,1860 kidnappingabductingorinducingwomanwiththe intent
to compel herformarriage is an offence- Section366 of the code dealswithsuchoffence
Accordingto thissection―Whoeverkidnapsorabductsanywomanwithintentthatshe
may be compelledorknowingittobe likelythatshe will be compelledtomarrysomeone
againstherwill or inorderthat she may be forcedor seducedtoillicitintercoursesor
knowingittobe likelythatshe will be forcedorseducedtoillicitintercourse,shall be
punishedwithimprisonmentof eitherdescriptionforaterm whichmayextendtotenyears
and shall alsobe liable tofine,andwhoever,bymeansof criminal intimidationasdefinedin
thiscode or of abuse of authorityor any othermethodof compulsioninducesanywomanto
go fromany place withintentthatshe may be or knowingthatit islikelythatshe will be
forcedor seducedtoillicitintercourse withanotherpersonshall be punishable asaforesaid.
 Thissectionmakeskidnappingandabductionof a womanwiththe intentionof forcibly
marryingor havingsexual intercourse withheracognizable offence.The questionwhethera
womanwas kidnappedornotdependsuponherage andthe presence of other
circumstances.
 If a girl iseighteenorover,she canonlybe abductedandnot kidnappedbutif she isunder
eighteen,she canbe kidnappedaswell asabductedif the takingisbyforce or the takingor
enticingisbydeceitful means.
 Where a girl over18 yearsof age and as suchsui-juris(able tomake contractsandact inher
own) desiredtolive withherhusband andwenttohim, nocharge of abductioncouldbe
maintainedagainstthe husband.Mere findingthatthe accusedabductedthe womanisnot
sufficientforsustainingconvictionundersection366IPC.
 Furtherfindingthatthe accusedabductedthe womanforany of the purposesmentionedin
section366 IPCis necessary.
 Illustrations:
 The supreme courtin state of KarnatakaV.Sureshbabupukraj porral heldthatwhen
the age of the girl inquestionisdoubtful (i.e.whetheritissixteen,oreighteenor
twenty) andthe evidence showsthatshe wentvoluntarily,the questionof taking
herfrom lawful guaradianshipdoesnotarise toattract section366 IPC.
 To attract thissectionitmustbe shownthat the girl or womanhad beenkidnapped
or abductedfromlawful guardianship.A manwhocommitssexual intercourse with
a girl in a fieldnearherownhome,withnointentionof takingherawaywithhim,is
not guiltyof anoffence underthissection.

33. 32
 Intentof the accused- The intentionof the accusedformsthe essence of the offence
underthissection.If the intentof the accusednecessarytoconstitute the offence is
establishedthe offence incomplete.Whetherornotthe accusedsucceededin
effectinghispurpose,andwhetherornot inthe eventthe womanconsented tothe
marriage or the illicitintercourse.
 Where A enticesagirl below 18 yearsfor the purpose of sellinghertoanother
personformarriage he wouldbe guiltyunderthissection.
 In MoniramHazarika V.State of Assamit washeldthatthe evidencerevealedthat
the accusedwas knownto familyof victimgirl andwason visitingterms.He
developsintimacywiththe minorandpromisedtomarryher.It wason the basisof
thispromise thatthe minorgirl abandonedherlawful guardianandwentawaywith
the accused.The evidencealsoshowsthatonthat date preparationformarriage
was alsomade inthe house of accused.Thusthe act of the accusedamountsto
enticementof minor.Therefore,the accusedwasliable tobe convictedforthe
offence undersection 366of IPC.
 Forced or seducedto illicitintercourse:
 The word ‗Forced‗ isusedin thissectioninthe sense of itsordinarydictionary
meaningandseducedmeansinducingawomanto submittoillicitintercoursesat
any time.
 The Supreme Courtinthiscase disapprovedthe viewthatthe wordseducedusedin
thissectionisproperlyapplicable onlytothe firstactof illicitintercourse unless
there be a proof of returnto chastityon the part of girl.
 Thisseductiondoesnotonlymeaninducingagirl to part withhervirtue forthe first
time,butincludessubsequentseductionforfurtheractsof illicitintercourse also.
 In RejdneraV.State of Maharastra The Supreme Courtheldthat―Inorderto
constitute offenceof abductionapersonmustbe carriedoff illegallybyforce or
deceptionthatisto compel apersonby force or deceitful meanstoinduce togo
fromone place to another.
 Whereinthe prosecutrix wasabductedwiththe objectof gettinghermarriedwith
the accused.The accusedwasfollowedbythe doctorof the localityalongwith
police constable whoarrestedthe accused.Itwasheldthatthe minoromissionor
discrepancyinthe testimonyof the girl were notsignificantandthereforethe
convictionwasupheld.
Section 349:- Force
 A personissaidto use force to anotherif he causesmotion,change of motion,orcessation
of motiontothat other,or if he causesto any substance suchmotion,or change of motion,
or cessationof motionasbringsthat substance intocontact withanypart of that other’
body,or withanythingwhichthatotheriswearingor carrying,or withanythingsosituated
that such contact affectsthatother’sense of feeling;

34. 33
 Providedthatthe personcausingthe motion,orchange of motion,orcessationof motion,
causesthat motion,change of motion,orcessationof motioninone of the three ways
hereinafterdescribed:
 By hisownbodilypower.
 By disposinganysubstance insucha mannerthat the motionorchange or cessation
of motiontakesplace withoutanyfurtheracton hispart, or on the part of any other
person.
 By inducinganyanimal tomove,tochange itsmotion,orto cease to move.
Section 350:-
 Criminal force Whoeverintentionallyusesforce toanyperson,withoutthatperson’consent,
inorder to the committingof anyoffence,orintendingbythe use of such force to cause,or
knowingittobe likelythatbythe use of such force he will cause injury,fear orannoyance to
the personto whomthe force is used,issaidto use criminal force tothat other.
 Illustrations
 Z is sittingina mooredboaton a river.A unfastensthe moorings,andthus
intentionallycausesthe boattodriftdownthe stream.Here A intentionallycauses
motiontoZ, and he doesthisby disposingsubstancesinsucha mannerthat the
motionisproducedwithoutanyotheractiononany person’part.A has therefore
intentionallyusedforce toZ;and if he has done sowithoutZ’consent,in orderto
the committingof anyoffence,orintendingorknowingittobe likelythatthisuse of
force will cause injury,fearorannoyance toZ, A has usedcriminal force toZ.
 Z is ridingina chariot.A lashesZ’horsesandtherebycausesthemtoquickentheir
pace.Here A has causedchange of motiontoZ by inducingthe animalstochange
theirmotion.A has therefore usedforce toZ;and if A hasdone thiswithoutZ’
consent,intendingorknowingittobe likelythathe maytherebyinjure,frightenor
annoyZ, A has usedcriminal force toZ.
 Z is ridingina palanquin.A,intendingtorob Z,seizesthe pole andstopsthe
palanquin.Here A hascausedcessationof motiontoZ, and he has done thisbyhis
ownbodilypower.A hastherefore usedforce toZ; and as A has actedthus
intentionally,withoutZ’consent,inordertothe commissionof anoffence.A has
usedcriminal force toZ.
 A intentionallypushesagainstZinthe street.Here A hasby hisownbodilypower
movedhisownpersonsoas to bringit intocontact withZ. He hastherefore
intentionallyusedforce toZ;and if he has done sowithoutZ’consent,intendingor
knowingittobe likelythathe maytherebyinjure,frightenorannoyZ,he has used
criminal force toZ.
 A throwsa stone,intendingorknowingittobe likelythatthe stone willbe thus
broughtintocontact withZ, or withZ’ clothes,orwithsomethingcarriedbyZ,or
that itwill strike water,anddashup the wateragainstZ’ clothesorsomething
carriedby Z. Here,if the throwingof the stone produce the effectof causingany
substance tocome intocontact withZ,or Z’clothes,A has usedforce to Z, andif he

35. 34
didso withoutZ’consent,intendingtherebytoinjure,frightenorannoyZ,he has
usedcriminal force toZ
 A intentionallypullsupa Woman’veil.Here A intentionallyusesforce toher,andif
he doesso withoutherconsentintendingorknowingitto be likelythathe may
therebyinjure,frightenorannoyher,he has usedcriminal force toher.
 Z is bathing.A poursintothe bath waterwhichhe knowsto be boiling.Here A
intentionallybyhisownbodilypowercausessuchmotioninthe boilingwateras
bringsthat waterintocontact withZ, or withotherwaterso situatedthatsuch
contact mustaffectZ’ sense of feeling,A hastherefore intentionallyusedforce toZ;
and if he has done thiswithoutZ’consentintendingorknowingittobe likelythat he
may therebycause injury,fearorannoyance toZ, A has usedcriminal force.h.A
incitesadog to springuponZ, withoutZ’consent.Here,if A intendstocause injury,
fearor annoyance to Z, he usescriminal force toZ.
Causing death by rash or negligent Act
 Section 304A of the Indian Penal Code talks about causing death by negligence or rash act.
 This Section mentions that if a person causes the death of another person by doing a
negligent or rash act which does not amount to culpable homicide shall be punished with
imprisonment for a term of a maximum of two years, or with fine, or with both. For
understanding the whole concept given in Section 304A we need to understand the term
negligent act. It became important to have proper knowledge regarding this term.
 In the legal field ‘ negligence’ can be defined as an act or omission that causes damages to
the propertyof anotherperson.Here in this Section of the Indian Penal Code the term rash
or negligent act can be defined as an act that is the immediate cause of death. There is a
difference between these terms( rash and negligent) also. By ‘rash act’ we mean any act
which is done restlessly. By the term ‘negligent act’ we mean a breach of duty due to
omission to do something, which a reasonable man will do.
 There are four basic elements that a person has to fulfill in order to do a negligent act.
These elements are as follows:
 Duty:
For committing a negligent act, there must be some duty on the part of the
defendant. Here it is important to understand whether the defendant has taken
legal duty of care towards the plaintiff.

36. 35
 Breach of Duty:
After fulfilling the first criteria the plaintiff must prove that the defendant has
breached the legal duty imposed on him/her. It talks about the breach of duty on
the part of the defendantwhichhe/she isexpectedtodo as he/ she has some legal
duty towards the plaintiff.
 The action of causing something:
It meansthat the damage caused to the plaintiff is due to the act of the defendant.
Here the defendant may do an act which is not expected from him/her or the
defendantmaybe negligentinnotdoinganact whichwas expected from him/ her.
 Damages:
At last what matters is, there must be some damage/injury that is caused to the
plaintiff andthisdamagesshouldbe the directconsequence of the defendant’s act.
Death caused by consent of the deceased – euthanasia and surgical operation: Constitutionality
 It isthe practice of painlesslyputtingtodeathpeople whohave incurable,painful or
distressingdiseasesordisabilities.
 It comesfromthe Greekwords'eu'for good or well and'thanatos'for death,andis
commonlycalledMercykilling.
 Euthanasiamayoccur whenincurablyill peopleaskadoctor, friendorrelative toputthem
to death.
Dutch GovernmentCommissiononEuthanasia(1985) has defineditas:
"A deliberate terminationof life onanindividual'srequest,byanother,inmedical
terminology, the active anddeliberate terminationof lifeonpatient'srequest,bya
doctor."
 Active Euthanasiaisillegalinalmostall countries.Mostreligiousgroupsconsideritsuicideor
murderand,therefore,immoral.Some supportersof euthanasiaclaimthatitallowsa
personto die withdignityinsteadof beingkeptbarelyalivebyartificial means.An
alternative toeuthanasiaisthe withholdingof mosttypesof medical treatment.The
practice allowsthe patienttodie naturally,anditisusuallylegal.

37. 36
 The treatmentof patientsina persistentvegetative state - thatis,patientswhose higher
brainfunctionshave ceasedbutwhocan still breathe unaided - presentsamajormedical
problem.
 The decisionof whetherornotsuch patientsshouldbe allowedtodie isaworry forboth
relativesanddoctors.Theymayfearthat, since sucha patientwill neverrecovertolive a
normal life,there islittlepointinprolonginghisorherexistence.
 Oftenfamiliesdesire anendtosuch an existence sothattheycan grieve forthe lossof their
lovedone.Ina fewcases,the decisiontowithholdfoodfromsuchpatientshasbeenbacked
by a court of law.
Justified euthanasia (where legal) occurs if
(1) The patientmakesa voluntary,informed,andstable request
(2) The patientissufferingunbearablywithnoprospectof improvement
(3) The physicianconsultswithanotherphysician
(4) The physicianperformingthe euthanasiaprocedure carefullyreviewsthe patient's
condition.
 Officialsestimate thatabout2 percentof all deathsinthe Netherlandseachyearoccuras a
resultof euthanasia.
 There may be three situationswheneuthanasiamaytake place viz.,
 'Voluntaryeuthanasia'occurswhenapersonvoluntarilyrequeststhe terminationof
hisor her life.
 'Non-voluntary euthanasia'whenapersonisnot mentallyfittomake an'informed
request'forterminationof life.
 'Involuntaryeuthanasia'whenapersonhasnot made a requestforterminationof
hisor her life.
 Active euthanasia involvespainlesslyputtingindividualstodeathformerciful reasons,as
whena doctor administersalethal dose of medicationtoapatient.
 Passive euthanasia involvesnotdoingsomethingtopreventdeath,aswhendoctorsrefrain
fromusingan artificial respiratortokeepaliveaterminallyill patient.
Euthanasiaispopularlytakentomeanany formof terminationof life byadoctor.

38. 37
 The definition,however,isnarrower.Itmeansthe terminationof life byadoctor at the
expressrequestof the patient.Itmustbe voluntary,explicitand carefullyconsideredandit
musthave beenmade repeatedly.
Distinction between 'Assisted Suicide' and 'Withdrawal of Life Sustaining Treatment'
A fine distinctionhasbeendrawnbetween'assistingsuicide'and'withdrawinglife sustaining
treatment'on the principle of causationandintent.
For instance,
(i) whenlife-sustainingtreatmentisrefusedorwithdrawn,the cause of the deathisthe underlying
disease,
(ii) whereasinthe case of assistedsuicidethe patientiskilledbymedication,whichis anoffence.
Euthanasia In India
In India,euthanasiaisillegal andpunishable underSection300 Exception5of the Penal Code as
culpable homicidenotamountingtomurder.However,there isagrowingawarenessamongstjurists
and social scientiststhat euthanasiashouldbe made legal incase of terminallyill.If enacted,sucha
lawmust provide sufficientsafeguards,appropriate supervisionandcontrol toavoidmisuse of the
provision.Moreover,Section306 of the Penal Code makesabetmentof suicidepunishable and
Section309 of The Penal Code makesattempttocommitsuicide itself punishable.

39. 38
Unit: 3
Offences against Property
OffencesagainstPropertycanbe classifiedinbelow mentionedcategory:
 Theft (IPCsection378): Whoever,intendingtotake dishonestlyanymoveablepropertyout
of the possessionof anypersonwithoutthatperson’sconsent,movesthatpropertyinorder
to such taking,issaidto committheft.
 Explanation1— A thingso longas itis attachedto the earth,not beingmovable
property,isnotthe subjectof theft;butitbecomescapable of beingthe subjectof
theftas soonas it isseveredfromthe earth.
 Explanation2— A movingeffectedbythe same actwhichaffectsthe severance may
be a theft.
 Explanation3— A personissaidto cause a thingto move by removinganobstacle
whichpreventeditfrommovingorbyseparatingitfromany otherthing,as well as
by actuallymovingit.
 Explanation4— A person,whobyanymeanscausesan animal to move,issaidto
move that animal,andto move everythingwhich,inconsequence of the motionso
caused,ismovedbythat animal.
 Explanation5—The consentmentionedinthe definitionmaybe expressorimplied,
and maybe giveneitherbythe personinpossession,orbyany personhavingforthe
purpose authorityeitherexpressorimplied.
 IngredientsforTheft:
 take dishonestly
 any moveable property
 out of the possessionof anyperson
 withoutthatperson’sconsent
 movesthatpropertyinorder to suchtaking
Punishmentsfortheft:
 Whoevercommitstheftshall be punishedwithimprisonmentof eitherdescription
for a termwhichmay extendtothree years,orwithfine,orwithboth.
 IPCsection380: Theftin dwellinghouse,etc.
 IPCsection381: Theftby clerkor servantof propertyinpossessionof master
 IPCsection382: Theftafterpreparationmade forcausingdeath,hurtor restraintin
orderto the committingof the theft
 Extortion (IPCsection383): Whoeverintentionallyputsanypersoninfearof any injuryto
that person,orto any other,and therebydishonestlyinducesthe personsoputinfearto
delivertoanypersonanypropertyor valuable security,oranythingsignedorsealedwhich
may be convertedintoavaluable security,commits"extortion".

40. 39
Characteristicsof Extortion:
 Intention
 Putsany personinfearof anyinjury - to thatpersonor to any other
 Thereby,dishonestlyinducesthe personsoputinfear
 To delivertoanypersonanypropertyor valuable security,or anything
signed orsealedwhichmay be convertedintoavaluable security
Punishmentsforextortion:
 Whoevercommitsextortionshall be punishedwithimprisonmentof either
descriptionforaterm whichmayextendtothree years,orwithfine,orwithboth.
 IPCsection 385: Puttingpersoninfearof injuryinorder to com
 IPCsection 386: Extortionbyputtinga personinfearof deathor grievoushurtto
commitextortion
 IPCsection 387: Puttingpersoninfearof deathor of grievoushurt,inorderto
commitextortion
 IPCsection 388: Extortionbythreat of accusationof an offence punishable with
deathor imprisonmentforlife,etc.
 IPCsection 389: Puttingpersoninfearof accusationof offence,inordertocommit
extortion
 Robbery (IPCsection390): In all robberythere iseithertheftorextortion.
 Theft is"robbery" if,inorderto the committingof the theft,orincommittingthe
theft,orin carvingaway or attemptingtocarry away propertyobtainedbythe theft,
the offender,forthatend,voluntarilycausesorattemptstocause to any person
deathor hurt or wrongful restraint,orfearof instantdeathor of instanthurt, or of
instantwrongful restraint.
IngredientswhenTheftis"robbery":
o In orderto the committingof the theft
o or in committingthe theft,
o incarving awayor
o attemptingtocarry away propertyobtainedbythe theft
o Offender,voluntarilycausesorattemptstocause
o Anypersondeathor hurt or wrongful restraint,orfearof instantdeathor of
instanthurt,or of instantwrongful restraint.

41. 40
 Extortion is "robbery" if the offender,atthe time of committingthe extortion,isin
the presence of the personputinfear,and commitsthe extortionbyputtingthat
personinfearof instantdeath,of instanthurt,or of instantwrongful restraintto
that personor to some otherperson,and,byso puttinginfear,inducesthe person
so putin fearthenand there todeliverupthe thingextorted.
 Explanation —The offenderissaidtobe presentif he issufficientlyneartoputthe
otherpersoninfearof instantdeath,of instanthurt,or of instantwrongful restraint.
 IngredientswhenExtortionis"robbery":
o the offender,atthe time of committingthe extortion
o isin the presence of the personputinfear
o commitsthe extortionbyputtingthatpersoninfearof
 instantdeath,
 of instanthurt,or
 of instantwrongful restraint -tothatpersonor
 to some otherperson,
 By so puttinginfear,
 inducesthe personsoputin fearthenand there todeliverupthe thing
extorted
 Whoevercommitsrobberyshall be punishedwithrigorousimprisonmentfora term
whichmay extendtotenyears,andshall alsobe liable tofine;and,if the robberybe
committedonthe highwaybetweensunsetandsunrise,the imprisonmentmaybe
extended tofourteenyearsunderIPCsection392.
 Decoity (IPCsection391): Whenfive ormore personsconjointlycommitorattemptto
commita robbery,or where the whole numberof personsconjointlycommittingor
attemptingtocommita robbery,andpersonspresentandaidingsuchcommissionor
attempt,amountto five ormore,everypersonsocommitting,attemptingoraiding,issaid
to commit"Decoity".
IngredientsforDecoity:
 Five or more personsconjointlycommitorattempttocommita robbery
 where the whole numberof personsconjointly
 committingorattemptingtocommita robbery,andpersonspresentandaidingsuch
commissionorattempt,
 amountto five ormore,everypersonsocommitting,attemptingoraiding
PunishmentsforDecoity:
 WhoevercommitsDecoityshall be punishedwithimprisonmentforlife,orwith
rigorousimprisonmentforaterm whichmayextendtotenyears,andshall alsobe
liable tofine.
 IPCsection396. Dacoitywithmurder

42. 41
o If any one of five ormore persons,whoare conjointlycommittingDacoity,
commitsmurderinso committingDacoity,everyone of those personsshall
be punishedwithdeath,orimprisonmentforlife,orrigorousimprisonment
for a termwhichmay extendtotenyears,andshall alsobe liable tofine.
 IPCsection393. Attempttocommitrobbery
o Whoeverattemptstocommitrobberyshall be punishedwithrigorous
imprisonmentforaterm whichmayextendtosevenyears,andshall alsobe
liable tofine.
 IPCsection394. Voluntarilycausinghurtincommittingrobbery
 IPCsection397. Robbery,ordacoity,withattemptto cause deathor grievoushurt
 IPCsection398. Attempttocommitrobberyor dacoitywhenarmedwithdeadly
weapon
 IPCsection399. Making preparationtocommitdacoity
 IPCsection400. Punishmentforbelongingtogangof dacoits
 IPCsection401. Punishmentforbelongingtogangof thieves
 IPCsection402. Assemblingforpurpose of committingdacoity
 Criminal Misappropriationof Property (IPCsection403): Whoeverdishonestly
misappropriatesorconvertstohisownuse any movable property,shall be punishedwith
imprisonmentof eitherdescriptionforaterm whichmayextendtotwoyears,or withfine,
or withboth.
 ExplanationI —A dishonestmisappropriationforatime onlyisa misappropriation
withthe meaningof thissection.
 Explanation2— A personwhofindspropertynotinthe possessionof anyother
person,andtakessuch propertyforthe purpose of protectingif for,or of restoringit
to, the ownerdoesnottake or misappropriate itdishonestly,andisnotguiltyof an
offence;buthe isguiltyof the offence above defined,if he appropriatesittohisown
use,whenhe knowsorhas the meansof discoveringthe owner,orbefore he has
usedreasonable meanstodiscoverandgive notice tothe ownerandhaskeptthe
propertya reasonable time toenable the ownertoclaimit.What are reasonable
meansor whatis a reasonable time insucha case,isa questionof fact.Itis not
necessarythatthe findershouldknow whothe ownerof the propertyis,orthat any
particularpersonisthe ownerof it; it issufficientif,atthe time of appropriatingit,
he doesnot believe ittobe hisownproperty,or ingood faithbelieve thatthe real
ownercannotbe found.
Ingredientsof Criminal Misappropriationof Property:
o dishonestlymisappropriates
o convertsto hisownuse
o movable property
Punishmentfor Dishonestmisappropriation:

43. 42
 IPCsection404. Dishonestmisappropriationof propertypossessedbydeceased
personat the time of hisdeath
 Criminal Breach ofTrust (IPCsection 405): Whoever,beinginanymannerentrustedwith
property,orwithany dominionoverproperty,dishonestlymisappropriatesorconvertsto
hisownuse that property,or dishonestlyusesordisposesof thatpropertyinviolationof any
directionof lawprescribingthe mode inwhichsuchtrustisto be discharged,orof any legal
contract, expressorimplied,whichhe hasmade touchingthe discharge of suchtrust,or
wilfullysuffersanyotherpersonsoto do, commits"criminal breachof trust".
 Explanation1—A person,beinganemployerof anestablishmentwhether
exemptedundersection17of the Employees’ProvidentFundsandMiscellaneous
ProvisionsAct,1952 (19 of 1952), or not whodeductsthe employee’scontribution
fromthe wagespayable tothe employee forcredittoa ProvidentFundorFamily
PensionFundestablishedbyanylaw forthe time beinginforce,shall be deemedto
have beenentrustedwiththe amountof the contributionsodeductedbyhim andif
he makesdefaultinthe paymentof suchcontributiontothe saidFundin violationof
the saidlaw,shall be deemedtohave dishonestlyusedthe amountof the said
contributioninviolationof adirectionof law as aforesaid.
 Explanation2— A person,beinganemployer,whodeductsthe employees’
contributionfromthe wagespayable tothe employee forcredittothe Employees’
State Insurance Fundheldandadministeredbythe Employees’State Insurance
Corporationestablishedunderthe Employees’State Insurance Act,1948 (34 of
1948), shall be deemedtohave beenentrustedwiththe amountof the contribution
so deductedbyhimandif he makesdefaultinthe paymentof suchcontributionto
the saidFund inviolationof the saidAct,shall be deemedto have dishonestlyused
the amountof the saidcontributioninviolationof adirectionof law as aforesaid.
Ingredientsofcriminal breach of trust:
o Whoever,beinginanymannerentrustedwithproperty,orwithany
dominionoverproperty
o dishonestly misappropriatesorconvertstohisownuse that property
o dishonestlyusesordisposesof thatpropertyinviolationof anydirectionof
lawprescribingthe mode inwhichsuchtrustis to be discharged
o of anylegal contract,expressorimplied,whichhe has made touchingthe
discharge of such trust
o wilfullysuffersanyotherpersonsotodo
Punishmentfor criminal breach of trust:
o IPCsection406: Whoevercommitscriminal breachof trustshall be punished
withimprisonmentof eitherdescriptionforaterm whichmay extendto
three years,or withfine,orwithboth.
o IPCsection407: Criminal breachof trust bycarrier, etc
o IPCsection408: Criminal breachof trust byclerkor servant

44. 43
o IPCsection409: Criminal breachof trust bypublicservant,orby banker,
merchantor agent.
 Cheating(IPCsection 415): Whoever,bydeceivinganyperson,fraudulentlyordishonestly
inducesthe personsodeceivedtodeliveranypropertytoany person,orto consentthat any
personshall retainanyproperty,orintentionallyinducesthe personsodeceivedtodoor
omitto do anythingwhichhe wouldnotdoor omitif he were notso deceived,andwhich
act or omissioncausesorislikelytocause damage orharm to that personinbody,mind,
reputationorproperty,issaidto "cheat".
 Explanation— A dishonestconcealmentof factsisa deceptionwithinthe meaningof
thissection.
Ingredientsforcheating:
o deceivinganyperson
o fraudulentlyordishonestlyinducesthe person
 to deliveranypropertytoanyperson
 to consentthatany personshall retainanyproperty
o intentionallyinducesthe person
 to do or omitto do anythingwhichhe wouldnotdoor omitif he
were notso deceived
o whichact or omissioncausesoris likelytocause damage orharm to that
person inbody,mind,reputationorproperty
Punishmentsforcheating:
o IPCsection417: Whoevercheatsshall be punishedwithimprisonmentof
eitherdescriptionforaterm whichmayextendtoone year,or withfine,or
withboth.
o IPCsection418: A personissaidto "cheat bypersonation"if he cheatsby
pretendingtobe some otherperson,orbyknowinglysubstitutingone
personforanother,or representingthathe or any otherpersonisa person
otherthan he or such otherpersonreallyis.
 Explanation —The offence iscommittedwhetherthe individual
personatedisareal or imaginaryperson.
o IPCsection419. Punishmentforcheatingbypersonation
 Whoevercheatsbypersonationshall be punishedwith
imprisonmentof eitherdescriptionforaterm whichmayextend to
three years,or withfine,orwithboth.
 Mischief(IPCsection425): Whoeverwithintenttocause,orknowingthathe is likelyto
cause,wrongful lossordamage to the publicor to anyperson,causesthe destructionof any
property,orany such change inany propertyor inthe situationthereof asdestroysor
diminishesitsvalue orutility,oraffectsitinjuriously,commits"mischief".
 Explanation1—Itisnotessential tothe offence of mischiefthatthe offendershould
intendtocause lossor damage to the ownerof the propertyinjuredordestroyed.It

45. 44
issufficientif he intendstocause,orknowsthat he is likelytocause,wrongfulloss
or damage to any personbyinjuringanyproperty,whetheritbelongstothatperson
or not.
 Explanation2—Mischief maybe committedbyanact affectingpropertybelonging
to the personwhocommitsthe act, or to that personand othersjointly.
IngredientsofMischief:
o Intentiontocause,orknowingthathe islikelytocause
o Wrongful lossordamage to the publicorto any person
o Causesthe destructionof anyproperty
o Anysuch change inany propertyor inthe situationthereof
 destroysor
 diminishesitsvalue or
 utility,or
 affectsitinjuriously
Punishmentfor mischief:
o IPCsection426: Whoevercommits mischiefshall be punishedwith
imprisonmentof eitherdescriptionforaterm whichmayextendtothree
months,or withfine,orwithboth.
o IPCsection427. Mischief causingdamage tothe amountof fiftyrupees
o IPCsection428. Mischief bykillingormaiminganimal of the value of ten
rupees.
o IPCsection429. Mischief bykillingormaimingcattle,etc.,of anyvalue or
any animal of the value of fiftyrupees
o IPCsection430. Mischief byinjurytoworksof irrigationorbywrongfully
divertingwater
o IPCsection431. Mischief byinjurytopublicroad,bridge,riverorchannel
o IPCsection432. Mischief bycausinginundationorobstructiontopublic
drainage attendedwithdamage
o IPCsection433. Mischief bydestroying,movingorrenderinglessuseful a
light-houseorsea- mark.
o IPCsection434. Mischief bydestroyingormoving,etc.,aland-markfixedby
publicauthority
o IPCsection435. Mischief byfire orexplosivesubstance withintenttocause
damage to amountof one hundredor(incase of agricultural produce) ten
rupees
o IPCsection436. Mischief byfire orexplosivesubstance withintentto
destroyhouse,etc.
o IPCsection437. Mischief withintenttodestroyormake unsafe adecked
vessel orone of twentytonsburden
o IPCsection438. Punishmentforthe mischief describedinsection437
committedbyfire orexplosivesubstance
o IPCsection439. Punishmentforintentionallyrunningvessel ongroundor
ashore withintenttocommittheft,etc.

46. 45
o IPCsection440. Mischief committedafterpreparationmade forcausing
deathor hurt.
Forgery (Section 463 to Section 474 of the Indian Penal Code,1816)
Section463 to Section477A of the IndianPenal Code,1860 deal withthe offencesrelating
forgery, forgeddocumentsandmakingorpossessingcounterfeitseal,etcwithintendto
commitforgery.Section463 and Section464 of the IndianPenal Code definesforgeryasthe
makingof a false documentinorderthatitmay be usedas genuine.Section465of the Code
prescribesthe Punishmentforforgery.
 Definition:
 Forgeryisthe processof making,adapting,orimitatingobjects,statistics,ordocuments
withthe intenttodeceive forthe sake of alteringthe publicperception,ortoearnprofit
by sellingthe forgeditem.Copies,studioreplicas,andreproductionsare notconsidered
forgeries,thoughtheymaylaterbecome forgeriesthroughknowingandwillful
misrepresentations.Forgingmoneyorcurrencyismore oftencalledcounterfeiting.
 Accordingto Section463 of the IndianPenal Code,"whoevermakesanyfalse document
or electronicrecordor part of a documentorelectronicrecordwithintenttocause
damage or injury,tothe publicor to any person,orto supportany claimor title,orto
cause any personto part withproperty,orto enterintoanyexpressor impliedcontract,
or withintenttocommitfraud or that fraudmay be committed,commitsforgery.
 Elementof forgery:
 Making,Altering,usingorPossessingaForgeditem
 In forgerycase,the individual musthave made,altered,usedorpossessedafalse
writingatsome pointintime
 Legal Efficacy
o ThisIncludes‘GovernmentIssuedIdentification,Deeds,Conveyances,Check,
Stock certificate,Patents,Wills,Prescriptions,Othermedicaldocuments’.
 Material Alternation
o In orderfor writingtofall underthe definitionof false,the materialinclude must
have beenfabricatedoralteredsignificantlyinordertorepresentsomethingsit
isactuallynot.
 Typesof Forgery:
 There isa wide range of documentscanbe forged,butsome are more commonthan
others.Some of the most typesof forgeryinvolvesignature andprescriptions.
o Signature Forgery
o PrescriptionForgery
o Art Forgery
o Federal Forgery
 Affidavitof Forgery:

47. 46
 An affidavitof forgeryisalegal documentcompletedbyavictimof fraud.Financial
institutionsandpolice departmentsoftenhave the victimsfill outthe formandhave
it notarized.The affidavitof forgeryisalsousedtohelpvictimsrecoverlosses that
occurredas a resultof the forgerycrime.
 CommonForgeryPunishment:
 The judicial systemoftenconsiderscertainthingsduringthe sentencingportionof a
criminal trial including:-
o Defendant’scriminal history.
o The type of document.
o What the defendantgainedorattemptedtogainwiththe forgery.
o Whetherthe defendanthasattemptedtorighthiswrong.
 Ingredientsforforgery:
 To invoke Section463 of the IndianPenal Code,the followingingredientsmustbe
established -
o A personmakesanydocumentorpart of a document
o The documentor false electronicrecordorpart of the documentor electronic
record mustbe false.
 His Intentionis -
o to cause damage or injuryto the publicor anyperson;or
o to supportany claimor title;or
o to cause any personto part withhisproperty;or
o to enterintoanyexpressorimpliedcontract;or
o to commitany fraudor that fraudmay be committed
Types of Forgery
Making a false document:
 Accordingto Section464 A personis saidto make a false documentorfalse electronic
record
o Firstly —
Who dishonestlyorfraudulently -
 makes,signs,sealsorexecutesadocumentorpart of a document;
 makesor transmitsanyelectronicrecordorpart of any electronic
record;
 affixesanydigital signature onanyelectronicrecord;
 makesanymark denotingthe executionof adocumentor the
authenticityof the digital signature,withthe intentionof causingittobe
believedthatsuchdocumentorpart of document,electronicrecordor
digital signature wasmade,signed,sealed,executed,transmittedor